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Topic: Equids

In the News (Sun 15 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Viral Encephalitis Backgrounder
		Equids with circulating VEE virus particles are capable of amplifying the virus and infecting others via insect vectors.
		Humans and equids are considered dead-end hosts for WNV due to the low concentration of circulating virus particles associated with infection, and are not likely to serve as sources of disease transmission to other susceptible hosts.
		JEV infection in equids is associated with a 0 to 10% case fatality rate in endemic areas, but outbreaks have resulted in case fatality rates as high as 40%.
	www.avma.org /reference/backgrounders/viral_encephalitis_bgnd.asp (2860 words)

	West Nile virus
		Released in May, the study estimated that the total cost attributable to death or euthanasia of equids from WNV infection was $600,660, the estimated revenue lost by owners because of lost use associated with WNV was $163,659, and the estimated cost attributable to treatment in the two states was $490,844.
		A two-part WNV vaccine for equids was developed in the summer of 2001 to aid in the prevention of infection.
		Because the percentage of vaccinated equids within Colorado and Nebraska is unknown, it is not possible to calculate the exact cost of prevention of WNV by vaccination, but it can be estimated by determining the approximate number of equids vaccinated and the average cost of the vaccinations.
	www.vetscite.org /publish/items/001298 (1102 words)

	DOMINGO GARCÍA
		Among the species represented in the assemblage of Domingo García and within the total number of identified figures (115), the outstanding feature is the high percentage of equids (37,3%), a trend that recurs in almost all the geographical areas differentiated within the assemblage.
		Equids are clearly predominant in their percentage at Dehesa de Carbonero (68,7%).
		This seems to be suggested by the ecological characteristics of the species, on the grounds that cervids predominate in the undergrowth, bovids and equids in herbaceous prairies, and caprids in craggy areas.
	www.uned.es /dpto-pha/domingo/centros.htm (1920 words)

	IUCN
		The recently released Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses.
		Major threats to their continued survival include the risk of cross-breeding between the two subspecies (resulting in the loss of genetic diversity), drought, and the relatively small numbers in the wild, which means that the loss of a single population could reduce the world population by around 30%.
		The new Equid Action Plan is the result of many experts working together as part of IUCN’s Species Survival Commission to develop programs to study, understand, and manage wisely wild equids and their habitats.
	www.iucn.org /themes/ssc/actionplans/equids/equidap.htm (984 words)

	Old Age
		Relatives in the equid family, such as an ass and a horse, can interbreed, but the resulting offspring are nearly always infertile.
		The evolution of equids did not proceed in a straight line to culminate in today’s horses and their relatives.
		At this time, the equids underwent an evolutionary explosion that produced a wealth of species displaying a wide variety of physical types, all of which were well adapted to their particular environments.
	members.tripod.com /kar_toon/pages/history.htm (412 words)

	[No title]
		The digestive system of all equids is designed to extract energy and nutrients from coarse, low-quality forage by permitting passage of large quantities of plant matter through a long hindgut.
		One reason all equids are vulnerable in the face of hunting pressures and habitat loss is that they reproduce slowly.
		The plains zebra is the most abundant and widespread of extant wild equids, occurring throughout the tropical grasslands of East and southern Africa.
	www.geocities.com /zebrapictures/ZebraSpecies.html (2096 words)

	Idaho Equine Infectious Anemia Regulations
		All equids found to be infected with EIA shall be identified with an "82 A" brand on the left neck or left shoulder of the animal.
		Exposed equids shall be placed under a hold order until the animals have been tested negative to EIA at least forty-five (45) days after the last reactor animal has been removed from the premise.
		Individual exposed equids, which have not had a negative forty-five (45) day test, may be allowed to move under hold order for specific purposes if they have a negative EIA test prior to movement.
	tarlton.law.utexas.edu /dawson/eia/id_eia.htm (1032 words)

	Horse - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a relatively ancient group of browsing and grazing animals that first arose less than 10 million years after the dinosaurs became extinct.
		The earliest equids (belonging to the genus Hyracotherium) were found approximately 54 million years to the Eocene period.
		The Perissodactyls were the dominant group of large terrestrial browsing animals until the Miocene (about 20 million years ago), when even-toed ungulates, with stomachs better adapted to digesting grass, began to out compete them.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Horse (5790 words)

	Montana Equine Infectious Anemia Regulations
		(1) Equids found to be infected with EIA shall be quarantined to the premise where the animal was found to be infected, the owner's premise, or another premise approved by the department of livestock and are subject to the provisions of ARM Title 32, chapter 3, sub-chapter 1.
		The quarantine area and quarantined animals therein may be monitored periodically by a representative of the department of livestock to ensure that provisions of the quarantine are being met.
		Individual exposed equids may be allowed to move under hold order for specific purposes as approved by the state veterinarian if they have a negative EIA test prior to movement.
	tarlton.law.utexas.edu /dawson/eia/mt_eia.htm (1534 words)

	Laminitis Clinic is proud to offer you these innovative and effective products
		Equids is an extract of the herb Vitex agnus castus and is unique among herbal infusions for horses as it is made in a laboratory licenced under the UK Medicines Acts, just like the products from you doctor must be.
		Equids was used in a three year study of Cushing's Disease run by the Laminitis Trust.
		Equids is also used successfully as an aid in breeding programs and has proven effective in controlling aggressive behaviour in horses.
	www.equilife.co.uk (407 words)

	Working Worldwide - International Colloquium
		The 'welfare' of working equids is at the forefront of the many issues tackled by charitable organisations and veterinary professionals but the assessment of 'welfare' is a very new concept, one which was discussed at length at the colloquium.
		However the negative impact of working equids on the environment was also investigated and case studies looking at detrimental effects of the breakdown products of drugs administered to equids on wildlife and the environment were discussed.
		Working equids have an important economic and welfare role to play in many developing countries and it is promising that their importance is being recognised.
	www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk /site/1/Colloquium_2006.html (1293 words)

	Colorado State University - News & Information
		The study estimated that the total cost attributed to death or euthanasia of equine WNV cases was $600,660, the estimated revenue lost by owners because of lost-use associated with WNV was $163,659 and the estimated cost attributed to the treatment of equine WNV cases in the two states was $490,844.
		The fatality rate for the 1,478 equine WNV cases was estimated to be 29 percent, suggesting approximately 423 equids died or were euthanized due to the virus.
		Since the percentage of vaccinated equids within Colorado and Nebraska is unknown, it is not possible to calculate the exact cost of prevention of WNV by vaccine, but can be estimated by determining the estimated number of equids vaccinated and the average cost of the vaccinations.
	newsinfo.colostate.edu /index.asp?page=news_item_display&news_item_id=637274262 (1023 words)

	Çatal Newsletter 4
		In combination with the relatively high numbers of equids at the site, it may indicate that the immediate surroundings were more steppic than forested.
		Three species of equids are represented at Çatalhöyük: the most numerous is Equus hydruntinus, while E.
		The equids seem to be composed disproportionately of older age groups, perhaps indicating that prime adults were too hard to capture.
	www.catalhoyuk.com /newsletters/04/animal97.html (580 words)

	Cenozoic_Horses HSU NHM
		Equids in the Museum's collection are shown in bold on the diagram.
		Artist's interpretations of landscapes with equids ("Restored from a skeleton in the American Museum") and equid skull drawings are from William R. Scott, A History Land Mammals in the Northern Hemisphere.
		Equid outline drawings are from Lull (1913), and the foot and tooth sets are after O. Marsh, Am.
	www.humboldt.edu /~natmus/lifeThroughTime/Cenoz_Horses/index.htm (778 words)

	Opinion: Share the West with Horses, Wild and Free
		These equids would be herded over a vast area of unfenced grasslands with mixed trees in the San Pedro River basin according to a grazing rotation scheme also incorporating goats and sheep.
		The legal herd areas of the wild equids are also very minor compared with the areas occupied by livestock on the public lands, yet in spite of this the livestock industry still seeks to monopolize those areas that have been set aside for the wild equids.
		The wild equid population levels established as Appropriate Management Levels, which total around 26,000, are so small as to constitute a betrayal of the wild horses and burros.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/sep2002/2002-09-05d.asp (1124 words)

	Evolution of the horse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is recognized that the horse is not the "goal" of the entire lineage of equids (a notion that would contradict modern evolutionary theory); it is simply the only equid genus that has happened to survive.
		The change in equids' traits was also not always a "straight line" from Hyracotherium to Equus: some traits reversed themselves at various points in the evolution of new equid species, such as size and the presence of fossae, and it is only in retrospect that certain evolutionary trends can be recognized.
		Three new equids are believed to be descended from the numerous varieties of Merychippus: Hipparion, Protohippus and Pliohippus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolution_of_the_Horse (3275 words)

	HorseAid "No Kill" Brand and Microchip Information
		The next largest percentage of equine operations uniquely identified their resident equids with tattoos (10.6 percent), although tattoo as a unique identification was used for only 6.2 percent of all equines.
		In 1997, microchip identification is infrequently used in the U.S. (1.0 percent of operations and 0.9 percent of equids overall).
		Finally, 4.1 percent of operations (3.5 percent of equids) used other methods, such as blood or DNA typing, permanent scars, and injuries, to identify their equines.
	www.igha.org /brn_link.html (1300 words)

	Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 5th edition, 2004
		Subtype I-C was isolated in Venezuela in 1993 and Venezuela and Colombia in 1995.
		A tentative diagnosis of viral encephalomyelitis in equids can be based on the occurrence of acute neurological disease during the summer in temperate climates or in the wet season in tropical or subtropical climates.
		Diagnosis of VEE virus infection in equids requires the demonstration of specific antibodies in paired serum samples collected in the acute and convalescent phases.
	www.oie.int /eng/normes/mmanual/A_00090.htm (2704 words)

	Horse Origins - Evolution
		The hind legs which were relatively short still had the side toes equipped with small hooves, but with calm movement were not touching the ground.
		According to shapes, the most diverted of the three was the Hipparion,mainly in the structure of tooth enamel.
		Equids grow chestnuts on the inside front limbs, above the carpal joint.
	horsecare.stablemade.com /articles2/horse_origins.htm (2196 words)

	By: George Rudzinski To: Alan Kern Re: Horse 1 of 9 Ä Area: Evolutionary Mechanism Theory
		This famous little equid was once known by the lovely name "Eohippus", meaning "dawn horse".
		At this point in the early Eocene, equids were not yet very different from the other perissodactyl groups; the _Hyracotherium_ genus includes some species closely related to (or even ancestral to) rhinos and tapirs, as well as species that are distinctly equine.
		The major change was in the teeth; as Eocene equids started to eat more plant browse and less fruit, they developed more grinding teeth to deal with the slightly tougher food.
	www.skepticfiles.org /misctext/horse.htm (6091 words)

	Wild Equids
		A conservation plan has been set up by international conservation organisations to ensure the survival of the five remaining.
		Equids evolved from small mammals which inhabited America and Eurasia, 55 millions years ago.
		These small mammals, looking like a Tapir with the size of a fox, adapted to this new environment and sired the Equid family (whose only genus is Equus) 3,5 millions years ago.
	www.takh.org /equidae/equidae_en.html (474 words)

	General Social Organization of Equids - The Fund for Horses
		All of the equid species remaining today can be divided into two general types of social organization: territorial breeders or harem breeders.
		The harem type equids tend to live in large herds comprising several smaller bands.
		In contrast to the harem social organization based on the breeding stallions guarding a stable harem of mares and their young, in territorial-type breeding equids the breeding males guard a territory.
	www.fund4horses.org /info.php?id=449 (1498 words)

	The LH{beta} Gene of Several Mammals Embeds a Carboxyl-terminal Peptide-like Sequence Revealing a Critical Role for ...
		The carboxyl-terminal region and CTP domains of the CG subunit in primates and equids.
		or down-stream (as of equids) to the polyadenylation signal.
		in the CG subunit of primates and the LH/CG in equids (Fig.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/280/17/16676 (5828 words)

	Sanctuary Safaris - A survival program for endangered wild equids
		Commonly referred to as “C.C.E.S.”, the property is located in northeastern New Mexico, 20 miles east of the town of Wagon Mound – a wayside station on the historic Santa Fe Trail.
		He was prepared to dedicate the necessary resources together with a grassland ranch he owned in New Mexico for the development of the program.
		The facility now includes 15 sheds sufficient to accommodate the entire collection of 650 plus equids; more than 45 miles of 8’ electric fencing; a network of access roads; an airfield-hangar complex; a veterinary clinic, owner and staff housing, plus feed storage and machine shop.
	www.canyoncolorado.org (712 words)

	Endangered Wild Equids
		During this period, some 20,000 to 25,000 years ago, equids were among the most abundant and ecologically important herbivores on the grasslands of Africa, Asia and the Americas.
		Wildlife biologists, including the Equid Specialist Group of the IUCN, which I chair, study the dwindling populations to learn as much as possible about these historically important animals while they still roam free.
		We also search for ways to stem their disappearance and have recently developed a plan that prioritizes the actions that should be taken.
	www.sciamdigital.com /index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=F93BF188-2B35-221B-6D10B6D30A24D36D (161 words)

	BANSIDHE GRAPHICS - Texas Animal Health Commission News Releases
		Dr. Logan stressed that although EIA-infected equids do not spread the disease through close contact, biting flies can mechanically carry viral-laden blood from one animal to another.
		Of the 250,000 equids tested in Texas in 2001, only 124 were infected, a drop which Dr. Logan credits to
		Current TAHC regulations require equids to be test-negative for EIA within the previous 12 months, if they are hauled to assemblies, such as fairs, shows, exhibitions, rodeos or trail rides.
	www.bansidhegraphics.com /TexasAnimalHealthCommissionNewsReleases.htm (470 words)

	Horses for sale, horse health news, trail riding and horse chat.
		He explained that staff members from the TAHC and the Texas Department of Health (TDH), which focuses on human health issues, have worked jointly to share laboratory and surveillance information and educational materials about this disease which can be transmitted from infected mosquitoes to humans and equids, causing brain swelling and severe illness.
		Dr Conger reminded equid owners that an annual booster is required for continued protection of the animals.
		Historically, about 20 percent of infected equids either died or had to be euthanized due to their illness."
	www.horsecity.com /stories/062102/hea_WNV_JB.shtml (791 words)

	Q_Jan99
		Of the 179,000 equids tested in the northeastern United States in 1998 only 3 were found positive.
		By contrast, in many areas of the United States the majority of equids has not and probably will not be tested until area-wide testing is encouraged or required.
		The equid population can be protected from the risk of EIA if we know where the reservoirs exist.
	www.ca.uky.edu /gluck/q/1999/jan99/Q_jan99.htm (3323 words)

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