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Topic: Equipotential surface

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	Equipotential Lines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Equipotential lines are like contour lines on a map which trace lines of equal altitude.
		Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to the electric field.
		The equipotential lines are therefore circles and a sphere centered on the charge is an equipotential surface.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/electric/equipot.html (168 words)

	Constructing Ground-Water Equipotentials
		The 70 foot equipotential surface can be described locating two other wells somewhere else on this surface, provided that at least one of these wells intersect this surface at a different depth.
		Equipotential surfaces do not have to be plane or flat, regardless of whether they are in the water table or in a confined aquifer (we will discuss a confined aquifer later).
		Bent equipotential surfaces are more commonly the rule even under naturally occurring hydrogeologic conditions that are unaffected by pumping of the ground water.
	www.earthdrx.org /constructionequipotentials.html (1059 words)

	equipotential surface
		A surface surrounding a body, or group of bodies, over which the gravitational field is of constant strength and, at all points, is directed perpendicular to the surface.
		The concept of the critical equipotential surface, popularly known as the Roche lobe, is often misunderstood and applied incorrectly.
		This equipotential surface arises from the solution of the restricted three-body problem; it describes the gravitational field experienced by a massless body in the vicinity of two point masses orbiting each other in a perfect circle, in the absence of any other force such as radiation pressure or stellar wind.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/equipotential_surface.html (308 words)

	Modeling hydroperiods
		We studied the equipotential surface in WCA 2-A for 3 years with a network of 11 continuous recording dataloggers leveled to NAVD83.
		Results from the study show that the configuration of the equipotential surface is affected by the combination of flow structures in use.
		From the extrapolated equipotential surface calculated by our model, we could see distinct patterns in the duration and frequency of flood events within WCA 2-A. Correlation studies show that some changes in vegetation communities can be correlated positively with changes in the hydrology.
	www.env.duke.edu /wetland/Quebec2000_S1c.htm (270 words)

	Tiltmeters
		Five biaxial Michelson tiltmeters are being installed near Seattle to monitor surface tilts associated with the dynamics of slow subduction earthquakes in a collaborative project between CU Boulder and CWU Ellensburg.
		The renowned physicist, Michelson, noted in 1919 that the most favorable arrangement to obtain high sensitivity, and to obtain immunity from temperature perturbations, is to use the equipotential surface defined by water in a buried half-filled water pipe.
		To reduce sensitivity to surface effects like rainfall, snow loading and soil expansion or contraction, the measurement of water height is made relative to the upper surface of a deep, stable monuments.
	cires.colorado.edu /~bilham/tiltmeter.file/Tiltmeters.html (676 words)

	ESA - Living Planet Programme - GOCE - Gravity Field Quantities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Defined by the equipotential surface which best agrees with local mean sea-level calculated from tide-gauges for a specific time period.
		Equipotential surface which approximates the global mean sea-level, i.e.
		Is the magnitude, g, of the gradient of W at the Earth’s surface and of V in space.
	www.esrin.esa.it /esaLP/ESANYVZK0TC_LPgoce_0.html (649 words)

	Describing Ground-Water Flow using Equipotentials
		These paired equipotential lines when turned about their origin describe a plane (flat surface), unless these equipotential lines are describing some boundary of a curved equipotential surface.
		Remember: just as surface runoff flows as sheet flow over hilly terrain, at a right angle to imaginary contours of the surface grade, so too does ground water flow at a right angle to equipotential lines and normal to the equipotential surface.
		Try to keep in mind that that there are equipotential surfaces and that if we could slice a 3-dimensional ground-water system along any orientation, then, from that perspective we could only see the cut-surface expression of the equipotential surface expressed as an equipotential line.
	www.earthdrx.org /equipotentials.html (656 words)

	Electric Potential
		Equipotential surfaces are surfaces on which the potential is everywhere the same.
		The electric field at an equipotential surface must be perpendicular to the surface since otherwise there would be a component of the field and also therefore an electric force parallel to the equipotential surface.
		Then work would be done in moving charges over the surface and the surface would therefore not be an equipotential surface.
	academic.mu.edu /phys/matthysd/web004/l0128.htm (155 words)

	[No title]
		SATELLITE ALTIMETRY According to the laws of physics, the surface of the ocean is an "equipotential surface" of the earth's gravity field.
		Second, the height of the satellite above the closest ocean surface h is measured with a microwave radar operating in a pulse-limited mode on a carrier frequency of 13 GHz.
		The spherical wavefront of the pulse ensures that the altitude is measured to the closest ocean surface.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/image/predict/text_predict.txt (2781 words)

	Equipotential surfaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Equipotential surfaces can be shown as lines in two dimensions to provide a quantitative way of viewing electric potential.
		Below are a set of electric field lines and equipotential surfaces caused by a certain set of point charges (taken from page 588 of the textbook).
		Note that there should be an infinite number of equipotential surfaces surrounding each point charge; unfortunately their artist got tired of drawing them rather soon.
	www.pa.msu.edu /courses/2000spring/PHY232/lectures/efields/equipotentials.html (310 words)

	Equipotential surface - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Equipotential surfaces are surfaces of constant scalar potential.
		In fluid mechanics, equipotentials are lines or surfaces of equal head that are in direct relation to pressure.
		Streamlines are perpendicular to the equipotentials and are in the same direction that water is flowing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equipotential_surface (113 words)

	Marine Lightning Protection Inc.
		This is the case inside and on the surface of a conductor.
		Close to a conductor, the equipotentials are surfaces that have a similar shape to the surface of the conductor.
		The most common method to ensure that an equipotential surrounds a region is to use a conductor surface to provide the equipotential surface and region, that is, to construct a Faraday cage.
	www.marinelightning.com /Information/GroundingConcepts.htm (4466 words)

	[No title]
		In physical oceanography the slope of the large scale dynamic sea surface topography can be used to calculate a surface geostrophic velocity as a reference for the general circulation and its associated transports.
		The dynamic topography is the elevation of the sea surface from the equipotential surface, i.e.
		it is identical with the difference between the sea surface height as it is measured by satellite altimetry and the geoid height.
	earth.esa.int /cgi-bin/confalt15y.pl?abstract=683 (252 words)

	[No title]
		However, it is often the case that interest is confined to a limited region, and the potential must satisfy a boundary condition on surfaces bounding this region.
		With an electrode having the shape of the equipotential enclosing the upper line charge and a ground plane in the plane of symmetry, the field is as shown in Fig.
		Because the probe area is small, the integration of the surface charge over its surface is approximated by the product of the area and the surface charge evaluated at the position Y of its center.
	web.mit.edu /6.013_book/www/chapter4/4.7.html (1151 words)

	equipotential surface (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		is: a surface passing only through points at which the specified potential has the same (arbitrarily chosen) value.
		usually is drawn: so that the potential changes by a fixed amount between consecutive equipotential surfaces.
		This means that consecutive surfaces are close together where the field is strong.
	www.rdg.ac.uk /physicsnet/units/flap/glossary/EE/EQPOTSRF.HTM (64 words)

	Geomatics / Land Information System, RDM, Orange County, California. SERVICES - Geodetic Faq's and Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There are an infinite number of equipotential surfaces surrounding the earth and each of these surfaces has its own distinct shape and are not parallel.
		This attempts to compensate for the non-parallelism of the equipotential surface on which the leveling observations were made.
		Because of the errors in the leveling and distortion from the sea surface topography, NGVD 29 is not an accurate sea level datum.
	www.ocgeomatics.com /glis_services_geodetic_faq.asp (983 words)

	Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data
		The surface of the ocean bulges outward and inward mimicking the topography of the ocean floor.
		According to the laws of physics, the surface of the ocean is an "equipotential surface" of the earth's gravity field.
		For example the extra gravitational attraction due to a massive mountain on the ocean floor attracts water toward it causing a local bump in the ocean surface; a typical undersea volcano is 2000 m tall and has a radius of about 20 km.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/bathymetry/predicted/explore.HTML (2795 words)

	Equipotential - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Often, equipotential surfaces are used to visualize an (n)-dimensional scalar potential function in (n-1) dimensional space.
		Interestingly, ignoring local variations in altitude due to geology, the Earth's surface is an equipotential surface in the shape of an oblate spheroid due to its rotation and the Earth's gravity, and this fact allows calculation of its shape.
		That this is an equipotential may be easily seen, since if it were not so, the oceans and indeed the landmasses (which are subject to motion due to plate tectonics) would move so as to even out the potential.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equipotential (317 words)

	Experiment I - Electric Field and Equipotential Lines
		An equipotential surface, or contour of constant potential, is simply the locus of all points which are at the same potential.
		It is evident, then, that an equipotential surface is further characterized by the fact that a charge may be constrained to move between any two points in the same surface without any work having been expended.
		The lines of force and the equipotential contours formed in the first case are geometrically identical to the lines and contours formed when the two electrodes are replaced by two unlike charges of equal magnitude.
	www.physics.fsu.edu /users/ng/courses/phy2054c/Labs/Expt01/Expt-01.htm (627 words)

	Phys 186 Lab 3
		An equipotential surface is a collection of points in space where each point has the same value of electric potential as every other point.
		An example of an equipotential surface for gravity is, assuming the ground is flat, all points 4 feet above the ground, since a mass of 1 kg would gain the same amount of energy if it fell from anywhere on that surface to the ground.
		Near a conducting surface, the equipotential lines are parallel to the conducting surface, and the electric field lines are perpendicular to the conducting surface.
	www2.truman.edu /~edis/courses/186/lab3.html (1586 words)

	Roche Model
		In the rotating frame of reference, equipotential surfaces can be calculated for a given mass ratio of the two stars.
		The Roche equipotential surfaces are closed near each assumed point-mass component, and are essentially spherical in shape.
		As the distance from the point mass increases, the shape of the equipotential surface elongates in the direction of the center of gravity, until the two surfaces ``touch'' in a roughly ``hour-glass'' form (refer to Fig.
	mintaka.sdsu.edu /faculty/quyen/node10.html (835 words)

	Geodetic Reference Systems
		The ellipsoid provides a mathematical surface which closely resembles the earth's shape, and is used in surveying with plane coordinate systems and in geodesy.
		In so defining this equipotential surface, the direction of a plumb line becomes perpendicular to the ellipsoid and thus is known as the normal gravity field.
		The level surface is the surface of the ellipsoid.
	surveying.wb.psu.edu /sur351/normg/normg.htm (660 words)

	12:166, Zhang
		Equipotential line is the trace of the equipotential surface in a cross section
		Flow (or equipotential) lines are perpendicular (or parallel) to the constant head boundary;
		Flow (or equipotential) lines are parallel (or perpendicular) to a water table when there is no recharge to the water table; otherwise they will be at an oblique angle to the water table.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c012166/flownet.htm (218 words)

	Welcome to Lana Panasyuk website
		This topography of an equipotential surface is about +/- 100 meters, and it is a clear representation of the lateral variations in the Earth density!
		Since mantle is extremely viscous (on geological time scales), its flow causes topography at all outer boundaries (surface, which is covered with the blue ocean, and the core-mantle boundary).
		What we observe on the Earth surface is the total geoid anomaly (fl solid line), which is the sum of all these contributions from the primary density anomaly (blue), the dynamic topography (magenta), and the self-gravitation (green).
	cfauvcs5.harvard.edu /lana/mantle/geoid.htm (686 words)

	General Physics II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An equipotential line or an equipotential surface is a line (in 2D) or a surface (in 3D) on which every point has the same potential.
		That means the electric force must be perpendicular to the equipotential -- or the electric field is perpendicular to the equipotential.
		The surface of a conductor is an equipotential surface so this means the electric field is perpendicular to a conductor.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~cfadd/1360/25ElPot/EFldPot.html (115 words)

	NASA's Cosmos
		The lunar crust is thinner on the near side that faces the Earth, and thicker on the far side.
		Fractures in the thin crust have allowed magma to reach the surface on the near side, where the lava-filled maria are concentrated.
		The Moon's center of mass (CM) is offset by 2 thousand meters from its center of figure, CF, so an equipotential surface, which experiences an equal gravitation force at all points, lies closer to the lunar surface on the hemisphere facing Earth.
	ase.tufts.edu /cosmos/view_picture.asp?id=389 (137 words)

	Equipotential Surfaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An equipotential surface is a surface on which the potential, or voltage, is constant.
		Electric field lines are always perpendicular to these surfaces, and the electric field points from surfaces of high potential to surfaces of low potential.
		Suppose, for example, that a set of surfaces has been chosen so that their voltages are 5 V, 4 V, 3 V, 2 V, etc..
	maxwell.byu.edu /~spencerr/websumm122/node31.html (142 words)

	[No title]
		In the volume V, the contributions of the surface charges on the equipotential surfaces are exactly equivalent to those of the charge distribution inside the regions enclosed by the surface S
		Suppose that the surfaces on which the normalized potentials are equal to 1 and to 0, respectively, are turned into electrodes, as shown in Fig.
		For the surface of the electrode in Fig.
	web.mit.edu /6.013_book/www/chapter4/4.6.html (2563 words)

	unit02-sect01-les06-lessond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Of course you know that the line actually represents a surface (like the peel around an orange.) So, in fact, a better name is equipotential surface.
		Consequently, the red circle represents an equipotential line (actually an equipotential surface in a 3-D situation).
		At the big end of the conductor there is a medium density of charge and therefore a field of medium strength.
	www.cdli.ca /courses/phys3204/unit02/section01/lesson06/3-lesson-d.htm (388 words)

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