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Topic: Equatorial regions

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	National Institute of Oceanography, India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The research on the equatorial regions has been recognized since the last 3 decades and the Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic are largely studied with respect to equatorial dynamics and air-sea interaction through observations and models.
		The unique features of the equatorial Indian Ocean are the absence of equatorial upwelling, unlike the equatorial Pacific, and the presence of equatorial Jets during the monsoon transitions (April-May and October – November).
		The equatorial dynamics holds on the linear theory and explains that the dynamics are dominated by the propagation of low frequency waves – both Kelvin and Rossby waves.
	www.nio.org /jsp/upcomingEventsD.jsp?evtid=71 (453 words)

	Air Masses: A Base for Weather Analysis
		With the advent of regular weather observations across large regions of the continents and weather/climate records from locations around the globe, meteorologists began to see repeatable patterns that showed large bodies of air could be distinguished by their temperature and humidity levels.
		The ideal source region is one with light winds, particularly in the upper atmosphere so that the air mass remains in place long enough to acquire the temperature and moisture properties of the underlying surface throughout the air mass.
		Equatorial air masses are all considered to be wet because much of the land area under the equatorial zone is covered in tropical rainforests that can add as much moisture to the air as the equatorial oceans.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/elements/airmasses.htm (1972 words)

	[No title]
		Thus the trade winds tend to push ocean surface water from the eastern equatorial ocean toward the western equatorial ocean, shallowing the layer above the thermocline toward the east and deepening it toward the west.
		Thus the equatorial upwelling driven by the tradewinds tends to bring up larger amounts of cooler thermocline waters in the eastern ocean, and smaller amounts in the western ocean.
		These regions of rising and sinking air are connected by the westward-blowing trade winds at lower levels and a balancing eastward wind flow at upper levels, forming a closed atmospheric circulation cell in the plane of the equator (Fig.
	www.oceansatlas.org /fishatlas/generated/bak00701.htm (1124 words)

	Carbon Dioxide and Temperature
		As the non-equatorial northern and southern regions show much weaker coherency for v > 0.1 cycles per year, we conclude that most of the short-term correlations present in the global temperature record originate in the equatorial region.
		Indeed, equatorial air temperatures from 23.6° S to 23.6° N are coherent with CO2, over a broader range of frequencies than temperatures averaged over the entire globe (b in the figure).
		The flux of CO2 between the atmosphere and the equatorial regions can be affected by fluctuations in the temperature through changes in CO2 solubility, upwelling of CO2-enriched deep water, and availability of nutrients for the organic carbon pump.
	www.environmentaldefense.org /documents/1336_co2andtemp.htm (849 words)

	JCLIMATE.HTM
		There are dry regions in both continents, primarily located on each side of the equatorial region.
		The temperate regions have different and distinct seasons and are usually dry and hot in the summer months and wet and cold in the winter months.
		In the Equatorial regions the temperatures are moderately high, ranging from 75F to 90F.
	curriculum.calstatela.edu /courses/builders/worlds/planets02/JAVS/JCLIMATE.HTM (1036 words)

	ENSO - The Atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In addition to the rotation of the earth, the major underlying cause of the GCA is the differential heating which occurs at the earth's surface.
		Remember, that when considering the radiation balance, the earth's equatorial regions receive a net surplus of energy, while the regions nearer to the pole, experience a net deficit.
		To prevent the equatorial regions from getting warmer and warmer, and the polar regions from continually cooling, there must be a transport of heat from equatorial regions to polar regions.
	ess.geology.ufl.edu /usra_esse/ENSO_Atmosphere.html (1225 words)

	Latitude and Colorado Climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Regions farther north or south of the equator receive less direct sunlight than regions nearer the equator.
		In regions between 0 and 30 degrees north and south latitude, these movements result in the southeast (Southern Hemisphere) or northeast (Northern Hemisphere) trade winds that blow to the northwest (Southern Hemisphere) and the southwest (Northern Hemisphere).
		Regions between 30 and 60 degrees north and south latitude, are greatly influenced by the westerlies which blow from the west to the east.
	waterknowledge.colostate.edu /latitude.htm (308 words)

	Climate
		In the equatorial regions of Eucaliptus, the air pressure is lower.
		When the sun Tablus shines on the water in the equatorial region of Eucaliptus, it produces energy and causes the air to be warmer.
		The radiation from the sun Tablus in the equatorial regions of Eucaliptus produces heat and causes the water surface in these areas to be warmer.
	curriculum.calstatela.edu /courses/builders/worlds/planets_03/eucalyptus/adclimate.htm (757 words)

	The subequatorial and equatorial regions (from Asia) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The subequatorial and equatorial regions (from Asia) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Savannas (grassy parklands) and dry-tropical deciduous forests predominate in the rain shadow on the leeward slopes of hills, and wet-tropical evergreen forests grow on the rainy windward slopes of hills.
		This region encompasses the coast of the Pacific Ocean and ranges from tropical islands to the freezing temperatures.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=48155 (947 words)

	South African Museum - The Subalpine World of Tropical East Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the equatorial highlands of East Africa's towering volcanoes and rugged rift ranges is a zone of subalpine vegetation known to ecologists and plant geographers as the elfinwood.
		The three worldwide regions of elfinwood look very much alike in overall appearance, but because of their geographical isolation, they are composed of markedly different plants and animals.
		In the east African highlands the elfinwood inhabits the region between timberline and the upper altitudinal areas of the montane rain forest belt.
	www.museums.org.za /sam/resources/botany/subalpine.htm (3390 words)

	Introduction to Physical Oceanography : Chapter 14 - Equatorial Processes - Equatorial Processes
		Equatorial processes are important for understanding the influence of the ocean on the atmosphere and the interannual fluctuations in global weather patterns.
		The tropical regions are characterized by a thin, permanent, shallow layer of warm water over deeper, colder water.
		Pedlosky (1996), in his excellent chapter on Equatorial Dynamics of the Thermocline: The Equatorial Undercurrent, points out that the basic dynamical balances we have used in mid-latitudes break down near or on the equator.
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /resources/ocng_textbook/chapter14/chapter14_01.htm (1800 words)

	The Obliquity of Mars
		In his model, as Mars' axial tilt increases, the warmth of each polar region's summer naturally increases -- and this causes much of its water ice to "sublimate" (evaporate directly from ice into vapor), greatly increasing Mars' atmospheric humidity.
		These patches of accumulating surface ice may, in some regions, get very thick indeed as thousands of high-obliquity summers and winters pass: "25,000 years of accumulation at 1 centimeter per year would amass to 250 meters, and local accumulations of kilometers of ice are possible."
		Mars' somewhat cooling equatorial soil absorbs part of this new CO2 -- but it is well outweighed by the thawing polar CO2, and so Mars' air pressure significantly increases.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/mars-water-science-00d.html (852 words)

	Hurricanes and Other Horrors
		If the impact of global warming were to make the poles colder and the equatorial regions hotter, then we might indeed expect stormier weather.
		However, the models upon which Jessica's hyperventilations are based suggest exactly the opposite; it is the polar regions that are expected to warm most significantly, the equatorial regions little if at all.
		As extreme cold is produced by arctic air from the polar regions, global warming should produce less of a deep freeze, even though precipitation and hurricanes may rise.
	www.cei.org /gencon/005,01335.cfm (1058 words)

	[No title]
		Astronomers have concluded that star formation is going on in regions like the Orion Nebula because (1) All of the other four answers are correct.
		(4) infrared radiation, observed from such regions, has been interpreted as being from stars just now collapsing from clouds (5) knots and condensations are seen that may be regions of gas just beginning to collapse under their own gravitational attraction 0 15.
		A photon leaving a region of extremely strong gravity (1) will lose energy and thus suffer a gravitational redshift (2) will be unaffected (3) will lose energy and thus slow down (4) will gain energy and thus suffer a gravitational blueshift to a higher frequency (5) NVA 0 28.
	www.astro.ufl.edu /~gott/AST1002/Sample_Exams/sample-exam3 (2483 words)

	Professor Graham Bailey - Research Overview
		These regions are called the D (60-90 km), E (90- 150 km) and F (150-500 km) regions, with the F-region being subdivided into the F1 and F2 regions.
		The ionosphere at equatorial latitudes is characterised by a trough in the latitudinal distribution of ionization at the magnetic equator with crests near ± 17° magnetic latitude.
		The two shaded regions in the lower panel represent enhancements in the electron temperature ~600 K and ~1000 K at magnetic latitudes 8° and -9°, respectively, with respect to the background values (represented by a dashed curve).
	www.shef.ac.uk /~ap1gjb/researchoverview.html (7612 words)

	Pacific Region Equatorial Anomaly
		The anomaly regions are of importance due to their connection with the equatorial ionosphere, and their location as the latitudinal transition region from low latitudes into the tropical and mid-latitudes.
		The overall effects on the anomaly and the variability of ionization in the lower latitude regions as observed by ionosonde, and TEC measurements, for various geomagnetic disturbance levels is needed for the south-east Asian sector.
		Rao, B.C.N. " The postsunset rise in foF2 in the transition region and its dependence on the postsunset rise in h’F in the equatorial region.", J.
	ulcar.uml.edu /PREASA/preasa.htm (6897 words)

	Regional Differences in Functional Receptor Distribution and Calcium Mobilization in the Intact Human Lens -- Collison ...
		The lens is oriented posterior surface uppermost, whereas the two spatially distinct regions of the lens used for Ca imaging are shown as (A) central anterior epithelium and (B) equatorial region.
		The fluorescent band corresponding to the equatorial epithelial cells (EE) was 50 µm wide and lay adjacent to the capsule (C).
		region is solely responsible for lens cell growth and differentiation.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/42/10/2355 (5289 words)

	Kessler 1991 Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The possibility that the evolution of the ENSO phenomenon is determined by the reflection of extra-equatorial Rossby waves from the western boundary into the equatorial waveguide has been a subject of recent debate.
		Linear equatorial wave theory shows that significant reflection can only occur within about 8 ° of the equator, with a sharp fall-off in the reflectivity poleward of this latitude.
		Although the amplitude of the thermocline anomalies associated with the observed ENSO-forced extra- equatorial Rossby waves can be large, it is the the net zonal transport of these waves that is crucial to the reflectivity, and this net transport decreases rapidly as Rossby waves occur farther from the equator.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /~kessler/reflected-waves-abstract.html (222 words)

	elninoadd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		During EI Nino periods the surface waters of the western equatorial Pacific near Asia are relatively warm while the waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific near South America are relatively cool.
		This temperature distribution is a result of the easterly winds in tropical regions, the Coriolis effect and the fact that warm water overfies cold water in the ocean.
		These changes in the equatorial Ocean temperatures are associated with changes in the atmosphere.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/environment/institutes/1998/p/weather/elninoadd.HTM (760 words)

	Equitorial Propoagation
		In cycles 20 and 23, in the temperate regions of the southern and northern hemispheres in particular, F2-layer ionisations were too low to support regular world-wide radio propagation at 50 MHz.
		In equatorial regions we find the geomagnetic equator, or more accurately the zero dip equator, where the magnetic lines of force are parallel to the Earth's surface and the vertical and horizontal components cancel themselves out.
		The vertical component prevents rapid dispersal of the F regions, but after sunset over the dip equator, where the dip angle is zero, night-time dispersal is rapid with no magnetic force to prevent it.
	www.uksmg.org /equitorialpropagation.htm (2868 words)

	O1E01 lecture notes 3 Sarah Jones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Equatorial regions are cooler than subtropics because thermal energy is used in evaporation.
		Equatorial currents were strongly heated for long periods before diverting north and south to warm higher latitudes.
		Greater emphasis on impact scenarios at the regional level is also needed, if society is truly to "think globally" and "act locally".
	www.sos.bangor.ac.uk /%7Eoss046/o1e01_notes4.htm (4264 words)

	PERCY SEYMOUR
		Geographical variations in the ionosphere depend on latitude; in equatorial regions where the Sun is more directly overhead, greater intensity is noted.
		Cyclical variations caused by the eleven-year sunspot cycle are perhaps the most influential in altering the intensity of plasma regions, which are the regions employed by radio short- wave communications.
		The Sun's equatorial regions are relatively "spot-free" during this phase.
	www.tmgnow.com /repository/solar/percyseymour1.html (6777 words)

	No Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		(1994) found the equatorial regions of Triton to be unusually forward scattering with a nearly isotropic particle phase function in contrast to the moderately backscattering particles typically found on icy satellites and elsewhere on Triton.
		Using a 2-layer surface photometric model we find that obscuration by a uniform frost layer is incapable of explaining the loss of contrast at high phase angles.
		For example, an increase from 0.0 to 0.1 in the asymmetry parameter for the dark regions or an optical depth at least 1.75 times larger over the dark regions can explain the observed loss of contrast.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /meetings/dps97/html/H2004/H2004.html (193 words)

	Equatorial Climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The temperature of the equatorial regions is hot throughout the year, with a very low temperature range usually of less than 3 degrees celsius.
		Typically in Britain there would be 4 or 5 species of trees in a forest, whilst in the same area near the equator there may be about 500 species.
		The rainforest in the equatorial regions produce very distinctive scenery.
	www.scalloway.org.uk /clim9.htm (166 words)

	Scientific American Frontiers . Hot Times in Alaska. The Arctic: Our Global Thermostat \| PBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Polar regions play a major role in the climate of the entire planet.
		And because of albedo, the icy polar regions are also reflecting more of whatever solar radiation reaches them back to space than are equatorial regions.
		This global temperature gradient causes atmospheric circulation, with heat flowing from the equatorial regions toward the poles.
	www.pbs.org /saf/1404/features/thermostat2.htm (342 words)

	PSR Discoveries: Rootless cones on Mars
		If the Martian and terrestrial cones formed in the same way, then the Martian cones mark places where ground ice or groundwater existed at the time the lavas surged across the surface, estimated to be less than 10 million years ago, and where ground ice may still be today.
		They note that it is unlikely that relic ground ice has survived for four billion years in equatorial regions of Mars, but perhaps plausible that vapor exchange between the ground and atmosphere, as modeled for Mars by Sarah Fagents and Ronald Greeley (Arizona State University), was sufficient to recharge the ground ice.
		Confirming the presence of shallow ground ice in the equatorial region of Mars would be an exciting discovery.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /June01/lavaIceMars.html (1176 words)

	IBSS. Ecology of the Sea (Ecologiya Morya) 32 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Optical properties of the investigated regions show that they are typical of the open regions of the oceans.
		The regions of Zernov's phyllophorous field, the Crimean shelf and the Black Sea western cycle as well as the Aegean sea were studied as to the composition and content of the basic classes (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, hydrocarbons) of dissolved and suspended organic substances.
		Essential regional differences in quantitative indices of the studied areas were established from the majority of organics classes as well as from the destruction degree of reserve carbohydrates and proteins of the suspension.
	www.ibss.iuf.net /marecol/32.html (1846 words)

	MDD Section 2.2.5
		It is expected that equatorial regions will also contribute significantly to CO production.
		In general, the surface values reflect the relative differences in the hemispheric source strengths, with most of the biosphere related sources and anthropogenic sources occurring in the northern hemisphere.
		The CO distribution versus latitude and pressure obtained by Seiler and Fishman (1981), Figure 2.3, shows explicitly the influence of equatorial source regions where there is rapid influence of equatorial source regions and rapid transport of surface sources to higher altitudes.
	www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca /MOPITT/mdd_93/m93-225.htm (265 words)

	Equatorial Pacific moorings
		Recent calculations suggest that the equatorial regions may be important contributors to the global carbon and nitrogen cycles as a result of increased supply of inorganic carbon and nitrogen to the surface.
		Considering that these boundary regions are important to global carbon and nitrogen cycles, it is clear that global budgets need improved estimates of the nutrient supply, exchange of carbon dioxide between ocean and atmosphere, and primary productivity in these areas.
		Time series measurements of physical and meteorological properties, which resolve the important scales of variability, are currently being taken in the equatorial Pacific, but until recently there were no parallel time series of biological and chemical parameters.
	www.mbari.org /rd/projects/2000/moos/equatorial.html (215 words)

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