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Topic: Epsomite

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	EPSOMITE (Hydrated Magnesium Sulfate)
		Epsomite, or heptahydrite as it is known in chemistry circles, is one of only a few water soluble sulfate minerals.
		Epsomite forms from as an efflorescent (a precipitation from vapors), on limestone cave walls and on the walls and timbers of various mines.
		This is seen in the change of symmetry from orthorhombic in epsomite to monoclinic in hexahydrite.
	www.galleries.com /minerals/sulfates/epsomite/epsomite.htm (484 words)

	Method for recovering magnesium sulfate products from mixtures of epsomite and halite - Patent 5281242
		The method generally involves heating a mixture of epsomite and halite to form clusters of lower hydrated magnesium sulfate crystals and subsequently applying slight pressure to the clusters so that they collapse to yield fine, less hydrated magnesium sulfate crystals which can then be easily separated from the comparatively coarse halite crystals.
		Heating at this temperature causes the epsomite crystals to break down into clusters formed of a plurality of fine crystals of magnesium sulfate hexahydrate or of lower hydrates of magnesium sulfate, which remain clumped together such that the clusters typically maintain the shape of the original epsomite crystals.
		Epsomite obtained from Example 4, of about 0.02% sodium chloride was dissolved with water and recrystallized under vacuum to provide a slurry of epsomite.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5281242.html (4232 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Polarized Light Gallery - Magnesium Sulfate
		Epsomite (the mineral form of magnesium sulfate) forms as a precipitation from vapors (efflorescent) on limestone cave walls and on the walls and timbers of deep-shaft mines.
		In addition to the solubility of the crystals, the bitter, salty taste of epsomite is very characteristic of the compound.
		The dust of the salt is irritating to the eyes and throat as may be experienced by exposure to dry lake beds.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/polarized/magnesiumsulfate.html (413 words)

	Epsomite final 2
		Epsomite is a laxative that is commonly known as Epsom salts, it is also an ingredient of sizing- the thin, gelatinous coating put on cotton and silk to make them waterproof and to help them keep their shape.
		Epsomite is more commonly found as crusts and massive collections on the surface of other minerals and rocks, and forms typically in white fibrous masses of acicular (needle-shaped) microcrystals.
		When Epsomite breaks apart unevenly (fracture) it is conchoidal, meaning that it has a curved, rough edge where it broke (it looks like ice cream after some of it has been taken out with a rounded ice cream scoop).
	www.scituateri.net /sms/gryphonhtml/saccocia/proj.htm (731 words)

	The mineral epsomite
		Epsomite may also form efflorescences in tunnels of sulfide mines from the deposition of sulfur and magnesium-rich water which is created through mining operations.
		Epsomite is not commonly seen in collections, for it lacks appeal, is very fragile, and must be kept in dry areas to prevent it from disintegrating.
		Epsomite was found as crusts produced by thermal springs in Epsom, Surrey, England, which is the locality it is named after.
	www.minerals.net /mineral/sulfates/epsomite/epsomite.htm (300 words)

	Epsomite
		Epsomite, or heptahydrite as it is known in chemistry circles, is one of only a few water soluble...
		Usually found as crusts, delicate efflorescences, or botryoidal masses of tiny fibrous to acicular crystals, it's color is white but it is often stained a variety of pale hues by impurities.
		Epsomite most commonly forms as efflorescences on cave walls from deposition of material from saline springs...
	www.toprocks.net /MineralList/27/Epsomite.asp (404 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Rocks and Minerals (E) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Epsomite (popularly known as 'Epsom Salts') is a mineral named after Epsom in Surrey, England where it is found occuring around mineral springs.
		Although large crystals of epsomite have been found, it is most commonly found as an encrustration or massive aggregate on the surface of other rocks and minerals as a white fibrous mass of acicular micro-crystals.
		Erratics are rocks transported by the action of ice during the Quaternary Glacial Period, often for considerable distances.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /H5.HTM (667 words)

	Mars Bathing in Epsom Salts :: Astrobiology Magazine - beginning study of life - Origin - evolution - life beyond Earth ...
		Epsomite, for example, has the most water in it -- 51 percent by weight -- while hexahydrite and kieserite have less (47 percent and 13 percent by weight, respectively).
		When temperature and pressure inside an experimental chamber were lowered to Mars-like conditions (minus 64 degrees Fahrenheit, and less than 1 percent of Earth's normal surface pressure), crystals of epsomite initially transformed into slightly less watery hexahydrite crystals and then became disorganized, but they still contained water.
		However, kieserite might not be preserved through cycles of wetting and drying because of its ability to rehydrate to hexahydrite and epsomite, which can then become amorphous through drying.
	www.astrobio.net /news/article1234.html (805 words)

	Mgt of soil S fertility
		It is best to apply S requirements at, or before seeding, to avoid deficiency, but S deficiencies that are diagnosed after the crop emerges may be corrected by soluble S fertilizer if it is applied early in the growing season.
		Ammonium sulfate, langbeinite or epsomite are all suitable for for "rescue" applications of S. Rescue applications may be applied to soil as side dressing or top dressing at rates of 20 to 40 kg S/ha.
		Epsomite is a highly soluble salt suitable for either surface application or incorporation.
	nsac.ca /pas/staff/cmi/soil0200/S_exten.htm (1107 words)

	MINERALS
		It is interesting that the presence of epsomite was presupposed on the basis of the chemical composition of the water and searched for sighty during two years, but it was discovered in quite another place.
		Saltpeter is formed from guano, but the preconditions for the deposition of soluble salts transported from salt-bearing gypsum relics takes place in the same area.
		Fluorite is distributed as large quantities of veined mineral rock debris and as poorly colored crystals (up to 5cm) of the thermal phase (80-100 degrees centigrade of formation temperature) on the walls and also as modern dark violet crystals (up to 1mm) on calcite and gypsum speleothems.
	www.fadr.msu.ru /caves/malmin_e.html (1480 words)

	Sopping salts could reveal history of water on Mars
		Epsomite, for example, has the most water in it -- 51 percent by weight -- while hexahydrite and kieserite have less (47 percent and 13 percent by weight, respectively).
		Bish and his Los Alamos colleagues believe that the proportion and distribution of hexahydrite, kieserite and other magnesium sulfate salts on Mars may hold a record of past changes in climate and whether or not water once flowed there.
		However, kieserite might not be preserved through cycles of wetting and drying because of its ability to rehydrate to hexahydrite and epsomite, which can then become amorphous through drying.
	newsinfo.iu.edu /news/page/normal/1673.html (606 words)

	EPSOMITE
		"EPSOMITE" is a common misspelling or typo for: apposite, essonite, opposite, pedometer.
		"EPSOMITE" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time.
		"EPSOMITE" is used about 2 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Ep/Epsomite.html (429 words)

	sulf_carbonates
		We obtain strong spectra from epsomite, calcite, quartz, and olivine crystals smaller than 1 micron using a 10 second integration time.
		We acquired good spectra from bulk "duricrust" samples; both quartz and epsomite are present in all 10 second spectra.
		The Mars Microbeam Raman Spectrometer should be able to identify 1 µm sulfate and carbonate minerals present in Martian soils and rocks.
	epsc.wustl.edu /haskin-group/Raman/sulfate_carbonate.htm (234 words)

	Thermal and Radiation Stability of the Hydrated Salts Epsomite, Mirabilite and Natron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		These saturated solutions were placed on the cold (about 150 K) manipulator (in situ, with an overpressure of dry nitrogen in the chamber) either with an eyedropper, or were sprayed on with an airbrush.
		Our preliminary IR reflectivity measurements of epsomite indicate that it may be possible to fit the NIMS non-ice spectra by varying the grain size of our samples as well as the their level of hydration (Figure 3.26).
		TPD and ESD measurements of epsomite, mirabilite and natron were carried out in a UHV chamber equipped with an Extrel Series C-50 QMS and a Kimball Physics ELG-2 low-energy electron gun.
	www.emsl.pnl.gov /docs/csd/annual_report1999/1578b_3l.html (1188 words)

	OCCURRENCE AND MINERALOGY OF EFFLORESCENCE IN LATE DEVONIAN BLACK SHALES, NORTH-CENTRAL OHIO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Associations of ferroan pickeringite and epsomite are common while those of ferroan pickeringite and copiapite are less common.
		Hexahydrite is present as loose accumulations growing on the surface of masses of epsomite.
		Alunogen, which is somewhat soluble in acidic pore water, apparently is unstable with respect to epsomite and the two react to form pickeringite.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_44706.htm (400 words)

	Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Sciences - Earth & Environment - Geology - Mineralogy & Petrology - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		View data for epsomite that includes the x-ray powder diffraction, chemical and physical properties, mineral classification, optical data, and the crystallography.
		Lists localities where epsomite is reported, and describes the aggregates, cleavage, hardness, crystal system, color, and the streak of the mineral.
		Locates the mines in Lafayette County, Wisconsin where epsomite is found, details its occurrence, and provides a description of the mineral.
	www.zeal.com /category/preview.jhtml?cid=10185198 (291 words)

	Water From A Stone
		Epsomite does not appear to be stable at the martian surface at lower altitudes.
		Indeed, under some conditions it could be the only hydrated Mg sulfate to form (as it is in some deposits on Earth).
		It can be hydrated to hexahydrite and epsomite but these two minerals form an amorphous hydrated Mg sulfate on dehydration.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/mars-water-science-04n.html (1716 words)

	Epsomite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Epsomite is also known as hydrous magnesium sulphate.
		In nature, epsomite is associated with aragonite and gypsum.
		Epsomite is used in medicine as Epsom salts, and in the fabric industry as a mordant.
	www.alientravelguide.com /science/chemistr/inorgani/compound/sulphate/epsomite.htm (83 words)

	Diamanten und Edelsteine Frank Breinling Edelsteinvertrieb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It has been found in deposits from hot springs and fumaroles such as on Mt. Vesuvius, Italy.
		In dry air conditions, epsomite may lose one molecule of water and convert to the very closely related mineral hexahydrite, MgSO4 - 6H2O.
		It is perhaps hard to believe that the loss of one molecule of water can make a new mineral, but in this case the water molecules are intricately involved with the structure of epsomite.
	www.breinling.de /sulphates/epsomite.htm (492 words)

	Minerals of Alum Cave Bluff: Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, The Mineralogical Record - Find Articles
		Alum Cave Bluff a Dana locality for apjohnite, epsomite, melanterite and potash alum, has yielded good microcrystals of several rare su!fate minerals, including three new rare-earth sulfates, and is the first North American occurrence of slavikite.
		Although there was little to see at first, digging into the dirt at the base of the cliff uncovered chunks of white massive and fibrous salts.
		Melanterite and epsomite were easily identified (especially after some exquisite microcrystals disintegrated to an opaque white powder), and the hair-salt series of minerals (pickeringite/apjohnite/ halotrichite) was not difficult to recognize, but the identity of a tiny greenish smear on one sample was not at all obvious.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3672/is_200003/ai_n8887999 (834 words)

	Minerals in Wyandotte Cave
		Chemically a combination of Magnesium sufate and water, epsomite forms in soft needle shapes called angel hairs or in efflorescences (fibery, flower-like tufts) on the cave walls, often falling into drifts on the floor.
		Tools found indicate that prehistoric visitors scraped epsomite salt fibers from the walls with paddle-shaped scrapers carved from white oak shak.
		The other differences are that it tastes salty and usually forms as crusts beneath epsomite efflorescences.
	www.d348.wabash.k12.il.us /wyandott/minerals.htm (387 words)

	USGS Spectroscopy Lab - Clark et. al. 2003 Spectral Library splib05a (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It may be possible that the epsomite is mixed with other salts and trace metals may substitute for Mg (e.g.
		This type of salt deposit is typical of acid mine drainage and when dissolved by rain or other precipitation causes a quick release of metals into streams.
		The presence of a band at 1.6237 and 2.207 may be diagnostic of epsomite and perhaps other salts.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2003/ofr-03-395/DESCRIPT/S/white_crust_lv30.html (173 words)

	Epsomite - Reciprocal Net Common Molecules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Epsomite, known as the epsom salt, was created for medicinal purposes.
		Explanation: Epsomite, sometimes referred to as heptahydrite, is found all over the world including in places such as hot springs in Italy and in unusual salt deposits in South Africa.
		In addition, epsomite is used in the manufacture of cotton and silk, tanning leather, fertilizers, and explosives.
	www.recipnet.indiana.edu /recipnet/showsample.jsp?sampleId=27344287 (142 words)

	Catalogo Articoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The TPD profiles are fit using Arrhenius-type first-order desorption kinetics, This analysis yields activation energies of 0.90 +/- 0.10, 0.70 +/- 0.07, and 0.45 +/- 0.05 eV for removal of the hydration water for epsomite, natron, and mirabilite, respectively.
		A simple extrapolation indicates that at Europa surface temperatures (less than or equal to 130 K), epsomite should remain hydrated over geologic timescales (similar to 10(11)-10(14) years), whereas natron and mirabilite may dehydrate appreciably in approximately 10(8) and 10(3) years, respectively.
		The upper limit for the 100 eVelectron-induced damage cross section of mirabilite and epsomite is similar to 10(-19) cm(2).
	serials.cib.unibo.it /cgi-ser/start/it/spogli/df-s.tcl?prog_art=3668445&language=ITALIANO&view=articoli (351 words)

	Technical Exchange--WN Sep 1997
		Conventional microchemical spot tests are unable to confirm the presence of epsomite (magnesium sulfate, Epsom salts) contaminating a calcium sulfate plaster substrate.
		The slight solubility of calcium sulfate in water yields a positive test for sulfate with a barium chloride test masking the presence of a soluble sulfate salt.
		If the magnesium concentration is greater than the uncertainty in the measurements, you probably have epsomite present in the plaster sample.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /waac/wn/wn19/wn19-3/wn19-306.html (2368 words)

	Epsomite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Ascicular epsomite grows on the surface of tuff in dry season.
		Epsomite is found on tuff of Miocene Shogunzawa silt.
		Negishi sandstone and Koudo conglomerate are oberved at Kuzubukuro where is famous for various fossiles such as shark's teeth.
	www.h5.dion.ne.jp /~nspicnic/mine/sample/epsomiteIWADONOe.htm (99 words)

	Dom's Research Interests - Salt hydrates
		Below: The anisotropic thermal expansion, and specifically the negative linear thermal expansion (NLTE) of the a-axis, can be seen directly in the data: epsomite diffraction patterns as a function of temperature show the trend towards a pseudo-tetragonal unit cell at low temperature.
		Observe that the crystal is shot through with radiating needles - these are epsomite crystals that grew when the crystal warmed above its decomposition temperature, maintaining the original shape of the Fritzsche's salt crystal as a pseudomorph.
		An assignment of Miller indices to the faces of the original crystal is given below right; note that the c-axis is perpendicular to the plane of the screen.
	www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk /~ucfbanf/salt_hydrates.htm (1163 words)

	Product Guide G (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Contains sea salt, mineral magnesium epsomite crystals, vitamin C and essential oils of juniper, lemon, fennel, thyme, spearmint, tea tree and lemon balm.
		Contains sea salt mineral magnesium epsomite crystals, mustard powder and essential oils of rosemary, wintergreen, camphor, cajaput, lavender and clove.
		Contains sea salt, mineral magnesium epsomite crystals and essential oils of lavender, neroli, rose pelargonium, jasmin, cedarwood and ylang ylang.
	www.gaiaresearch.co.za /guideG.html (654 words)

	Mineral Discovery Could Explain Martian Landscape
		Ron Peterson found that solution of epsomite (aka Epsom Salts) will crystallize after several days of sub-zero temperatures.
		If the crystals are rapidly melted, they create the familiar gullies and channels we see on Mars.
		The discovery was made in Dr. Peterson’s unheated garage using epsomite, also known as Epsom salts.
	www.sciencenewsden.com /2006/mineraldiscoverycouldexplainmartianlandscape.shtml (454 words)

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