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	Equilibrium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Equilibrium is the sense of balance present in humans and animals.
		Partition equilibrium, type of chromatography that is typically used in GC Quasistatic equilibrium, the quasi-balanced state of a thermodynamic system near to equilibrium in some sense or degree
		Mechanical equilibrium, the state in which the sum of the forces, and torque, on each particle of the system is zero
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equilibrium (558 words)

	Nash Equilibrium
		Other academic theorists used the concept of 'equilibrium' in the 19th century (Maxwell, Walrus, Gibbs), for chemical and economic equilibrium in the early stages of the 20th century (van der Waals, Onnes, Keynes) before Nash used it in the middle of the 20th century.
		The four concepts highlighted above are used in mathematical, economic, biological and ecological, social and anthropological theories, in addition to philosophy, and suggest the possibility for further research to clarify conceptually-jumbled or 'tangled' discourses.
		Equilibrium theory struggles to satisfy academic standards in contemporary social sciences (and economics), which require a double hermeneutical approach (Radder, 2003) in addition to the explanatory method given by the mathematical sciences, by neo-classical economics, and even in the new technological sciences.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Nash_Equilibrium (1153 words)

	Solution concept - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In game theory and economic modelling, a solution concept is a process via which equilibria of a game are identified.
		In this solution concept, players are assumed to be rational and so strictly dominated strategies are eliminated from the set of strategies that might feasibly be played.
		The eliminated Nash equilibrium described above is subgame imperfect because it is not a Nash equilibrium of the subgame that starts at the node reached once the entrant has entered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solution_concept (1373 words)

	Equilibrium in Ronald Coase's Method
		The Salter equilibrium is a Clark equilibrium that is continuously being disarranged by changes in demand and/or supply yet is instantly reestablished in light of the changes.
		Recall that the Coase equilibrium is simply the Salter equilibrium with some firms that have arisen due to assumption that, in light of the costs of using the price mechanism, organization by means of firms is superior, under some circumstances, to organization by means of the price mechanism.
		He reasoned that since flboard economics means equilibrium economics and since Coase appears to have avoided using the term "equilibrium" in his discussions, this paper's representation of his theories in terms of equilibrium must be inconsistent with Coase's method.
	www.gunning.cafeprogressive.com /subjecti/workpape/eqcoamet.htm (4106 words)

	Brad Cox, Ph.D.
		Second, that, since equilibrium is a relationship between actions, and since the actions of one person must necessarily take place successively in time, it is obvious that the passage of time is essential to give the concept of equilibrium any meaning.
		All I have argued so far is that the sense in which we use the concept of equilibrium to describe the interdependence of the different actions of one person does not immediately admit of application to the relations between actions of different people.
		It appears that the concept of equilibrium merely means that the foresight of the different members of the society is in a special sense correct.
	www.virtualschool.edu /mon/Economics/HayekEconomicsAndKnowledge.html (6395 words)

	An Illustrated Discussion of the Membrane Potential Concept
		At equilibrium the force of the chemical gradient is offset by the opposing electrostatic force (Em) so that no more potassium ion can move into compartment B. At that point the potential difference across the membrane is called the equilibrium potential for potassium (EK+).
		The equilibrium potential is a consequence of the displacement of positive ions across the membrane.
		Principle #4: When equilibrium conditions are disturbed, the direction of ion movement is determined by the direction of change, not by the direction of the concentration gradient for the ion.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~bioslabs/bios315/mempot1.htm (1138 words)

	EQUILIBRIUM AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
		The concept of equilibrium is fundamental to economic reasoning.
		A moderate would augment the strict sense of comparative-statics equilibrium with the more relevant concept of equilibrating tendencies, which allows for minor deviations of the center of gravity to one side of the rope or the other so long as the deviations are effectively and continuously countered by movements of the tight-rope walker.
		A useful equilibrium concept in this regard is one that excludes from the underlying costs and benefits to be brought into equilibrium, such as those ordinarily represented in supply and demand curves, those costs and benefits associated with the equilibrating process itself.
	www.auburn.edu /~garriro/j1scham.htm (4680 words)

	The hypostatisation of the concept of equilibrium in neoclassical economics
		The hypostatisation of the concept of equilibrium in neoclassical economics
		This paper explores the meanings of 'equilibrium' in economics, distinguishing salient appropriate and inappropriate modes of deployment of the concept.
		I examine a specific instance of the deployment of the concept of equilibrium by a neoclassical writer - Robert Lucas - and conclude that the concept has been hypostatised, substituting an aspect for the whole.
	www.city.ac.uk /economics/discussionpapers/Abstracts/0602abstract.html (191 words)

	Exploratory Activity: Dynamic Equilibrium
		The concept of equilibrium is a very important one to scientists in all fields.
		Static equilibrium refers to a condition in which the parts of a system have stopped moving, and is rare in nature.
		Dynamic equilibrium refers to a condition in which the parts of a system are in continuous motion, but they move in opposing directions at equal rates so that the system as a whole does not change.
	biology.arizona.edu /sciconn/lessons/mccandless/equilib.html (462 words)

	Differential Approach to General Equilibrium
		General equilibrium theory aims at studying the equilibrium price vector as a function of the parameters defining the economy; it describes those states in which the independent plans of many agents with conflicting interests are compatible such a state is called an equilibrium.
		The differential approach to general equilibrium theory thus attempts to go beyond the often overstudied existence question, endowing the equilibrium set with a more regular structure and with differentiability assumptions it permits a greater examination of the properties of equilibria that are economically interesting (such as uniqueness).
		To appreciate the concept of smooth manifold it is necessary to have an understanding of the notion of a coordinate system which is used to parameterise (label) the elements belonging to a topological space.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /local/JUNK/econrev/ser/html/differential.html (3704 words)

	2.MicroEconomics
		If we then employ the concept of strategic interaction we can say that the economy arrives at state b as a result of the interacting behaviour of the individuals involved, and that each individuals behaviour is based on his rational strategy for maximising utility.
		Since the welfare-maximising paupers strategy (which is equal in equilibrium to the govenments beliefs about the paupers strategy) is his best response to the welfare maximising behaviour of the government, we derive the paupers equilibrium strategy by maximising expected government utility using the von Neumann-Morgenstern method.
		Rasmusen (1989) defines trembling-hand perfection as an equilibrium concept which says that for a strategy to be part of an equilibrium it must continue to be optimal for a player even if there is a small chance that the other player will pick some out-of equilibrium action (that the other players hand will tremble).
	www.maths.tcd.ie /local/JUNK/econrev/ser/html/nash.html (2666 words)

	PNAS Classics -- Game Theory
		The Nash equilibrium concept has become a benchmark by which economists and other scientists measure both rational behavior and the extent to which humans depart from pure rationality.
		For such a game, Nash defined an equilibrium to be a set of strategies, one for each player, such that no player would benefit from unilaterally changing his strategy while the other players stick to their equilibrium strategies.
		He is trying to apply the equilibrium concept to the cooperative games von Neumann studied, in which players can form coalitions of varying strengths.
	www.pnas.org /misc/classics5.shtml (2554 words)

	Disequilibrium Ecology
		These concepts, after all, describe "tendencies." The difference in succession between “recovery” stages and a “climax” stage is pace of change, and growth (in recovery) vs. steady-state (in climax stage).
		Second-order equilibrium – the return of an ecosystem to a state of “health” and “integrity,” though with an altered structure and component species – this remains a tenable ecological concept, with the constant caveat that even this (higher order) sense of “equilibrium” is also never completely exemplified in nature.
		Biomass is generally greatest at this equilibrium stage, nutrient imports to the ecosystem are equaled by exports, and species richness and general complexity are at their peaks.
	gadfly.igc.org /papers/much-ado.htm (4703 words)

	The Prize in Economics 1994 - Press Release
		The principal aspect of this theory is the concept of equilibrium, which is used to make predictions about the outcome of strategic interaction.
		This and closely related concepts, such as sequential equilibrium (Kreps and Wilson, 1982), have turned out to be very fruitful in several areas, including the theory of industrial organization and macroeconomic theory for economic policy.
		Since the rationalistic interpretation of Nash equilibrium is based on the assumption that the players know each others' preferences, no methods had been available for analyzing games with incomplete information, despite the fact that such games best reflect many strategic interactions in the real world.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994/press.html (2238 words)

	Equilibrium
		I think the concept of equilibrium is not given the proper amount of contemplation in the current state of society in the United States (whereas I cannot speak for other societies other than my own).
		Our idea of equilibrium is things being in balance with each other or some sort of sameness that leads to a peaceful or ground state between forces that brings forth a calm.
		Equilibrium is just a side effect or an illusion created by forces of consistently modulating opposition.
	home.mindspring.com /~warwickbass/id3.html (588 words)

	PSC 796, Formal Theories of Choice
		A Bayesian Nash equilibrium is a combination of beliefs and strategies such that beliefs are derived from Bayes's rule and players choose best-response strategies to each other's strategies given their beliefs.
		Perfect Bayesian equilibrium is not fully satisfactory as an equilibrium concept: it does not completely pin down beliefs off the equilibrium path, and it does not always rule out unreasonable equilibria.
		Sequential equilibrium is not invariant to the addition of irrelevant actions to the game tree, and therefore it depends crucially on the way in which the game tree is constructed (the latter, though, could be said of most aspects of game theory).
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /maxpages/faculty/sherman/psc796.html (4422 words)

	[No title]
		He introduced his paper on the firm with a concept of equilibrium in which individuals were assumed to adjust instantaneously to changes via the price mechanism.
		He attributed this concept to A. Salter but Salter’s concept can be traced further to J. Clark, who provided a methodological foundation for understanding its role in economic analysis.
		Later in history, the equilibrium was employed in rational expectations theory.
	www.constitution.org /pd/gunning/subjecti/workpape/eqcoamet.htm (3473 words)

	Radioactive Equilibrium \|Radiation Protection Program \| US EPA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Radioactive equilibrium for a decay chain occurs when the each radionuclide decays at the same rate it is produced.
		At equilibrium, all radionuclides decay at the same rate.
		Understanding the equilibrium for a given decay series, helps scientists estimate the amount of radiation that will be present at various stages of the decay.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/understand/equilibrium.htm (407 words)

	Chapter 10: Phase Equilibrium
		The concept of dynamic equilibrium is then extended to a variety of situations involving a balance of opposing rates across a boundary between two phases.
		Equilibrium is characterized by a particular ratio of the concentration of dissolved B to the pressure of B above the solution.
		The equilibrium in 10-8-20 is certainly a phase equilibrium, because it involves two phases: a solid phase, represented by the salt, and a liquid phase, the solution.
	www.wpi.edu /Academics/Depts/Chemistry/Courses/General/concep10.html (17639 words)

	Equilibrium
		With such a good idea, he apparently felt the need to make a science fiction movie, and not thinking of anything else, came up with a highly formulaic movie reminiscent of many other films that came before.
		The concept behind Equilibrium is that emotions are considered evil.
		The rest of Equilibrium is typical science fiction/oppressed society fare (think 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 mixed together).
	www.haro-online.com /movies/equilibrium.html (532 words)

	SFB 504 glossary: (Strategic) Equilibrium
		As a strategic equilibrium is a profile of strategies that is unilaterally unimprovable given that all (other) players conform to their equilibrium strategies, the concept is weak and very general, but on the other hand most games possess several strategic equilibria.
		Two major achievements in refining the concept of equilibrium center around the 'time consistency' of strategically stable plans for sequential games, and on making precise the role of the players' beliefs about other players' plans of actions and information.
		Nash equilibrium is the pure form of the basic concept of strategic equilibrium; as such, it is useful mainly in normal form games with complete information.
	www.sfb504.uni-mannheim.de /glossary/strateq.htm (1206 words)

	Game Theory
		John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern (1944) introduced the strategic normal game, strategic extensive game, the concept of pure/mixed strategies, coalitional games as well as the axiomatization of expected utility theory, which was so useful for economics under uncertainty.
		Further definitions came: Robert J. Aumann (1976) formally defined the concept of "Common Knowledge", opening a floodgate of literature, while B.D. Bernheim and D.G. Pearce (1984) formalized the concept of "rationalizability".
		Its objective is to apply the concepts of non-cooperative game theory to explain such phenomena which are often thought to be the result of cooperation or human design - i.e.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/schools/game.htm (1057 words)

	Student's Background Information
		It depends on the motion of the molecules and continues until the system in which the molecules are found reaches a state of equilibrium, which means that the molecules are randomly distributed throughout the system.
		An important concept in understanding diffusion is the concept of equilibrium.
		It is in a state of static equilibrium because the water level stays the same.
	biology.arizona.edu /sciconn/lessons2/McCandless/STUD_BG.HTM (1277 words)

	Zero sum games are uninteresting...
		I suggested (D,D) was the only sensible equilibrium for the PD, regardless of which concept of "equilibrium" one uses.
		But it would now seem that Robert agrees that (D,D) is the unique equilibrium for the PD. It should not need to be said because it is implied, but just to avoid confusion: Yes, I mean the PD when it is played without binding contracts.
		Robert is not even correct on that trivial point because he insists a rose by any other name is a tractor, but it would seem to be the only point he thinks he has a chance of winning.
	www.dreamscape.com /rvien/Fumbles/ZeroSumUninteresting.html (1214 words)

	Chem1 Equilibrium lesson descriptions
		The section on equilibrium calculations is a bit more advanced, and might well be skipped by students in “prep” courses.
		Definition of equilibrium, reversible reactions; HI synthesis as example of an incomplete reaction; identifying equilibrium state on conc’n-vs-time plot; reversibility; dynamic nature of equilibrium with forward and reverse rates identical; Law of Mass Action.
		The equilibrium constant K as a special case of Q. How ratio Q/K affects “shift” of reaction to right or left.
	www.chem1.com /chem1/lessondesc/CB08.html (523 words)

	Stroud Water Research Center: Thermal Equilibrium Concept
		In 1972 Bern Sweeney and Robin Vannote abandoned the idea of thermal limits and hypothesized that temperature changes altered the normal developmental and growth characteristics of a species, which in turn reduced its adult size and reproductive activity.
		Their Thermal Equilibrium Concept proposed two hypotheses: (1) that for many cold-blooded aquatic animals, especially insects, a direct correlation exists between water temperature and reproductive potential; and (2) that changing temperature cycles affect the geographic distribution of a species by gradually lowering its reproductive vitality.
		In a world increasingly intent on protecting its water, the Thermal Equilibrium Model provided a quantifiable way to measure the impact of pollution on stream life.
	www.stroudcenter.org /research/thermal.htm (249 words)

	Imitation Equilibrium
		The paper presents the concept of an "imitation equilibrium" and explores it in the context of some simple oligopoly models.
		The imitation equilibrium concept is motivated by the experimental literature which suggests that under appropriate conditions imitation of the most successful relevant other is an important behavioral force.
		The concept may be useful for the evaluation of experimental data and for planning of future experiments.
	ideas.repec.org /p/bon/bonedp/bgse16_2000.html (885 words)

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