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Topic: Equal consideration of interests

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Animal rights activism

Speciesism

Egalitarianism

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Consequentialism

Categorical imperative

Peter Singer

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Jeremy Bentham

Tom Regan

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Human dignity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The idea is in some ways controversial, mainly in regard to the question of whether it also applies to human embryos or non-human beings and if not, why.
		Utilitarian philosophers see a conflict with their principle of equal consideration of interests, and sometimes the idea is criticised as an example of speciesism.
		Equal consideration of interests is the name of a moral principle that states that one should both include all affected interests when calculating the rightness of an action and weigh those interests equally.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Human-dignity (744 words)

	Equal consideration of interests - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"Equal consideration of interests" is the name of a moral principle that states that one should both include all affected interests when calculating the rightness of an action and weigh those interests equally.
		Jeremy Bentham's dictum, "each to count for one, and none for more than one" can be considered a formulation of the principle of equal consideration of interests.
		The principle of equal consideration of interests is extremely egalitarian: as such, it opposes not only racism and sexism, but also speciesism and some forms of nationalism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests (169 words)

	Equality for Animals? Chapter 3 Only - Athenaeum Library of Philosophy
		In the previous chapter I gave reasons for believing that the fundamental principle of equality, on which the equality of all human beings rests, is the principle of equal consideration of interests.
		Racists violate the principle of equality by giving greater weight to the interests of members of their own race when there is a clash between their interests and the interests of those of another race.
		Interests are interests, and ought to be given equal consideration whether they are the interests of human or nonhuman animals, self-conscious or non-self-conscious animals.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /singer03.htm (7858 words)

	All Animals Are Equal
		The racist violates the principle of equality by giving greater weight to the interests of members of his own race, when there is a clash between their interests and the interests of those of another race.
		The effect of this is that the question of the equality of other animals does not confront the philosopher, or student, as an issue itself—and this is already an indication of the failure of philosophy to challenge accepted beliefs.
		If equality is to be related to any actual characteristics of humans, these characteristics must be some lowest common denominator, pitched so low that no human lacks them—but then the philosopher comes up against the catch that any such set of characteristics which covers all humans will not be possessed only by humans.
	www.colorado.edu /philosophy/courses/PHIL1000-110/AllAnimalsAreEqual.htm (5465 words)

	Dave's Page - Animal Rights Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Basic Principle of Equality (BPE): one should give equal consideration to the interests of all beings, whatever those interests may be.
		For Singer, then, we should give equal consideration to the same interests.
		Steinbock: the interests of all sentient beings deserve consideration, but not equal consideration.
	www.csun.edu /~ds56723/phil165/hout165animalnotes.htm (245 words)

	Animal Aid : The Great Debate : Moral Consideration
		Equal consideration demands that the suffering of one being be counted equally with the like suffering of another being (Singer 1993: 57).
		Lastly, the 'equality' that utilitarianism purports is misunderstood.
		The interests of the human who is a resource can never be given equal consideration with the interests of the human who is the resource user (Francione 2000: 93).
	www.animalaid.org.uk /campaign/pride/kyd.htm (2930 words)

	AWvAR: Singer's Animal Liberation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		That is, when we say that "all humans are equal," we do not assert that they are in fact equal in intelligence, capabilities, size, etc. Rather, we assert that they deserve equal consideration of interests.
		For example, equal consideration of men's and women's interests won't imply that men should have a right to elective abortion.
		If Singer is right that sentience is a sufficient condition for having interests, and that all interests warrant equal consideration, then all sentient animals are in his sense equal, whether they are members of our species or not.
	www-phil.tamu.edu /~gary/awvar/lecture/singer.html (456 words)

	Stalking the Wild Taboo -Louis Pojman on Equality
		It seems empty to say that all men are equal as moral agents, when the question, for instance, of men's responsibility for their actions is one to which empirical considerations are clearly relevant, and one which moreover receives answers in terms of different degrees of responsibility and different degrees of rational control over action.
		Equal opportunity may means that goods and offices will be open to those who meet the relevant standards of competence, regardless of irrelevant features like race, gender, religion or class.
		Likewise, moral equality seems relatively uncontroversial when it means that we all must obey the same moral rules, but it probably false when it signifies that everyone has the equal capacity for moral deliberation, for exercising one's will to the good, of acting according to the moral rules.
	www.lrainc.com /swtaboo/taboos/lp_equal.html (11658 words)

	AR.net >> Discussion Forum >> Re: 1 + 1 = 2, so then a + b = c, right? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We take these capacities into moral consideration (but not equal moral consideration, for humans suffer differently from cows, which in turn may or may not suffer differently from dogs).
		For no species advocates the interest of another at the expense of its own, thus we cannot ethically and practically advocate the fundamental liberties of non-human animals at the expense of our own fundamental liberties.
		We give certain rights and moral equivalence to intellectually and medically disabled human beings because they are human beings who live in a society where rights/equal moral consideration of interests are fundamental to that society.
	www.animalrights.net /21599 (797 words)

	Bill Kabasenche
		If equivalent interests on the part of all kinds of animals are to receive equal moral consideration, then there would be no reason to perform experiments on some animals whose interests could not be counted for less than those of any other animals.
		Various other interest groups (such as the industry that supplies labs with animals and equipment) join with scientists and their national bodies in resisting the imposition of even the most modest restrictions.
		But Singer needs only the principle of equality, not the greatest happiness principle, to establish, for example, that it is permissible to perform experiments on sentient nonhuman animals only if it is permissible to perform the same experiments on permanently brain-damaged orphaned humans under 6 months.
	web.utk.edu /~nolt/courses/646/Singer2.htm (1640 words)

	Singer-Index Test
		Interests (e.g., pleasures and pains) of animals should be given the same basic consideration as similar interests of human beings.
		Singer claims that similar interests of animals and humans merit equal consideration.
		Singer sees this as indefensible -- since there are no morally relevant distinguishing qualities that humans all have (even infants and the comatose), and have equally, but no animal has; so the only non-arbitrary view is equal consideration for all sentient beings.
	www.jcu.edu /Philosophy/Gensler/singer/singer04.htm (295 words)

	singer animals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Equality is an ethical principle (how we should treat humans), not an assertion of fact.
		Because race or sex is irrelevant to the consideration of interests; all that counts are the interests themselves.
		“…to give less consideration to a specified amount of pain because the pain was experienced by a member of a particular race would be to make an arbitrary distinction” (p.22).
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~sraponi/2615/2615notessingeranimals1.htm (517 words)

	Cato Unbound » Blog Archive » Why Care About Equality? A Response to Schmidtz*
		But as far as equality is concerned, the point remains: we should give equal consideration to all preferences, irrespective of whose preferences they are.
		The principle of equal consideration of interests extends to every being who has interests, which means every being who is capable of conscious preferences, or likes or dislikes.
		We can do this only because we do not give any consideration at all to the interests of hens to stretch their wings, lay their eggs in a nest, and be able to walk around freely.
	www.cato-unbound.org /2006/03/07/peter-singer/why-care-about-equality (1337 words)

	Animals and Ethics
		Their defense requires two parts: a defense of the claim that the interests of animals count directly in the assessment of actions that affect them, and a defense of the claim that the interests of animals do not count for as much as the interests of human beings.
		If someone argued that the basis of human equality rested on the possession of a property that did not admit of degrees, it would not follow that some human beings have that property to a stronger degree than others, and the sophisticated inegalitarian would not be justified.
		Although human beings do satisfy their interests by eating meat, Singer argues that the interests the animals have in avoiding this unimaginable pain and suffering is greater than the interests we have in eating food that tastes good.
	www.animalliberationfront.com /Philosophy/AnimalsandEthics.htm (8457 words)

	Consideration of budget process
		However, issues of gender equality are integral to all other equality groups, including those areas regulated by statute and those identified in Schedule 5 of The Scotland Act.
		Beginning with the demand for equal treatment in the 1970s, the strategies of the time focused on how to ensure that men and women were treated as equals before the law and in respect of policy-making.
		In order for all groups of people to be equally able to access the services and facilities, mainstream policies need to take account of the different capacities, situations and resources of different groups and how this affects their ability to benefit and participate.
	www.eoc.org.uk /default.aspx?page=14849 (1160 words)

	Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Website: Asylum Seekers
		The principle of the best interests of the child is one of the fundamental principles of the Convention underpinning the interpretation of all children's rights and freedoms.
		A child capable of forming a view on his or her best interests must be able to give it freely and it must be taken into account (article 12).
		By providing that the best interests of the child are 'a primary consideration' rather than the primary or the paramount consideration, article 3.1 allows decision-makers to balance the best interests of the child against 'equally weighty' primary considerations of their own choosing, such as religious or economic considerations.
	www.hreoc.gov.au /Human_RightS/briefs/brief_1.html (1956 words)

	The Equality Authority - European Year of Equal Opportunities for all 2007
		To facilitate and celebrate diversity and equality, emphasising the positive contribution that people, irrespective of their sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation, can make to society as a whole, in particular by accentuating the benefits of diversity.
		To support an institutional capacity within the private sector to accommodate diversity, promote equality and combat discrimination by supporting employers to be planned and systematic in their approach to equality for customers and employees.
		To organise an equality focus within the annual human resource conference of the Local Government Management Service Board in a context of their commitment to a planned and systematic approach to workplace equality in the Towards 2016 national agreement.
	www.equality.ie /index.asp?locID=271&docID=-1 (1180 words)

	A Theory of Ethics -- Vegan Outreach
		For sentient beings, these interests vary as widely as the organisms do, from basic avoidance of nerve tissue damage, to the conscious, intellectual desire for "justice." What appears to be universal and irreducible, however, is that many (if not all) vertebrate animals are aware of pain and pleasure.
		Once we have arrived at the view of equal consideration of interests and see that pleasure and pain form a common currency with which to compare these interests, we must ask what this means for our ethics.
		The universality of this "equal consideration of interests" theory of ethics is straightforward.
	www.veganoutreach.org /advocacy/theoryofethics.html (4682 words)

	Singer
		But (4) every genuine interest should be accorded the same weight--the same consideration--regardless of whose interest it is. It should make no difference whether the interest is your worst enemy's or your best friend's, a woman's or a man's, a nonhuman animal's or a human animal's.
		equal consideration to all living things or that we should not give more consideration to beagles than to bacteria, or to people than to the other primates.
		It is fairly certain, I think, that we should give moral consideration to the interests of all sentient animals; it is less certain that we are obligated to give them equal consideration.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /pefranc/singer.htm (2185 words)

	Facts about equal consideration of interests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Jeremy Bentham's dictum, "each to count for one, and none for more than one" can be considered a formulation of the principle of equal consideration of interests.
		The principle of equal consideration of interests is extremely egalitarian: as such, it opposes not only racism and sexism, but also speciesism and some forms of nationalism.
		Equal consideration of interests - Definition of Equal consideration of...
	www.supercrawler.com /Facts/equal_consideration_of_interests.html (179 words)

	TheVegetarianSite.com: Philosophy: Peter Singer
		The interests of two given human beings might be quite similar or very different, but in fairness their interests should be given equal consideration.
		Such utilitarianism combines the equal consideration of interests with the idea that the right action is the one which yields the greatest satisfaction of interests over frustration of interests for all those involved.
		Presently, the human exploitation of animals is a very lopsided situation, where even the trivial interests of humans usually prevail over the most basic interests of animals, such as the desire to live or the avoidance of pain and suffering.
	www.thevegetariansite.com /ethics_singer.htm (724 words)

	Ethics and Equality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		interest in not being gruesomely murdered outweighs one's interest in one evening's dining enjoyment: e.g., the chicken and the diner.
		Equality of Opportunity is not an attractive ideal.
		Equal opportunity -- "a level playing field" -- is an inadequate remedy for those left disadvantaged by previous discrimination.
	members.aol.com /wutsamada2/ethics/equalaff.htm (386 words)

	Expanding
		As with racism - where the interest of one race are valued more highly than the interests of another race, and sexism - where the interests of males are valued more highly than the interests of females, in speciesism the interest of humans is more valuable than the interests of non-humans.
		In contrast, the principle of equal consideration of interests dictates that we should oppose speciesism on the same grounds that we oppose racism and sexism.
		Rather, the principle of equal consideration of interests minimally requires only that we make a sincere effort to consider and respect the interests of other beings that are affected by our actions.
	www.smith.edu /philosophy/expanding_moral_circle.html (4465 words)

	Can They Suffer?
		The fundamental principle of equality, on which the equality of all human being rests, is the principle of equal consideration of interests.
		The principle of equal consideration also implies the fact that beings that are not members of our species does not give us the right exploit them and similarly the fact that other animals are less intelligent than we are does not mean that their interests may be disregarded.
		Bentham is pointing to the capacity for suffering as the vital characteristic that entitles a being to equal consideration.
	www.di-ve.com /dive/portal/portal.jhtml?id=189390&pid=1 (831 words)

	[No title]
		Singer’s environmental ethics is built on his principle of equal consideration of interests.
		These creatures’ interests are not the only ones that we should take into consideration; he also mentioned the future generations of human beings.
		The future’s interests, whether animals, humans or plants, all need to be given equal consideration, especially when it is not necessary to ruin nature for our subsistence.
	www.angelfire.com /grrl/babiebunnie/Post13.html (1646 words)

	Frolicking on in philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chapter 2 -- Equality and its Implications: Singer argues about equality of opportunity and equality of consideration of interests.
		Equal consideration of interests (p.21) - how does Singer apply this principle to sex and race, ability and disability?
		Is it in keeping with equal consideration of interests and therefore ethical?
	www.u3abbay.org.au /frolicking/4.html (302 words)

	PETA India:: Activism : FAQ
		We therefore are obliged to take that interest into consideration and respect the dog’s right not to have pain unnecessarily inflicted upon him or her.
		However, animals don’t always have the same rights as humans because their interests are not always the same as ours and because some rights would be irrelevant to animals’ lives.
		For instance, a dog doesn’t have an interest in voting and therefore doesn’t have the right to vote, since that right would be as meaningless to a dog as it is to a child.
	www.petaindia.com /faq.html (4334 words)

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