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Topic: Equilibrium reaction

	General Equilibrium
		To express the equilibrium, the equilibrium constant expression (Kc) is used.
		The equilibrium constant expression can be found by multiplying the equilibrium concentrations of the products raised to their coefficient powers and dividing by the equilibrium concentration of the reactants raided to their coefficient powers.
		Notice also that the equilibrium constant expression for Equation #2 is the reciprocal of the equilibrium constant expression for Equation #1.
	www.cofc.edu /genchemlab/equilibrium.htm (558 words)

	Chemical equilibrium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chemical equilibrium is the state in which a chemical reaction proceeds at the same rate as its reverse reaction; the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, and the concentration of the reactants and products stop changing.
		Chemical systems tend to equilibrium because it is the state in which global entropy is the highest ("global" refers to the sum of the entropy of the system and of its surroundings).
		Therefore, the equilibrium constant is more rigorously defined by the substances activity coefficients, which are usually assumed to be equal to the molarities of solutes or equal to one for solids and solvents.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chemical_equilibrium (791 words)

	[No title]
		For the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gases, to form carbon monoxide and water at 990 C, the equilibrium constant is 1.6.
		After equilibrium is established, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide is found to be 0.70 mol/L. Determine remaining equilibrium concentrations, and the value of the equilibrium constant.
		After equilibrium is established, the concentration of ammonia is found to be 0.070 mol/L. Determine remaining equilibrium concentrations, and the value of the equilibrium constant.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/spavko1/c102/lect/3-feb.htm (1334 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Despite the failure of this derivation, the equilibrium constant for a reaction is indeed a constant, independent of the activities of the various species involved, though it does depend on temperature as observed by the van 't Hoff equation.
		If a mixture is not at equilibrium the liberation of the excess Gibbs energy (or Helmholtz energy at constant volume reactions) is the 'driving force' for the composition of the mixture to change until equilibrium is reached.
		To meet the thermodynamic condition for equilibrium the Gibbs energy must be stationary, meaning that the derivative of G with respect to reaction coordinate (Î”G) must be zero.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=equilibrium_reaction (3342 words)

	Rate Equilibrium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A chemical equilibrium is dynamic, implying that the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate.
		Since the reverse reaction occurs simultaneously with the forward reaction, a reaction at equilibrium may have reactants remaining.
		is the equilibrium constant for the reaction and is a constant value at a given temperature.
	www.scientia.org /cadonline/Chemistry/acidbase/rateequilib.ASP (560 words)

	Chemical equilibrium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Chemical equilibrium is the state in which a chemical reaction proceeds at the same rate as its reverse reaction.
		The left side of the equation is called the mass action expression and is denoted Q for a generic state (not necessarily in equilibrium).
		For a reaction at constant pressure (which is actually somewhat more typical) you would use the Gibbs free energy, ΔG* = ΔH - TΔS*, where ΔH is the change in enthalpy.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/chemical_equilibrium (416 words)

	Reaction Equilibrium in the Gas Phase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Since the reaction equilibrium can and does respond to a change in volume, it must be that the change in volume affects the rates of both the forward and reverse processes.
		Each reaction equilibrium can be described by an equilibrium constant in which the partial pressures of the products, each raised to their corresponding stoichiometric coefficient, are multiplied together in the numerator, and the partial pressures of the reactants, each raised to their corresponding stoichiometric coefficient, are multiplied together in the denominator.
		Thus, the reaction responds to the stress of the volume increase by partially offsetting the pressure decrease with an increase in the number of moles of gas at equilibrium.
	cnx.rice.edu /content/m12597/latest (3401 words)

	CHEM111-ch8
		Equilibrium is the situation in which the rate of a chemical reaction in the forward direction equals that in the reverse direction.
		The chemical reaction may be represented in terms of the changes in potention energy that occur as a function of the time of the reaction.
		Heat is a reactant in an endothermic reaction; its removal shifts the equilibrium to the left.
	mtsu32.mtsu.edu:11233 /111-ch8.html (1610 words)

	Chemical Equilibria: Basic Concepts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As the reaction progresses, the concentrations of iodine and hydrogen decrease as they are consumed while the concentration of hydrogen iodide increases as it is formed.
		Eventually the rate at which iodine is being consumed by the forward reaction is perfectly balanced by the rate at which it is being produced by the back reaction.
		The equilibrium constant characterizes the "position" of the equilibrium.
	www.chm.davidson.edu /ChemistryApplets/equilibria/BasicConcepts.html (402 words)

	[No title]
		This condition is expressed in the Equilibrium Constant Kc for the reaction at a given temperature.
		This reaction is particularly suitable for study because Kc has a convenient magnitude and the color of the FeSCN2+ ion allows for easy spectrophotometric analysis of the equilibrium mixture.
		A = (bc, where A is the absorbance of the substance, (is the molar absorptivity coefficient (it is constant at a given wavelength for a particular absorbing substance), b is the width of the light path that passes through the absorbing substance in centimeters, and c is the molar concentration of the absorbing species.
	www.aub.edu.lb /~rsultan/Documents/4Equilibriump.doc (1089 words)

	What Happens in an Equilibrium? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The double arrow is used to symbolize equilibrium.
		Equilibrium is achieved when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal.
		The rate of the forward and reverse reactions depend on the "experimental conditions", such as the type of music being played.
	www.carlton.paschools.pa.sk.ca /chemical/equilibrium/introduction.htm (723 words)

	Equilibrium reaction and gas/liquid reaction in a loop reactor invention
		Equilibrium reaction and gas/liquid reaction in a loop reactor invention
		Equilibrium reaction and gas/liquid reaction in a loop reactor
		Ejector mixing nozzles generate large phase exchange surfaces between reaction gas and liquid, in which case the reaction gas supplied in gaseous form is inevitably mixed constantly and intensively, and circulated, with the inert gas which may be present.
	www.freshpatents.com /Equilibrium-reaction-and-gas-liquid-reaction-in-a-loop-reactor-dt20060713ptan20060155152.php (1231 words)

	Chemical Equilibria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The equilibrium state is describe in terms of the rate of the forward and reverse reactions for the reaction.
		The equilibrium amounts of carbon, water, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen for the steam reforming reaction are measured as the analytical amounts of the various species are changed.
		The equilibrium amounts of carbon, water, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen for the steam reforming reaction are measured as the temperature of the system is changed.
	www.chm.davidson.edu /ChemistryApplets/equilibria (243 words)

	Chemical Equilibria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		During an dynamic equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
		Upon examining the equilibrium, one sees that there are five moles of gas particles on the left hand side of the equilibrium, while there are two moles of gas particles on the right hand side of the equilibrium.
		Thus if the equilibrium shifts to the right, the number of gas particles in the container become reduced, and the excess pressure is relieved.
	www.towson.edu /~ladon/chemeq.html (1411 words)

	[No title]
		Equilibrium is a state of the system where there is no further net change in the composition of the reaction mixture (reactants and products).
		At equilibrium, by using stoichiometry based upon the amount of AB that reacts, there will be 1.5 moles of C and 3.0 moles of D. b.
		The equilibrium concentrations of AB2 is 0.2 m/l; A+2 is 0.5 m/l; and B is 0.1 m/l.
	a-s.clayton.edu /braun/Chem1212Folder/probsets/equihout.doc (1476 words)

	[No title]
		Equilibrium constants for heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction 3.
		As the reaction proceeds the rate of the forward reactions slows as A is consumed and the rate of the reverse reaction increases as the [B] increases.
		This is a dynamic equilibrium because A is constantly converted into B and an equal amount of B is converted into A. f.
	facstaff.unca.edu /bholmes/Chap15-ChemEquil.doc (3876 words)

	Introductory University Chemistry I: Chemical Equilibrium: Principle of Le Chatelier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		If a system is not in equilibrium, the driving force toward equilibrium is greater than the driving force away from equilibrium and the system has a net driving force toward equilibrium.
		Alternatively, if a system is not in equilibrium the rate of the reaction toward equilibrium is greater than the rate of the opposite reaction so there is a net movement always toward the equilibrium state.
		If the moles of gas present cannot be decreased by reaction, because no moles of gas are present or because the number of moles of gas cannot be changed by reaction, there will be no significant effect.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /newsite/reference/plambeck/chem1/p01101.htm (1042 words)

	Experiment 9 - Chem 100
		As the forward reaction uses up more reactants and produces more products, making the forward reaction slower and the reverse reaction faster, eventually they reach a point where the reverse reaction makes reactants at exactly the same rate that the forward reaction uses them up—this is equilibrium.
		For instance, if a reaction is at equilibrium and an some more of one of the products is added to the system, the rate of the reverse reaction will increase temporarily due to the increase in the concentration of the products.
		After a period of time, equilibrium will be reestablished, but it the concentrations of reactants and products will be a bit different than at the original equilibrium, so it is said that the position of equilibrium has shifted toward the reactants in response to the stress of adding products.
	www.miracosta.cc.ca.us /home/dlr/100exp9.htm (1977 words)

	Equilibrium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The equilibrium expression for the reverse reaction is the reciprocal of the value calculated for the forward reaction.
		Equilibrium for a given set of conditions is the reactions "happy place".
		If energy is added to this exothermic reaction, Le Chatelier’s principle says the shift will be in the direction that consumes energy, that is, equilibrium will be shifted to the left (to the formation of reactants).
	www.iss.k12.nc.us /schools/nihs/mjohn/Equilibrium.html (310 words)

	Chemical Sciences: Thermodynamics: Free Energy and Equilibrium Constants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However, the logarithm of the equilibrium constant is positive when the value of the equilibrium constant is greater than one, and negative when the value of the equilibrium constant is less than one.
		It is not the equilibrium constant which is proportional to the free energy change, but the logarithm of the equilibrium constant.
		C for the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide in the gas phase, which is the oxidation of molecular nitrogen.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /newsite/reference/plambeck/chem2/p02061.htm (1514 words)

	Equilibrium Expressions
		The denominator of the equilibrium constant expression is the product of the concentrations of the "reactants" raised to a power equal to the coefficient for this component in the balanced equation for the reaction.
		The equilibrium constant for this reaction is 0.030 at 250
		for the reaction at this temperature is 0.040.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch16/equilib.php (4708 words)

	Acid - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		An acid reacts with a base in a neutralization reaction to form a salt.
		The acidity constant is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of AH with water:
		Neutralization is a type of reaction between an acid and a base.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Acid (764 words)

	Equilibrium Experiment
		Equilibrium is a dynamic state in which the rate of formation of the products is equal to the rate of formation of the reactants (also called the Law of Mass Action).
		Reactions in chemical equilibrium will remain so until the system is altered by some outside factor, such as removing some material from the product side.
		For a given reaction at a given temperature, no matter how a reaction is performed (i.e.
	chemweb.calpoly.edu /chem/125/125LabExp/Equilibrium/EquilExpIntro.html (348 words)

	Ch15Review
		Equilibrium constant expression is represented by a constant, K
		A equilibrium reaction where a solid partially dissolves to form aqueous ions is a special reaction.
		When a reaction system is not at equilibrium, it reacts in such a way as to move towards equilibrium.
	www.chem.lsu.edu /htdocs/people/lrallen/ch1202/Ch15Review.html (980 words)

	Unit 13: Reaction Rates & Equilibrium Chapter 22 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Use the collision theory to explain how the rate of a reaction is influenced by the
		Identify and interpret the components of a potential energy diagram for a given reaction.
		Use the equilibrium constant for a given reaction to predict whether the reactants or products are favored.
	www.fcps.k12.va.us /AnnandaleHS/Walters/Unit14.htm (102 words)

	Chemistry 104 Study Groups--Equilibrium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Students often are confused between the reaction quotient and the equilibrium constant.
		This confusion is understandable because "equilibrium constant" is often used to mean reaction quotient.
		When the numerical value of the reaction quotient is equal to the numerical value of the equilibrium constant the reaction is at equilibrium.
	www.brynmawr.edu /Acads/Chem/Chem104lc/study/Equilibrium.html (346 words)

	HSC CHEMISTRY - Chemical Reaction and Equilibrium Thermodynamics
		The calculated heat of reaction is the amount of heat that will be absorbed or released in the reaction.
		Equilibrium calculations offer a practical way to observe the effects of process variables, such as temperature and amounts of raw materials on product composition.
		Equilibrium compositions are calculated using the Gibbs energy minimization method as soon as the user saves the input data by pressing the Save button.
	www.chempute.com /hsc.htm (1225 words)

	Chemical Equilibrium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Chemical Equilibrium: In a reversible reaction, chemical equilibrium occurs when rate of forward reaction becomes equal to rate to reverse reaction, as a result of which the concentrations of the reactants and the products remain constant.
		When substances at equilibrium are in different phases, then the equilibrium is called as heterogeneous equilibrium.
		C the partial pressure of hydrogen gas is 0.928 atm and that of nitrogen gas is 0.432 atm.
	www.mvhs.fuhsd.org /kavita_gupta/chemicalequilibriumstudyguide.htm (545 words)

	CHM 1046 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This may involve knowing equilibrium values for some of the reactants and products and determining the concentration of an unknown.
		for the Haber reaction at 472°C is 0.105.
		Thus the equilibrium concentrations of the various components in the reaction are:
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /chm1046/notes/ChmEquil/AppConst/AppConst.htm (1180 words)

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