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Topic: Equipotential

	Equipotential Lines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Equipotential lines are like contour lines on a map which trace lines of equal altitude.
		Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to the electric field.
		The equipotential lines are therefore circles and a sphere centered on the charge is an equipotential surface.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/electric/equipot.html (168 words)

	Equipotential surface - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Equipotential surfaces are surfaces of constant scalar potential.
		In fluid mechanics, equipotentials are lines or surfaces of equal head that are in direct relation to pressure.
		Streamlines are perpendicular to the equipotentials and are in the same direction that water is flowing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equipotential_surface (124 words)

	Mike Holt - Illustrated Changes to the NEC, 2002 Edition - Bookmark
		The rules for equipotential planes were reorganized and completely rewritten to clarify where an equipotential plane is required and where it’s not required.
		Equipotential planes must be installed in all concrete floor confinement areas of livestock buildings that contain metallic equipment that is accessible to animals and likely to become energized.
		Equipotential planes are not required in dirt confinement areas containing metallic equipment that is accessible to animals and likely to become energized.
	www.mikeholt.com /onlinetraining/courses/instr_t.php?page_id=440 (357 words)

	Equipotential Maps Describing Pumping Conditions
		Notice that this equipotential map of the water table is quite different than the earlier plan view equipotential map depicting non-pumping conditions.
		These equipotential lines are bent, with respect to the straight line illustration of the earlier page, due to the removal of ground water by pumping at the recovery well.
		For any curved equipotential line, the flowpath can easily be constructed by first drawing a tangent to the point on the equipotential line in question and then, drawing the flowpath normal (perpendicular) to the tangent line.
	www.earthdrx.org /dischargewellequipotential.html (1016 words)

	Constructing Ground-Water Equipotentials
		The 70 foot equipotential surface can be described locating two other wells somewhere else on this surface, provided that at least one of these wells intersect this surface at a different depth.
		Equipotential surfaces do not have to be plane or flat, regardless of whether they are in the water table or in a confined aquifer (we will discuss a confined aquifer later).
		Bent equipotential surfaces are more commonly the rule even under naturally occurring hydrogeologic conditions that are unaffected by pumping of the ground water.
	www.earthdrx.org /constructionequipotentials.html (1059 words)

	Mike Holt - Illustrated Changes to the NEC, 2002 Edition - Bookmark
		Equipotential Plane – This definition for equipotential plane was relocated from Section 547-9(a) in the 1999 NEC, and revised to help clarify the requirements and purpose of the equipotential plane for agricultural buildings, as required in 547.10.
		The rules for equipotential planes were reorganized to clarify where an equipotential plane is required and where it’s not required.
		The new rule clarifies that an equipotential plane is not required for indoor or outdoor dirt confinement areas, provided that GFCI protection is provide for electrical equipment accessible to animals in the confinement areas.
	www.mikeholt.com /onlinetraining/Ecourses/instr_t.php?page_id=493 (303 words)

	Equipotential Planes, Agricultural producers should be reminded when planning new livestock confinement facilities that ...
		An equipotential plane can take many forms, but the easiest method of installation is to lay reinforcement steel mesh in the form before the pour.
		Key to equipotential plane effectiveness is to connect the steel mesh in the concrete to electrical equipment in the area where livestock may make contact such as a heated waterer.
		Equipotential planes installed in milking barns, feeding areas, and around waterers can help prevent livestock from being affected by stray voltage if an electrical problem develops at a farm.
	www.egr.msu.edu /age/aenewsletter/1_july_aug_02/surbrook7_02.htm (504 words)

	Modeling hydroperiods
		We studied the equipotential surface in WCA 2-A for 3 years with a network of 11 continuous recording dataloggers leveled to NAVD83.
		Results from the study show that the configuration of the equipotential surface is affected by the combination of flow structures in use.
		From the extrapolated equipotential surface calculated by our model, we could see distinct patterns in the duration and frequency of flood events within WCA 2-A. Correlation studies show that some changes in vegetation communities can be correlated positively with changes in the hydrology.
	www.env.duke.edu /wetland/Quebec2000_S1c.htm (270 words)

	Phys 186 Lab 3
		An example of an equipotential surface for gravity is, assuming the ground is flat, all points 4 feet above the ground, since a mass of 1 kg would gain the same amount of energy if it fell from anywhere on that surface to the ground.
		Near a source, the equipotential lines are parallel to the surface of the charge distribution, and the electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface of the charge distribution,
		Near a conducting surface, the equipotential lines are parallel to the conducting surface, and the electric field lines are perpendicular to the conducting surface.
	www2.truman.edu /~edis/courses/186/lab3.html (1586 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		By reducing the number of equipotential field lines existing above the upper surface of the focus ring, the potential difference between the focus ring upper surface and the plasma is reduced, thereby reducing the energy with which ions impact the upper surface of the focus ring.
		As mentioned earlier, when fewer equipotential lines exist above the upper surface of the focus ring, the energy with which ions impinge on the upper surface of the focus ring is reduced, thereby reducing focus ring erosion.
		With the prior art aluminum oxide focus ring 124, equipotential field lines 130 remain substantially parallel to the portion of focus ring 124 that overlaps chuck 116 due to the relatively high dielectric constant of the aluminum oxide material.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/33087.990701&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4529 words)

	EXPERIMENT 19
		From this the student will print out these data points showing the equipotential lines and draw the electric field lines knowing them to be perpendicular to the equipotential lines and having direction from higher potential to lower potential.
		One equipotential line requires several data points to be found so that a smooth curving line can be established.
		Print out the completed pages showing all of the data points depicting several equipotential lines about both electrodes of each configuration and draw smooth curved lines by hand through the data points for each of theses equipotential lines.
	www.wright.edu /~naum.gershenzon/V-EXP_19.htm (1000 words)

	Equipotential surfaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Equipotential surfaces can be shown as lines in two dimensions to provide a quantitative way of viewing electric potential.
		Where equipotential surfaces are close to each other, the electric field is strong.
		Below are a set of electric field lines and equipotential surfaces caused by a certain set of point charges (taken from page 588 of the textbook).
	www.pa.msu.edu /courses/2000spring/PHY232/lectures/efields/equipotentials.html (310 words)

	Equipotential Plane Requirement for all Livestock Confinement Concrete Floors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This should be done by installing wire mesh or other conductive elements (reinforcing rods) in the concrete and bonding these elements to all adjacent conductive equipment, structures, or surfaces, and then bonding this potential plane to the grounding electrode system for the building.
		Thus, before concrete is poured for pits and floors in livestock buildings, an electrical inspector must verify that the proper electrical bonding is in place for the equipotential plane and the voltage gradient.
		Suggested methods to convert a manure pit, covered by a slatted floor, into an equipotential plane using either the existing wire mesh in the floor or #3 re-bar to electrically connect the column to the wall.
	www.bae.umn.edu /extens/ennotes/ensum96/equipot.html (485 words)

	1999 National Eclectric Code Changes for Agricultural Buildings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An equipotential plane is required for livestock (excluding poultry) facilities except where there is no electric service to the building nor metal equipment accessible to livestock tha t is likely to become energized.
		An equipotential plane is defined as an area accessible to livestock where wire mesh or other conductive elements embedded in concrete are bonded to all metal structures and fixed, nonelectrical metal equipment that may be energized, and are connected to the electrical grounding system to prevent a voltage difference from developing within the plane.
		Finally, a voltage gradient at the edge of an equipotential plane may not be required for situations in which livestock are moved into or out of a building through a loading chute.
	www.bae.umn.edu /extens/ennotes/enwin99/electric.html (588 words)

	l2field
		Part A. To gain experience with equipotential lines and electric fields by experimentally determining the potential at various points between test electrodes and drawing the equipotential lines and the electric field lines.
		The system shown produces, in the plane of the conducting paper, an electric field (along which charges flow) and equipotential lines that are somewhat similar to those of a set of static charged point sources.
		Finally, construct the electric field pattern from the equipotential map, remembering the electric fields and equipotential lines are mutually perpendicular.
	www.physics.fsu.edu /courses/fall98/phy2049c/labs/L2/lab2.htm (1747 words)

	12:166, Zhang
		Equipotential line is the trace of the equipotential surface in a cross section
		Flow (or equipotential) lines are perpendicular (or parallel) to the constant head boundary;
		Flow (or equipotential) lines are parallel (or perpendicular) to a water table when there is no recharge to the water table; otherwise they will be at an oblique angle to the water table.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c012166/flownet.htm (218 words)

	Equipotential Bonding
		The equipotential bonding of external metallic networks is an integral part of the outdoor lightning protection installation just like the down conductors and their earths.
		The equipotential bonding of internal metallic networks is an integral part of the indoor lightning protection installation.
		This is done by using a conductive material with a cross-section of at least 16 mm2 for copper or 50 mm2 for steel to connect to equipotential bonding bars installed inside the structure and connected in turn to the closest point of the earthing circuit.
	www.lightningmaster.com /equipotential_bonding.htm (625 words)

	[No title]
		An equipotential ellipsoid or level ellipsoid is an ellipsoid that is defined to be an equipotential surface.
		The equipotential ellipsoid furnishes a simple, consistent and uniform reference system for all purposes of geodesy: the ellipsoid as a reference surface for geometric use, and a normal gravity field at the earth's surface and in space, defined in terms of closed formulas, as a reference for gravimetry and satellite geodesy.
		The standard theory of the equipotential ellipsoid regards the normal gravitational potential as a harmonic function outside the ellipsoid, which implies the absence of an atmosphere.
	www.gfy.ku.dk /~iag/handbook/geodeti.htm (1540 words)

	Construction Strategies for Minimizing Stray Voltage on Dairy Farms - Agricultural Engineering Newsletter, ...
		More specifically, an equipotential plane is a surface where wire mesh, reinforcing bars, or other conductive elements are embedded in concrete, bonded to all extensive metal structures and fixed nonelectrical metal equipment in livestock areas that may become energized, and bonded to the electrical grounding system of the facility.
		In general, equipotential planes are required in all concrete floor confinement areas that contain metal equipment that is accessible to livestock and is likely to become energized (Figure 2).
		Equipotential plane installation in stanchion/tie-stall barn Adapted from ASAE EP473.2 Jan 01.
	www.egr.msu.edu /age/aenewsletter/1_jan_feb_03/tinsey_1_30.htm (4475 words)

	Electric Potential
		Advantage of using electric potential V instead of electric field E is that potential is a scalar field.
		Equipotential surfaces are surfaces on which the potential is everywhere the same.
		The electric field at an equipotential surface must be perpendicular to the surface since otherwise there would be a component of the field and also therefore an electric force parallel to the equipotential surface.
	academic.mu.edu /phys/matthysd/web004/l0128.htm (155 words)

	Lab Equipotential (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Curves along which the potential is constant, are known as "equipotential lines".
		From the shape of the equipotential lines, make a qualitative sketch of the electric field lines.
		Notice that the equipotential lines are closer together near the corner than anywhere else.
	www.emporia.edu /physics/keithron/collegelab2/equipotential.htm (409 words)

	Notes for Experiment #2 -- Mapping the Electrostatic Field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Equipotential lines are simply lines of constant potential.
		This can only be if the equipotential lines are perpendicular to the lines of force (since Work is defined as force times displacement in the direction of the force).
		The Earth exerts a gravitational field all around us and the top of the table can then be considered an equipotential line since anything placed there will be at the same energy; in order to move the ball up or down, I have to do work on the ball.
	www.sethi.org /lab135b/experiments/lab2.html (721 words)

	EQUIPOTENTIAL CURVES AND LINES OF FORCE
		The set of equipotential curves may be thought of as being analogous to the contour lines of equal elevation on a topographical map.
		From the set of equipotential curves, another set, the lines of force, may be obtained; the lines of force are everywhere orthogonal (perpendicular) to the equipotential curves.
		Figure 2 is representative of the equipotential curves and field lines expected for an electric point dipole.
	www.tass-survey.org /classes/manual273/equipot.html (712 words)

	Roche Model
		In the rotating frame of reference, equipotential surfaces can be calculated for a given mass ratio of the two stars.
		The Roche equipotential surfaces are closed near each assumed point-mass component, and are essentially spherical in shape.
		As the distance from the point mass increases, the shape of the equipotential surface elongates in the direction of the center of gravity, until the two surfaces ``touch'' in a roughly ``hour-glass'' form (refer to Fig.
	mintaka.sdsu.edu /faculty/quyen/node10.html (835 words)

	Equipotential Lines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The animation to the left shows that no matter where the charge is dragged along that curve, the electric potential is the same.
		We call that curve an equipotential line since no matter where you go on the curve the electric potential is equal.
		This animation shows that as the charge crosses from one equipotential line to the next, we change the electric potential from 0 volts initially to 10 volts and then to 20 volts.
	www.regentsprep.org /Regents/physics/phys03/aequilines (315 words)

	ESCI Safety Fireman Archive
		This equipotential grounding mat must be installed to the conductors on both sides of the break.
		The equipotential zone is developed by installing a cluster bar below the working position, a grounding jumper is installed between the cluster bar and neutral and grounding jumpers installed between the neutral and phase conductor(s).
		The use of equipotential grounding does not increase the danger for workers on the ground when compared with the old system of grounding.
	www.esci.net /SafetyFiremanArchiv.html (2531 words)

	Physics Tutoring: Electric Fields (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Equipotential lines should always be closed loops (unless they run off the screen).
		At points where the field does not exist an equipotential line cannot be drawn.
		Since the calculations of the equipotential lines are intensive, DO NOT push the button more than once for each configuration of charges.
	www.slcc.edu /schools/hum_sci/physics/tutor/2220/e_fields/java (960 words)

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