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Topic: Equidistant Conic

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	Conic section - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The conic sections were named and studied as long ago as 200 BC, when Apollonius of Perga undertook a systematic study of their properties.
		The semi-latus rectum of a conic section, usually denoted l, is the distance from the single focus, or one of the two foci, to the conic section itself, measured along a line perpendicular to the major axis.
		Conic sections are important in astronomy: the orbits of two massive objects that interact according to Newton's law of universal gravitation are conic sections if their common center of mass is considered to be at rest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conic (1619 words)

	Cartographic Projections
		Conical projections are based upon the projection of the earth onto a cone, which, like the cylinder, can be unrolled.
		Although they resemble the conic projections in having circular parallels and straight-line meridians in the normal (polar) aspect, they are distinguished by the fact that the parallels in conic projections are arcs of less than 360 degrees, while those in azimuthal projections are 360 degree circles.
		The name of this projection is sufficient to describe it; it is conformal (preserves angles) except at the pole of the projection, and it is a conic with all the general characteristics of conic projections.
	www.research.ibm.com /dx/proceedings/cart/cart.htm (1671 words)

	Map Projections: Conic Projections
		Due to simple construction and inherent distortion pattern, conic projections have been widely employed in regional or national maps of temperate zones (while azimuthal and cylindrical maps were favored for polar and tropical zones, respectively), especially for areas bounded by two not too-distant meridians, like Russia or the conterminous United States.
		Relatively few projections are called "conic"; nevertheless, many others are ruled by conic principles, since the cone is a limiting case of both the circle (a cone with no height, and cone constant 1) and the cylinder (a cone with vertex at infinity, with standard parallels symmetrical north and south of the Equator).
		In a particular case of Albers's conic projection, either 90°N or 90°S is chosen as a standard parallel, and therefore meridians converge at a pole.
	www.progonos.com /furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjCon/projCon.html (1484 words)

	Conical Map Projections
		As with azimuthal and cylindrical projections, the equidistant conic projections are obtained by adjusting the spacing of the parallels so that they are equally spaced along meridians and the distance between the parallels on the map is equal to the arc length between parallels on the generating globe.
		Parallels are equally spaced along meridians with the distance between parallels being equally to the arc length between parallels on the globe.
		As with the simple conic, distances along the two standard lines and distances along all meridians are true to scale but other distances are distorted.
	www.fes.uwaterloo.ca /crs/geog165/conproj.htm (734 words)

	5.2.3 Equidistant Conic Projection (-Jd -JD)
		The equidistant conic projection was described by the Greek philosopher Claudius Ptolemy about A.D. It is neither conformal or equal-area, but serves as a compromise between them.
		GMT you must provide the same information as for the other conic projection, i.e.
		The equidistant conic projection is often used for atlases with maps of small countries.
	www.ucalgary.ca /appinst/pubdoc/gmt344/doc/html/GMT_Docs/node44.html (118 words)

	Conic Projection Page
		In the normal aspect (which is oblique for conic projections), parallels are projected as concentric arcs of circles, and meridians are projected as straight lines radiating at uniform angular intervals from the apex of the flattened cone.
		Conic projections are not widely used in mapping because of their relatively small zone of reasonable accuracy.
		The last of the basic conic projections (fig.3.16) to be developed with one of the three major properties of conformality, equivalence or equidistance along meridians was this equal-area presented by H.C. Albers (1805a), three months after Mollweide presented his elliptical world map in the same journal.
	www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu /mp/conic.html (1361 words)

	Map projection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These surfaces are cylindrical (e.g., Mercator), conic (e.g., Albers), and azimuthal or plane (e.g., stereographic).
		Azimuthal equidistant: r(d) = cd; it is used by amateur radio operators to know the direction to point their antennas toward a point and see the distance to it.
		A stereographic projection is conformal and perspective but not equal area or equidistant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Map_projection (2742 words)

	GIS Notes - Part 4
		Equidistance is important in maps which are used for analyzing velocity, e.g.
		Typically, reference lines such as the equator or a meridian are chosen to have equidistance and are termed standard parallels or standard meridians.
		Conical projections are accomplished by intersecting, or touching, a cone with the global surface and mathematically projecting lines onto this developable surface.
	www.forestry.umt.edu /academics/courses/for503/olddir/part4.htm (3178 words)

	Wikinfo \| Map projection
		These surfaces are classified as cylindrical (e.g., Mercator projection), conic (e.g., Albers projection), azimuthal or plane (e.g., stereographic projection).
		Many azimuthal projections are true perspective projections; that is, they can be constructed mechanically, projecting the surface of the Earth by extending lines from a points of perspective (along an infinite line through the tangent point and the tangent point's antipode) onto the plane.
		Azimuthal equidistant projection is used by amateur radio operators to know the direction to point their antennas toward a point and see the distance to it.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Map_projection (1742 words)

	Map Projections and Coordinate Systems
		In a conic projection, a cone is placed over the earth, normally tangent to one or more lines of latitude.
		Lambert Conformal Conic – A conic, confromal projection typically intersecting parallels of latitude, standard parallels, in the northern hemisphere.
		Albers Equal Area Conic - This conic projection uses two standard parallels to reduce some of the distortion of a projection with one standard parallel.
	maps.unomaha.edu /Peterson/gis/notes/MapProjCoord.html (1552 words)

	Map Projections: From Spherical Earth to Flat Map
		A projection that maintains accurate distances from the center of the projection or along given lines is called an equidistant projection.
		The Azimuthal Equidistant projection is the projection used for the emblem of the United Nations.
		Polyconic projection A conic projection projects information from the spherical Earth to a cone that is either tangent to the Earth at a single parallel, or that is secant at two standard parallels.
	nationalatlas.gov /articles/mapping/a_projections.html (2154 words)

	[No title]
		A normal equivalent conic projection with the least mean-square deformation of distance.] 509.___1982, Izvezhdaniye na konstantite pri komformnata i ravnopromezhdut'chna konichna proyektsiya s prilozheniye na kriteriya na Eyri: Godisnik - Vissiya Institut po Arhitektura i Stroitelstvo, 1981-82, v.
		Deducing the constants of the conformal and equidistant conical projection with the application of Airy's criterion.
		Equidistant conic projection used for map of Russia.
	www.cs.albany.edu /~amit/bib/mapproj.txt (15646 words)

	Understanding map projections
		Equidistant projections maintains constant scale along all great circles (shortest distance between any two points) from one or two points.
		Similar in appearance to the Lambert Conformal Conic; however, the spacing of the graticule (system of latitude and longitude lines) is different.
		It is similar to Albers Equal-Area Conic; however, the spacing of the graticule is different.
	mapshop.esri.com /help/concepts_projections.htm (1978 words)

	NASA TP 1999-209484: EQUIDISTANT CONIC PROJECTION MAP
		Figure 3 is an equidistant conic projection map chosen to minimize distortion, and which isolates a specific region of the umbral path.
		Once again, curves of maximum eclipse and constant eclipse magnitude are plotted and labeled.
		The size of each city is logarithmically proportional to its population using 1990 census data (Rand McNally, 1991).
	www.uni-sw.gwdg.de /~bischoff/Sofi/010621/text/eqconic-projection.html (146 words)

	Sample Maps
		Conic projections are used mainly for polar maps, and for maps that need to show only a portion of the globe.
		conic projections are: Albers Equal Area Conic, Equidistant Conic, Lambert Conformal Conic, and Polyconic (one of the more common).
		Examples are: Azimuthal Equidistant, Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area, Orthographic, and Stereographic (often used for Polar regions).
	ublib.buffalo.edu /libraries/asl/maps/cat/map-projections.html (460 words)

	NASA RP 1369: Equidistant Conic Projection Map of the Eclipse Path (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		NASA RP 1369: Equidistant Conic Projection Map of the Eclipse Path
		Equidistant Conic Projection Map of the Eclipse Path
		Figures 3 and 4 are equidistant conic projection maps selected to minimize distortion, and which isolate specific regions of the umbral path.
	umbra.nascom.nasa.gov /eclipse/970309/text/eqconic-projection.html (162 words)

	07a.2.3 Map Projection Selection
		The Albers Conical Equal-Area projection is a conic variant that changes spacing between the parallels, which are represented as concentric arcs of circles.
		The Lambert Conformal Conic projection, also called the Conical Orthomorphic projection, is a conic variant that changes spacing between the parallels, which are represented as concentric arcs of circles with the pole at the center.
		The Equidistant Conic projection is the simplest of the conic projections.
	www.microimages.com /refman/xhtml/BASIC020.HTM (3427 words)

	Map Projections -- 3DSoftware.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To show a region for which the greatest extent is from east to west in the temperate zones, conic projections are usually preferable to cylindrical projections.
		A conic projection with one standard parallel, and the pole as a point.
		While cylindrical and conic projections are related to cylinders and cones wrapped around the globe, the azimuthal projections are formed onto a plane which is tangent to the globe.
	www.3dsoftware.com /Cartography/USGS/MapProjections (977 words)

	Equidistant Conic Projection (Mapping Toolbox) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This projection provides a compromise in distortion between conformal and equal-area conic projections, of which it is neither.
		If two parallels equidistant from the Equator are chosen as the standard parallels, an Equidistant Cylindrical projection results.
		In a rudimentary form, this projection dates back to Claudius Ptolemy, about A.D. Improvements were developed by Johannes Ruysch in 1508, Gerardus Mercator in the late 16th century, and Nicolas de l'Isle in 1745.
	www.tau.ac.il /cc/pages/docs/matlab/help/toolbox/map/equidistantconicprojectio.html (257 words)

	Conic projections
		In the special case satisfied by one-, and two-standard conic projections
		This solution is used to construct orthomorphic conic projections.
		Parallels are concentric equidistant arcs of circles of true length.
	aips2.nrao.edu /docs/memos/107/node4.html (162 words)

	342 Geospatial Reference Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Albers conical equal area, Equidistant conic, Equirectangular, Lambert conformal conic, Mercator, or Polar stereographic.
		Albers conical equal area, Azimuthal equidistant, Equidistant conic, Equirectangular, Lambert conformal conic, Mercator, Miller cylindrical, Polyconic, Sinusoidal, Transverse Mercator or Van der Grinten.
		Albers conical equal area, Azimuthal equidistant, Equidistant conic, Lambert conformal conic, Oblique Mercator, Polyconic or Transverse Mercator.
	www.oclc.org /bibformats/en/3xx/342.shtm (1288 words)

	Project4_GEOG5224C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the same eightymilemap document created in part II, we have to change the projection in USA Contiguous Equidistant Conic.
		Once we changed the coordinate system, we exported it as a new layer as buffer_ed because it is projected as Contiguous Equidistant Conic projection.
		According to the Lesson 4 Exercise, this projection uses the same projection parameters we used for the equidistant conic projection.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/r/u/rue109/Project4_GEOG5224C.htm (1999 words)

	UNIT 27 - MAP PROJECTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Error, Accuracy and Precision (Geographer's Craft) -- (A few graphics); types of errors; sources of inaccuracy and imprecision; problems of propagation and cascading; beware of false precision and false accuracy; dangers of undocumented data; principles of managing error.
		i.e., in a conic projection all distances from the center are represented at the same scale
		formulas for equidistant conical projection with one standard parallel (j0, colatitude c0) are:
	homepage.smc.edu /drake_vicki/u27.html (2146 words)

	Map Projections Poster
		For example, the basic Mercator projection is unique; it yields the only map on which a straight line drawn anywhere within its bounds shows a particular type of direction, but distances and areas are grossly distorted near the map's polar regions.
		On an equidistant map, distances are true only along particular lines such as those radiating from a single point selected as the center of the projection.
		For USGS Base Map series for the 48 conterminous States, standard parallels are 33°N and 45°N (maximum scale error for map of 48 States is 2 ½%).
	erg.usgs.gov /isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html (3457 words)

	NASA RP 1318: General Maps of the Eclipse Path: Equidistant Conic Projection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		NASA RP 1318: General Maps of the Eclipse Path: Equidistant Conic Projection
		Figures 3, 4, and 5 are equidistant conic projection maps which isolate specific regions of the eclipse path.
		The last two figures also include the center line of the umbral path.
	umbra.nascom.nasa.gov /eclipse/941103/text/eqconic-projection.html (172 words)

	Map Projection Publications, Fact Sheet 087-99 (May 1999)
		Title change was due to inclusion of 11 additional projections: Cylindrical Equal-Area, Cassini, Equidistant Conic, Bonne, Gnomonic, General Perspective, Modified-Stereographic Conformal, Satellite-Tracking, Mollweide, and Eckert IV and Vl.
		Summary of contents: map projections—general concepts, characteristics, longitude and latitude, the datum and the Earth as an ellipsoid, scale variation and angular distortion, transformation, and classifications.
		Non-mathematical discussion of Polyconic, Transverse Mercator, and Lambert Conformal Conic projections as applied to USGS topographic quadrangles.
	erg.usgs.gov /isb/pubs/factsheets/fs08799.html (594 words)

	Map Projections Poster
		Map, however, is conformal in that angles and shapes within any small area (such as that shown by USGS topographic map) is essentially true.
		Equator and other parallels are straight lines (spacing increases toward poles) and meet meridians (equally spaced straight lines) at right angles.
		No flat map can be both equidistant and equal area.
	mac.usgs.gov /isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html (3457 words)

	4 : Spatial Reference Information — Federal Geographic Data Committee
		Domain: Albers Conical Equal Area" "Azimuthal Equidistant" "Equidistant Conic" "Equirectangular" "General Vertical Near-sided Projection" "Gnomonic" "Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area" "Lambert Conformal Conic" "Mercator" "Modified Stereographic for Alaska" "Miller Cylindrical" "Oblique Mercator" "Orthographic" "Polar Stereographic" "Polyconic" "Robinson" "Sinusoidal" "Space Oblique Mercator" "Stereographic" "Transverse Mercator" "van der Grinten" free text
		4.1.2.1.2 Albers Conical Equal Area -- contains parameters for the Albers Conical Equal Area projection.
		4.1.2.1.4 Equidistant Conic -- contains parameters for the Equidistant Conic projection.
	www.fgdc.gov /metadata/csdgm/04.html (2487 words)

	Geographic information systems in fisheries management and planning. Technical manual
		Instead distance can be held true from one point (or a few points) to all other points or along all meridians or parallels.
		If you will be using your map to find features that are within a certain distance of other features, you should use an equidistant map projection.
		This quality can be combined with equal area, conformal, and equidistant projections.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/y4816e/y4816e0f.htm (1793 words)

	Proj Projection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		None of the other codes for cylindrical projections is appropriate.
		Only the projection type (conic) is known, not the specific projection.
		None of the other codes for conic projections is appropriate.
	www.oclc.org /oclc/bib/proj.htm (101 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Specifies the first standard parallel for conic projections:
		Equidistant Conic, with one standard parallel "EC"
		Equidistant Conic, with two standard parallels "LCC"
	www.pcigeomatics.com /cgi-bin/pcihlp/SETPRO2\|PARAMETERS\|STPAR1 (24 words)

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