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Topic: Equestrian competitions at the 1968 Summer Olympics

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	World Almanac for Kids
		The winter Olympics were begun in 1924 and were held in the same year as the summer games until the 1994 winter games in Lillehammer, Norway, when the alternating cycles began.
		The 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, reflected a changed political landscape: the 172 participating nations and territories included the Unified Team (with athletes from 12 former Soviet republics), a reunited Germany, and South Africa, which was allowed to compete for the first time since 1960.
		The Olympic games are competitions of individual athletes, not of nations, and the IOC does not keep national scores; however, the media of all nations report national standings according to one of two scoring systems.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/sports/olympics.html (1093 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : 2004 Summer Olympics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The main Olympic Stadium, the designated facility for the opening and closing ceremonies, was completed only two months before the games opened, with the sliding over of a futuristic glass roof designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava.
		The 2004 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony was held on August 13.
		The Mayor of Athens, Dora Bakoyianni, passed the Olympic Flag to the Mayor of Beijing, Wang Qishan.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /2004_Summer_Olympics (1826 words)

	Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The events of the Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics featured three equestrian disciplines: dressage, eventing and jumping.
		The Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre, on the outskirts of Markopoulo in the Attica region of Greece, hosted the dressage and jumping events while the eventing took place in the nearby Eventing Park.
		The equestrian events were marred by medal controversies in both the show jumping and the eventing competitions, which resulted in a shuffling of the medals and changing of the overall placings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics (694 words)

	Highlights of individual Olympic Games
		The 1916 Olympics were scheduled to be held in Berlin, but were canceled because of what came to be known as World War I. The 1920 Games were awarded to Antwerp to honor the suffering that had been inflicted on the Belgian people during the war.
		The 1932 Olympic Games saw the introduction of automatic timing to one hundredth of a second and of the photo finish, as well as the appearance of the national anthems and the raising of flags in honour of the victors during the medal ceremonies.
		The choice of Mexico City to host the 1968 Olympics was a controversial one because of the city's high altitude, 2,300m, which meant that the air contained 30% less oxygen than at sea level.
	www.mapsofworld.com /olympic-trivia/olympic-games-highlights.html (5199 words)

	Sporting Life - Olympics 2000
		An alternative People's Olympics was scheduled to take place in Barcelona, Spain, but it was cancelled at the last minute when the Spanish Civil War broke out the day before competition was set to begin.
		The 1936 Olympics are best remembered for Hitler's failed attempt to use them to prove his theories of Aryan superiority, but they are also noteworthy because they saw the introduction of the torch relay, in which a lighted torch is carried from Olympia to the site of the current Games.
		The 1940 Olympics were awarded to Japan - the Winter Games to Sapporo and the Summer Games to Tokyo - but when Japan invaded China and became caught up in a major war, the Olympics were taken away from the Japanese.
	www.sportinglife.com /olympics/history/story_get.dor?STORY_NAME=others/00/08/31/manual_100526.html (260 words)

	1924 Summer Olympics - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The marathon distance was fixed at 42 km and 195 m, from the distance run at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.
		Ireland was given formal recognition as an independent nation in the Olympic Movement in Paris in 1924 and it was at these games that Ireland made its first appearance in an Olympic Games as an independent nation.
		Originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver ("International Winter Sports Week") and held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, the sports competitions held in Chamonix between 25 January and 5 February 1924 were later designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the I Olympic Winter Games.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/1924_Summer_Olympics (475 words)

	Articles - 2000 Summer Olympics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The 2000 Summer Olympics or the Millennium Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were the Summer Olympic Games held in 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
		Therefore, former Australian Olympic Champion swimmer, Dawn Fraser, was seated in the chair next to Juan Antonio Samaranch during the Australian cultural display part of the opening ceremony, so that he would not be alone for the ceremony.
		During the raising of the Olympics Flag, the Olympic Hymn was sung by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia.
	www.centralairconditioners.net /articles/2000_Summer_Olympics (1273 words)

	INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE - OLYMPIC GAMES
		The Olympics were suspended and a memorial service was held in the main stadium.
		Archery was reintroduced to the Olympic programme after a 52-year absence and handball after a 36-year absence.
		The Olympic Games were suspended for 34 hours and a mass was held in the main stadium to commemorate the victims.
	www.olympic.org /uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1972 (525 words)

	Brief History of the Olympic Games
		The Eleans traced the founding of the Olympic games to their King Iphitos, who was told by the Delphi Oracle to plant the olive tree from which the victors' wreaths were made.
		Although the Olympic games were never suspended, the games of 364 BC were not considered Olympic since the Arkadians had captured the sanctuary and reorganized the games.
		The climax of the ceremony was the Olympic Torch entering the stadium, relayed by veteran Australian Olympic athletes of the 20th century and handed over to the Australian athlete Cathy Freeman, who was ringed by fire after lighting the Olympic flame.
	www.nostos.com /olympics (3240 words)

	About SOTX
		In 1968, five years after she had started a summer day camp for children and adults with intellectual disabilities [mental retardation] at her home in Maryland, Eunice Kennedy Shriver saw her dream realized in Chicago at the first International Special Olympics Summer Games.
		Special Olympics Texas is a registered 501(c)(3), non-profit organization supported by private donations from individuals, corporations and organizations throughout the state.
		Special Olympics is "the most credible charity in America" according to a survey in the Chronicle of Philanthropy.
	www.sotx.org /about (449 words)

	Organization - SOI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The first Special Olympics camp was held in 1963; however, it was not until 1968 that SOI became an official organization.
		Athletes are classified for competition on the basis of ability using the "10% rule" in which the difference between the highest and lowest score/performance for athletes within an individual event may not exceed 10%.
		The major competitions for SOI athletes are the quadrennial summer and winter Special Olympics World Games, held in the years preceding Olympic Games.
	edweb6.educ.msu.edu /kin866/orgsoi.htm (423 words)

	Olympics Pathfinder
		He began and served as president of the International Olympic Committee for 29 years, which is now the "supreme authority over the Olympic Movement" (Olympic Primer).
		The Modern Olympic Games are referred to by Roman numerals designating the number of the particular games, with the first being the one held in Athens in 1896.
		In the summer of 1936, Tony runs away from his home above his family's Italian restaurant in Chicago, while in Berlin David is present at the Olympics and prepares to move to America.
	eaglesnest.dsc.k12.ar.us /hs/library/pathfinders/olympics/olympics.html (3353 words)

	Inwit Publishing, Inc. and Inwit, LLC -- Writings, Links and Software Demonstrations - The Science of the Summer Games ...
		Today in Olympic competition men and women swim four strokes: the freestyle (which in practice means "the crawl"), the butterfly, the backstroke, and the breaststroke.
		In the summer of 1949, at a meet in the U. S., the Japanese sprint swimmer Hironashin Furuhashi unleashed what seemed to be a minor refinement of the kick in the crawl stroke, but it led him and the other Japanese to sweeping victories.
		The breaststroke is the most rigidly defined of the Olympic styles; athletes must adhere to six rules, specifying everything from the permissible kick (the frog "backward and out") to the position of the shoulders ("in line with the water").
	www.algorithm.com /inwit/writings/scienceofthesummergames.html (5160 words)

	Independent Study Fair Report
		The Modern Summer Olympics, which were first held in 1896, now represent the largest sports gathering in the world.
		The Summer Olympics is an amazing athletic event that occurs every four years and includes athletes from almost every country in the world.
		The official symbol of the Modern Olympics is five rings linked together to represent the continents of North and South America (as one), Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe, and to symbolize world peace, a major goal of the Olympic movement.
	www.oberlin.k12.oh.us /talent/isp/reports2005/6Zach.htm (2436 words)

	Welcome to Special Olympics Montana
		Competitions will include athletics (track and field), bowling, equestrian, bocce, gymnastics, cycling, golf, powerlifting, soccer, aquatics, triathlon and motor activities training for severely disabled individuals.
		Special Olympics is an international organization that changes lives by promoting understanding, acceptance and inclusion between people with and without intellectual disabilities.
		Founded in 1968 by Eunice Kennedy Shriver, Special Olympics provides people with intellectual disabilities continuing opportunities to realize their potential, develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage and experience joy and friendship.
	www.somt.org /media/pr020706ssg.html (469 words)

	The History of the Olympic Games
		They were held in the same year as the summer Olympics until 1994, when they began to be held on separate 4-year cycles that were staggered by two years.
		Small, local festivals were being called “Olympics” as early as the 17th century in places like England and France, but the discovery of the ruins of Olympia in the 19th century sparked interest in the games once again on an international scale.
		The Olympic relay, another well-known symbol of the games, in which the torch is lit in Olympia and run to the host city, was introduced in 1936.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~leannajf/olympics.html (1072 words)

	1992 Summer Olympics Biography,info
		The 1992 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were held in 1992 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
		South Africa was allowed again to participate in the Olympics after a 28 years suspension in the Olympic Games for its apartheid policy.
		In the diving competitions, held in the view of the Sagrada Família, Fu Mingxia won the high dive event, being only 13 years old.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_1992_Summer_Olympics (552 words)

	Special Olympics
		Special Olympics provides year-round sports training and athletic competition in a variety of Olympic-style sports for children and adults with mental retardation, giving them continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy and participate in the sharing of gifts, skills and friendship with their families, other Special Olympics athletes and the community.
		Special Olympics New York provides year-round sports training and competition in a variety of Olympic-style sports for children and adults with mental retardation, giving them continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy and participate in the sharing of gifts, skills and friendship with their families, other Special Olympics athletes and the community.
		Special Olympics New York provides athletic training and competition for children and adults with mental retardation, giving them continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage and experience joy as they participate in the sharing of gifts and friendship with other athletes, their families and the community.
	www.nyso.org /news-2002.html (5551 words)

	BBC SPORT \| HISTORY \| Athens 1896
		The first of the modern Olympic Games was staged in Athens, Greece, although financial difficulties almost saw it staged in Budapest, Hungary.
		Cricket and soccer tournaments were cancelled due to a lack of participating teams while rowing and sailing competitions fell victim to poor weather.
		The first Olympic winner was American James Brendan Connolly who took the triple jump with a leap of 13.71 metres.
	news.bbc.co.uk /sport1/hi/olympics2000/fans_guide/features/history/872542.stm (249 words)

	Louisiana Special Olympics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Special Olympics is for men, women and children eight years old and older who have intellectual disabilities or have a closely related developmental disability.
		Special Olympics offers many events to accommodate the wide range of athletic interests demonstrated by its athletes and uses a process to ensure that athletes compete against others of similar gender, age, and ability.
		Special Olympics Louisiana does not receive financial assistance from Special Olympics Incorporated, the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Foundation, and is not a member of the United Way.
	www.laso.org /main/index.php?page=about_us (704 words)

	Making sure young athletes are fit to compete in Special Olympics - Contemporary Pediatrics
		Special Olympics is open to all persons with mental retardation or a closely related developmental disability that results in functional limitations in both general learning and adaptive skills.
		The risk of injury associated with participating in Special Olympics is lower for these athletes than the risk of injury to nondisabled athletes in similar events, and most injuries sustained during competition are minor.
		The PPE for Special Olympics athletes should consist of a detailed medical history and a physical exam that focuses on the visual, musculoskeletal, and neurologic systems because many athletes have an abnormality in one or more of these areas.
	www.contemporarypediatrics.com /contpeds/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=111690 (2564 words)

	GChome page
		Gwinnett County Special Olympics is a nonprofit program of sports training and competition for individuals with mental retardation in Gwinnett County.
		The Special Olympics program was founded in 1968 by Eunice Kennedy Shriver and provides year-round training and athletic competition for more than one million athletes in nearly 150 countries and all 50 states in the United States.
		We also run competitions such as track and field meets and training sessions for a wide variety of sports including softball, swimming, golf, tennis, track and field, weight lifting, volleyball, basketball, gymnastics, bowling, ice skating, roller skating, floor hockey, plus developmental sports for those with severe disabilities.
	www.gwinnettcountyspecialolympics.org (981 words)

	WVU selected to host WV Special Olympics Summer Games — a 1st for Morgantown
		Parks noted that Special Olympics was recently rated the most credible charity in the country -- right up there with Girl Scouts, the American Red Cross, Salvation Army and American Cancer Society.
		Competitions will take place at the WVU track, Coliseum, Natatorium, Shell Building, tennis courts and new Gymnastics Training Facility.
		The programs are provided at no cost to the athlete as Special Olympics is a nonprofit charitable organization supported by private donors and corporate funding.
	www.nis.wvu.edu /Releases_Old/special_olympics2.html (650 words)

	The History of Jim Crow
		The equestrian dressage/jumping circuit, dominated by wealthy international riders, attracts few African Americans, although Virginia Mealing Plancke was successful in the jumper division in the 1990s.
		And, in 1968, Jackie White served as the first African-American NBA referee at a Chicago Bull-Cincinnati Royals game in Cleveland; then, in 1997, the first African-American women referees entered the sport; they were Dee Kantner and Violet Palmer.
		In 1977, Lucy Harris, a silver medalist from the 1976 Olympics, was drafted by the NBA New Orleans Jazz.
	www.jimcrowhistory.org /resources/lessonplans/hs_es_sports.htm (7144 words)

	About SOSD
		Special Olympics is unique in that it accommodates competitors at all ability levels by assigning them to competition divisions based on previous performances or preliminary heats.
		Special Olympics South Dakota is founded on the belief that quality training is crucial to success in sports.
		Special Olympics South Dakota, Inc. is an independent non-profit organization which is not part of the United Way, Federal or State Governments, all funding comes from caring individuals, businesses, organizations and corporations.
	www.sosd.org /about_sosd.htm (483 words)

	INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE - ATHLETES
		For example, to find out the list of all gold medallists in alpine skiing - downhill, select skiing for the sport, then alpine skiing for the discipline, then downhill for the event.
		The Olympic medal winner database is compiled using data taken from official publications containing Olympic results produced by the Organising Committees at the end of each edition of the Games.
		As the information is not yet fully standardised, we recommend that you search by nation, sport, Olympic Games, etc.
	www.olympic.org /uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp (126 words)

	Kronos: 1940-present
		This association with school, rules, and supervised competition effectively killed "joy wrestling’s" sense of play, and by the 1980s, there were barely 1,000 members in Iceland’s fourteen wrestling clubs.
		After all, there was less competition in the minor sports, and in the hunt for Olympic gold, a medal was a medal.
		The Summer Olympics take place in Tokyo, and judo is one of the exhibition sports.
	www.ejmas.com /kronos/NewHist1940.htm (20251 words)

	History of Gymkhana
		Gymkhana is an Indian term for a place where sporting events take place and refers to any of various meets at which contests are held to test the skill of the competitors, such as in the sports of
		In the United Kingdom, the term gymkhana now almost always refers to an equestrian event, often with the emphasis on children's participation (such as those organized by the Pony Club), although in the past the word was sometimes used for motorsport events.
		In equestrian competitions, gymkhana classes are timed speed events such as Barrel racing, Keyhole, Figure 8, and Pole bending.
	www.guidetogymkhana.com /gymkhana-history.htm (382 words)

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