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Topic: Equine chorionic gonadotropin ECG

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	horsecloning.com - Horse Cloning News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was determined with a radioimmunoassay, as described previously (Roser and Lofstedt 1989).
		Equine chorionic gonadotropin levels in the three successful mule pregnancies and four unsuccessful cloned mule pregnancies are shown in Figs 5 and 6, respectively.
		The eCG level in three of four unsuccessful cloned mule pregnancies reached levels similar to those observed in successful pregnancies; however, in one mare (no. 232) the eCG level remained less than 50 ng mL-1, despite the fact that a conceptus with a heartbeat was evident on Day 45 of gestation.
	www.horsecloning.com /equinecloning.htm (4723 words)

	Endometrial Cups and Secretion of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin
		Shortly after establishment of pregnancy in equids, high concentrations of the hormone equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) appear in the mare's serum.
		The source of eCG is a placenta-associated structure called an endometrial cup, which is derived from the fetus, forms several weeks into gestation, and is immunologically destroyed 2 to 3 months later.
		In: Equine Reproduction, McKinnon AO and Voss JL (eds).
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/endocups.html (689 words)

	Placentation in Horses
		Early in gestation, between roughly day 12 and 15, the equine embryo is round and moves freely throughout the lumen of both uterine horns in response to uterine contractions.
		Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG): This glycoprotein hormone is secreted by a part of the fetal placenta called endometrial cups.
		Estrogens are synthesized in the equine placenta from androgens that are produced by the fetal gonads.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/equine.html (1181 words)

	Reproduction
		A system for transplanting invasive equine trophoblast (i.e., chorionic girdle) to ectopic sites has been developed as a means to study the differentiation of this tissue and to assess maternal immune responses to the conceptus tissue in a site outside the uterus.
		Chorionic girdle was isolated from Day 33 to 34 conceptuses and surgically placed into the vulvar mucosa or subdermal skin of recipient mares.
		Equine follicles are embedded in cortex that is at the center of the ovary and they must expand/emigrate to the fossa, the only site in the ovary for ovulation.
	bigfive.jl.co.za /reproduction1.htm (6438 words)

	Government and academic resources on GONADOTROPIN, CHORIONIC
		Expression of the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin is...
		Martin_Matzuk: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), lutropin (LH), follitropin, and thyrotropin are a family of glycoprotein hormones which share a common alpha subunit but...
		Jairam Menon- Biological Chemistry: Kawate, N. and Menon, KMJ (1994) Palmitoylation of Luteinizing Hormone/Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor in Transfected Cells: Abolition of Palmitoylation...
	names.mongabay.com /drugs/ingredients/GONADOTROPIN,_CHORIONIC.html (743 words)

	Westphalia Ranch - No Live Foal Guarantee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Overall, the incidence of abortion in the general equine population is estimated at about 15%, although miniature horses are at higher risk (up to 27%), thanks to their susceptibility to inherited defects, according to Frosty Franklin, DVM, of Edgecliff Equine Hospital in Spokane, Wash.
		Progesterone is critical for maintenance of an equine pregnancy, especially in the beginning stages, and it has been suggested that a progesterone deficiency might be responsible for many cases of EED or abortion.
		The leading non-infectious cause of equine abortion is twinning, the scenario in which two fetuses are conceived and both manage to anchor themselves in the uterus.
	www.westphalia-ranch.com /Mare_Breeding_No_Live_Foal_Guarantee.htm (3970 words)

	ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PREGNANCY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Endometrial cups, ECG, accessory corpora lutea, the active gonad of the equine fetus, the 5 a pregnanes and elevated estrogens (in serum and urine) distinguish equine pregnancy.
		Equine chorionic gonadotropin (ECG) is the correct term for this hormone today; its existence is a unique feature of equine pregnancy.
		Plasma levels of ECG rapidly rise from about day 35, peaking between 60-80 days, and decline to baseline by about 100-120 days, when the endometrial cups are sloughed (forming chorioallantoic pouches).
	maine.maine.edu /~rcausey/preg.HTM (820 words)

	Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology \| Full text \| Immature rats show ovulatory defects similar to those in adult ...
		Wistar immature rats were injected sc with 10 IU of eCG at 1700 h at 21, 23 or 25 days of age, and 48 h later were injected sc with 10 IU of hCG, a frequently used schedule [23,26,27].
		In the present study, we evaluated the ovulatory process in immature rats primed with gonadotropins during the 21–25 day-old period, commonly used in studies focused on ovulation [13,17,18,20-23,25,26].
		The ovulation failure described herein (in rats primed with eCG at 21 or 23 days of age) was not due to decreased recruitment of growing follicles, as indicated by the equivalent numbers of follicles that reach preovulatory size at all ages tested.
	www.rbej.com /content/2/1/63 (4661 words)

	Manipulation of the Estrous Cycle (estrus synchronization or induction)
		This method involves treatment with gonadotropin hormones to stimulate follicular growth in an animal that is in physiological anestrus.
		The gonadotropins generally used are pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) or equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
		Use a 200 watt light bulb or 240 watt fluorescent bulb at the equine eye level within 8 feet of the horse and expose her to 16 hours of light by leaving the lights on at the end of the day.
	www.vet.purdue.edu /vcs/Peter/manipulestrouscycle.html (2211 words)

	Reproductive physiology of mares.
		Equine embryos arrive in the uterus about five to six days after ovulation and are difficult to handle safely after they are about 9 days old.
		Another factor that makes mares very different from cattle is that equine embryos migrate though the uterus until about 16 days of gestation, probably to signal their presence (releasing factors such as steroids, interferon tau, alpha feto-protein and possibly prostaglandin E) to the endometrium and to prevent luteolysis.
		The gonadotropin produced by the cups was formally known as pregnant mare serum gonadotropin or PMSG but because its origin is now better understood, is now more correctly called equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG).
	people.upei.ca /lofstedt/opence/horsephysiol.html (8119 words)

	[No title]
		Equine chorionic gonadotropin - ECG in mares, they have ECG elevated between day 40 and 160.
		Equine chorionic gonadotropin ECG pregnant mare serum gonadotropin PMSG is the old name for it.
		at the widest circumference of lump in the uterus, a strip of connection forms between chorion and endometrium.
	www.hillary.net /school/spring.97/physiology2/physio.lec.04.18.97 (3424 words)

	Biological activities of recombinant equine luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (eLH/CG) expressed in Sf9 and ...
		to the eCG in vivo bioassay (Cole and Erway 1941).
		Saumande J and Batra SK 1985 Superovulation in the cow: comparison of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone patterns in plasma and milk of cows induced to superovulate; relationships with ovarian responses.
		Wu H, Lustbader JW, Liu Y, Canfield RE and Hendrickson WA 1994 Structure of human chorionic gonadotropin at 2•6 Å resolution from MAD analysis of the selenomethionyl protein.
	jme.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/full/34/1/47 (6474 words)

	Blockage of gonadotropin-induced first ovulation caused by thyroidectomy and its possible mechanisms in rats -- Tamura ...
		ovulation induced by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in immature
		Concentrations of gonadotropins, inhibin (35, 41), and prolactin (37) were determined by RIA as previously reported.
		Evidence for the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in the inhibition of gonadotropin release induced by hyperprolactinemia.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/3/E380 (3287 words)

	Cline et al., March 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Intervals from norgestomet withdrawal and injection of equine chorionic gonadotropin or P.G. 600 to estrus and ovulation in ewes
		However, eCG is not readily available in the United States, but P.G. 600 (400 IU of eCG and 200 IU of hCG) is available.
		We concluded from this experiment that eCG is a better choice than P.G. 600 as the gonadotropin to use at the time of progestogen withdrawal to prepare ewes for AI during a predetermined interval.
	www.asas.org /JAS/abs/2001/a0130589.htm (602 words)

	Immunochemical studies of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), eCG alpha, and eCG beta -- Couture et al. 132 (1): 205 ...
		Immunochemical studies of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), eCG alpha, and eCG beta -- Couture et al.
		Immunochemical studies of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), eCG alpha, and eCG beta
		coexist with eCG in serum and urine during early pregnancy in mares.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/132/1/205 (396 words)

	The Harry M. Zweig Memorial Fund for Equine Research - Currently Funded Projects
		By Day 180 of gestation the numbers of endometrial cups and accessory CLs, and progesterone levels all fall to zero and the pregnancy is maintained by 5α-pregnanes, secreted by the placenta from the 50th day to the end of pregnancy.
		ECG exerts its effect on the ovary by binding to the receptors of luteinizing hormone (LH).
		The affinity of eCG for these binding sites is lower than that of LH, but the release of LH from the pituitary gland is blocked by high progesterone levels during pregnancy.
	www.vet.cornell.edu /Public/Research/zweig/volkmann02.html (1248 words)

	Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals: Introduction - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Donors are induced to superovulate by treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG; currently not available) or with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; activity varies, use according to label directions), typically given bid starting on day 9-14 of the cycle.
		Estrus may also be synchronized by use of progestagen and estrogen regimens or gonadotropin and prostaglandin regimens (see hormonal control of estrus, Hormonal Control of Estrus: Introduction).
		To aid synchronization, ovulation may be speeded in the donor or recipient by administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or deslorelin when a mature follicle is present.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/182100.htm (2751 words)

	Antiequine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) Antibodies Generated in Goats Treated with eCG for the Induction of Ovulation ...
		Antiequine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) Antibodies Generated in Goats Treated with eCG for the Induction of Ovulation Modulate the Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Bioactivities of eCG Differently -- Hervé et al.
		Plasmas were preincubated overnight with eCG ranging from 6–50 ng/ml, and testosterone (A) and progesterone (B) secretion was measured by RIA after 4-h incubation at 34 C for Leydig cells and 37 C for Y1 cells.
		of eCG to the FSH and LH receptors.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/145/1/294 (6039 words)

	Relationship between FoxO1 protein levels and follicular development, atresia, and luteinization in the rat ovary.
		To stimulate follicle development, immature female rats received equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) followed 52 h later by an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
		Prior to gonadotropin treatment, moderate FoxO1 immunoreactivity was observed in granulosa cells of small follicles.
		Subsequently, treatment with eCG markedly decreased FoxO1 protein levels in granulosa cells of healthy antral and preovulatory follicles.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_14596671.html (320 words)

	Government and academic resources on CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
		: Interpretation of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) assays and usefulness...
		Equine chorionic gonadotropin is also produced by fetal trophoblast cells.
		Borkowski A, Muquardt C. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in the Plasma of Normal, Nonpregnant Subjects.
	names.mongabay.com /drugs/ingredients/CHORIONIC_GONADOTROPIN.html (710 words)

	The Negative Effect of Repeated Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin Treatment on Subsequent Fertility in Alpine Goats Is Due ...
		The Negative Effect of Repeated Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin Treatment on Subsequent Fertility in Alpine Goats Is Due to a Humoral Immune Response Involving the Major Histocompatibility Complex -- Roy et al.
		The Negative Effect of Repeated Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin Treatment on Subsequent Fertility in Alpine Goats Is Due to a Humoral Immune Response Involving the Major Histocompatibility Complex
		Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin: purification and physicochemical, biological, and immunological characterization.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/60/4/805 (5794 words)

	SSR 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		ABSTRACT- Prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) is a key rate limiting enzyme in the prostaglandin (PG) biosynthetic pathway, and PG synthesis is required for ovulation in pigs.
		The objective of this study was to characterize the expression and regulation of PGHS-2 in porcine follicles prior to ovulation.
		The combination of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG; 750 IU) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 500 IU) was used to induce ovulation in prebubertal gilts.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/ssr2001/document?ID=29427 (391 words)

	Immortalization of equine trophoblast cell lines of chorionic girdle cell lineage by simian virus-40 large T antigen -- ...
		We have utilized a recombinant retrovirus encoding the simian virus-40 (SV-40) large T antigen to construct several immortalized cell lines of equine chorionic girdle cell lineage - the progenitor cells that differentiate into the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) producing endometrial cups.
		Derivation of the immortalized cell lines from a chorionic girdle cell lineage was verified by immunological detection of cell-surface antigens specific to equine invasive trophoblasts.
		Since regulation of eCG alpha subunit gene is largely unknown, we investigated the signal transduction pathways regulating the eCG alpha subunit gene.
	joe.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/abstract/171/1/45 (364 words)

	Messenger ribonucleic Acid expressions of hepatocyte growth factor, angiopoietins and their receptors during follicular ...
		The aim of the present study was to determine the relationships between the vascular network and mRNA expressions of angiopoietins (Ang)-1, Ang-2 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and their receptors in follicles at different developmental stages during follicular development.
		Ovaries in gilts were collected 72 h after equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG, 1250 IU) treatment for histological observation of the capillary network.
		The level of HGF mRNA increased in granulosa cells of small follicles after eCG treatment but HGF-R in theca cells was not increased by eCG.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/10178240.html (218 words)

	EPA: EIMS Metadata Report - Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		To further evaluate the effects of TCDD on pituitary gonadotropins and their regulation, the potential role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was investigated in the current study.
		Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was injected subcutaneously (5 IU, sc) 24 h later to induce follicular development.
		An indication of ovulation rate was assessed at 72 h after injection of eCG by irrigating the ova from oviducts.
	oaspub.epa.gov /eims/eimsapi.dispdetail?deid=68076 (393 words)

	Pregnancy Determination - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		The ovaries are positioned cranially and ventrally and closer together because of the downward traction exerted by the enlarging uterus on the broad ligament.
		The spherical shape of the equine embryo and the characteristic pattern of the development of the fetal membranes permit accurate estimation of stage of gestation by ultrasonography until 45 days after ovulation.
		Increased plasma concentrations of eCG (40-120 days) after ovulation are indicative of the presence of endometrial cups.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/181604.htm (776 words)

	Endometrial Cups Appear to Play a Role in Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
		Endometrial cups are unique glands that develop only in equine pregnancies and, although they are formed by fetal tissue, their survival is independent of the fetus's survival.
		Several weeks after conception, as the placenta develops, the cups begin to form and produce the hormone equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), which can be detected in high concentrations in the mare's blood.
		Volkmann hopes to determine whether the injections will affect the health of the mares and whether subsequent pregnancies will be normal, considering that the mare still has active endometrial cups from the very beginning of her first pregnancy.
	www.vet.cornell.edu /PUBLIC/Research/zweig/Newsletter/2002-07/story3.html (732 words)

	Effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin on reproductive performance in anestrous mink -- Wehrenberg et al. 70 (2): 499 ...
		Effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin on reproductive performance in anestrous mink -- Wehrenberg et al.
		Effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin on reproductive performance in anestrous mink
		IU of eCG, or 50 IU of eCG on March 16 and 50 of IU of eCG + 100 IU of hCG
	jas.fass.org /cgi/content/abstract/70/2/499 (253 words)

	Reproductive Anatomy of Mares
		As utilization of cooled transported semen becomes more popular, responsibility of reproductive management of mares is increasingly falling to mare owners and their veterinarians.
		The hormones FSH and LH are called gonadotropins because they are responsible for stimulating activity of certain structures within the mares gonads (ovaries).
		On about day 35, certain embryonic cells called chorionic girdle cells migrate from the embryo and penetrate the uterine lining.
	www.dayequine.com /articles/mareanat.html (1028 words)

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