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Topic: Equivalent pulse code modulation noise

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	Cisco - Waveform Coding Techniques
		Quantization noise is equivalent to the random noise that impacts the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a voice signal.
		The difference between the input signal amplitude height and the quantization interval decreases as the quantization intervals are increased (increases in the intervals decrease the quantization noise).
		After quantizing and coding, the difference signal is transmitted to its final destination.
	www.cisco.com /warp/public/788/signalling/waveform_coding.html (2204 words)

	Pulse code modulation radio control system - Patent 4038590
		The binary coded output of the code converter is utilized to modulate the phase of a unique subcarrier signal which may comprise, for example, a triangular wave.
		The serial digital code forming the shaft encoder outputs is preferably a Gray code which, as is well known, is a unit-distance binary code containing 2.sup.n code words in which the code word for the largest integer (2.sup.n-1) is distance 1 from the code word for the least integer (0).
		The output of modulator 14 is illustrated as waveform F of FIG.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4038590.html (4241 words)

	transmissionII: airborne
		Antenna noise temperature is the temperature of a hypothetical resistor at the input of an ideal noise-free receiver that would generate the same output noise power per unit bandwidth as that at the antenna output at a specified frequency.
		An undesired signal occurring in the main channel from modulation of the stereophonic channel or that occurring in the stereophonic channel from modulation of the main channel.
		Codes are sent from the transmitting station to the receiving station to establish the synchronization, and data is then transmitted in continuous streams.
	www.newmuseum.org /airborne/glossary.html (3952 words)

	Class Definition for Class 329 - DEMODULATORS
		for a frequency shift keying modulator, subclasses 103+ for a phase shift keying modulator, subclasses 106+ for a pulse modulator, subclasses 117+ for a frequency modulator, subclasses 144+ for a phase modulator and subclasses 149+ for an amplitude modulator; subclasses 183+ for modulation converters, per se.
		Pulse width modulation is a form of pulse modulation in which the width (duration) of the pulses is the characteristic that is varied.
		Pulse position, frequency, phase or spacing modulation are forms of pulse modulation where the characteristics being varied are the relative positions of the pulses, the frequency (repetition rate) of the pulses, the phase of the pulses, or the spacing (time) between the pulses.
	www.uspto.gov /go/classification/uspc329/defs329.htm (4527 words)

	Eq Eqbal Ahmad Eqbal Ahmad Eqerem Spahia Equal Equal math Equal mathematics Equal maths Equal Employment Equal ...
		Equivalent noise resistance - In, an equivalent noise resistance is a quantitative...
		Equivalent pulse code modulation noise - In, equivalent pulse code modulation noise (PCM) is...
		Equivalent rectangular bandwidth - The equivalent rectangular bandwidth or ERB is a measure...
	www.biodatabase.de /?Eq (955 words)

	Digital modulation
		As these pulses are required to be transmitted during the sampling interval allotted for the channel, narrow pulse-widths are used for PCM with resultant increase in the bandwidth.
		We assume that the noise on the channel never causes a pulse to be lost or misinterpreted by the receiver.
		We would, therefore, consider only the source of noise to be due to the original quantization of the signal which causes the receiver output to have error due to this noise component.
	www.sem.mosaic-service.com /electron2/pulse_code.htm (866 words)

	Facts about RC transmitters
		Noise of this type has amplitude, which is another way of saying it has a voltage value, and will react with an AM receiver more than an FM receiver.
		With analog pulse modulation, some characteristic of the pulse such as height or width will be changed in proportion to the original signal.
		Pulse coded modulation is a form of digital pulse modulation and is the major type of digital modulation in use today.
	www.fortunecity.com /meltingpot/palau/4/id101.htm (1185 words)

	Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pulse code modulation is an extension of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), in which a sampled signal consists of a train of pulses where each pulse corresponds to the amplitude of the signal at the corresponding sampling time (the signal is modulated in amplitude).
		Pulse code modulation is the most frequently used analogue-to-digital conversion technique, and is defined in the ITU-T G.711 specification.
		Quantization noise can be reduced by increasing the number of quantization intervals, because the difference between the input signal amplitude and the quantization interval decreases as the number of quantization intervals increases.
	www.acerimmeronline.com /networks/pcm.html (2118 words)

	Low-pass filter
		Because the average value of the pulse train varies in accordance with the modulation, the intelligence may be extracted by passing the width-modulated pulses through a low-pass filter.
		Because the ppm pulses are constantly varying in position with reference to the unmodulated pulses, the output of the flip-flop also varies in duration or width.
		Pulse-code modulation can easily be decoded, provided the pulse-code groups have been transmitted in reverse order; that is, if the pulse with the lowest value is transmitted first, the pulse with the highest value is transmitted last.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book12/51g.htm (1017 words)

	Digital Dharma of Audio A/D Converters
		Using very clever complex algorithms and circuit tricks, noise shaping contours the noise so that it is reduced in the audible regions and increased in the inaudible regions.
		Conservation still holds, the total noise is the same, but the amount of noise present in the audio band is decreased while simultaneously increasing the noise out-of-band -- then the digital filter eliminates it.
		The analog modulator is the 1-bit converter discussed previously with the change of integrating the analog signal before performing the delta modulation.
	www.rane.com /note137.html (5564 words)

	Intelligent Noise
		When "amplitude modulation sidebands" are shown, for instance, it's for the rather limited case of modulation by an unchanging signal.
		Pseudo Random Noise Modulation -- we should be calling it this, but PRNG is easier to pronounce -- is only one of a number of systems using correlation, which is the magic word these days.
		This noise problem is the main reason why ordinary radars with any sort of respectable range must transmit such tremendous peak powers in their pulses.
	www.etoan.com /intelligent-noise.html (6381 words)

	Privateline.com: Digital Wireless Basics: Modulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Frequency modulation, such as analog cell phones use, provides better sound but it needs more bandwidth to achieve that quality and is technically more complex to produce.
		Amplitude modulation means a carrier wave is modulated in proportion to the strength of a signal.
		Phase modulation is strictly for digital working and is closely related to F.M. Phase in fact enjoys the same capture effect as F.M. First, a note.
	www.privateline.com /PCS/modulation.htm (2492 words)

	Adaptive Rate Delta Modulation for Non
		The receiver for such a modulation is reduced to simple pulse detection and a counter to recreate the original signal.
		A “positive” pulse reception causes the estimate of the signal to be incremented while a “negative” pulse results in a decrement of the estimate.
		Second, since the AR-DM does not produce pulses when there is no input, the quantization noise from a non-speaking user is removed from the receiver’s input (unlike standard DM which continues to transmit pulses when the input is constant).
	www.eng.fsu.edu /~moss/Senior_Design.html (4016 words)

	Sweetwater inSync
		The maximum signal to noise ratio (which in many schools of thought is equivalent to dynamic range) of a given piece of equipment can be an important thing to know.
		While signal to noise ratio is often used as a specification to characterize relative quality differences in equipment, the way in which measurements must be done, and the degree to which they can differ, makes the true objectivity of such measurements highly suspect.
		This is a very unambiguous value in linear PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) systems, but in other types of PCM systems the quantization noise (or quantization error) depends strongly on the level of the audio being recorded so it is very difficult to nail down the actual signal to noise ratio.
	www.sweetwater.com /insync/word.php?find=signaltonoiseratio (408 words)

	Telemetry Tutorial - Modulation
		Modulation is the technique where the value of each sample (i.e., the modulating signal) systematically changes the characteristics of a carrier signal (e.g., amplitude (height) or frequency (timing)).
		Since amplitudes are degraded by noise, the multiplexed data stream is usually converted to a constant-amplitude pulse modulation scheme.
		The distance between the two pulses represents the sampled amplitude of the sine wave, with the first pulse as the zero time reference.
	www.l-3com.com /tw/tutorial/modulation.html (344 words)

	Yenra Glossary E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		equivalent noise resistance - A quantitative representation in resistance units of the spectral density of a noise-voltage generator, given by Rn = (pWn)/(kT0), where Wn is the spectral density, k is Boltzmann's constant, T0 is the standard noise temperature (290 K), and kT0 = 4.00 ?
		equivalent noise temperature - The temperature, usually expressed in kelvins, of a hypothetical matched resistance at the input of an assumed noiseless device, such as a noiseless amplifier, that would account for the measured output noise.
		equivalent pulse code modulation noise - The amount of thermal noise power on a frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) or wire channel necessary to approximate the same judgment of speech quality created by quantizing noise in a PCM channel.
	www.yenra.com /glossary/e.html (7917 words)

	Adaptive Thresholding and Parameter Estimation for PPM
		This background level is subtracted from the detector output in the hope of reducing or eliminating the noise component in the remaining signal.
		The output of the network consists of (1) an indication of whether the pulses are deemed to be exponential or Gaussian in shape and (2) the numerical value of
		The total of 255 received symbols in each code word are decoded to 223 information symbols, which are, in turn, re-encoded to 255 “corrected” symbols.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Mar05/NPO40714.html (762 words)

	1-bit A/D and D/A Converters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Differential pulse-code modulation is a technique in which the derivative of the signal is quantized.
		The quantizer generates a positive pulse when the difference signal is negative, and a negative pulse when the difference signal is positive.
		Although it can be noted that the quantization only adds noise to the quantized signal and the quality depends on the distribution of this noise in the audio frequency band.
	mi.eng.cam.ac.uk /~avir2/1-bit (1196 words)

	[No title]
		The code integrates the pulse train with a dc offset to get a sawtooth, but other shapes can be made in the usual ways...
		The equivalent PM modulator to obtain the same waveform as FM is the integral of the FM modulator.
		Another reason PM is better is that the modulation index (which determines the number of sidebands produced and which in normal FM is calculated as the modulator amplitude divided by frequency of modulator) is not dependant on the frequency of the modulator, it is always equal to the amplitude of the modulator in radians.
	www.musicdsp.org /archive.php?classid=1 (3217 words)

	Wireless Technology Terms Glossary and Dictionary - P Q
		Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is a form of signal modulation in which the data is encoded in the amplitude of a series, or train, of regularly recurrent signal pulses.
		The code that they designed is now implemented by most pager manufacturers and is the most widely used code to date.
		Punctured code is a technique used in convolutional decoders that allows a limited number of coded bits to be deleted to greatly simplify processing in the codec.
	www.networkdictionary.com /wireless/p.php (2778 words)

	Narrow band morse code with coherent detection.
		One of the reasons why narrow band is not commonly used is that the final detection of the signal is still usually performed by a human ear at an intermediate audio frequency around 750 Hz; the received signal never returns to a copy of the digital keying waveform that originated the transmission.
		It is infeasible to implement narrow band filters at radio frequencies but fortunately an equivalent is to low pass filter at baseband prior to modulation provided that the modulation and the RF amplification are linear.
		Note that it is not enough to set the modulation depth using a continuous keydown since a filtered keying signal may overshoot the steady state value (and must not be clipped).
	www.cycom.co.uk /art1.html (1446 words)

	high voltage drivers - modulators - amplifiers - pulse generators
		This facility allows an electro-optic amplitude modulator to be set to any desired light output intensity level for any input signal level.
		The amplifier has been designed to drive electro-optic modulators from the EM200 range where the load is purely capacitive and does not exceed 100pf.
		This differential drive technique increases the lifetime of the modulator by maintaining a zero mean voltage across its terminals.
	www.eoc-inc.com /driver_amplifiers_pulse_generators.htm (693 words)

	NTIA - UWB Test Plan Comments by Zircon
		To measure noise, particularly pseudo-noise or so-called pink noise, a wide bandwidth must be incorporated, not a narrow one.
		But if a narrow bandwidth were used, the individual spectral lines associated with the repetition length of the code generator could be observed and would appear as single frequency 'bright lines', absolutely the opposite of noise.
		UWB spectra appear similar to noise whenever the relative spacing of the signals is small compared to the bandwidth of the receiving system, so that multiple frequencies can be simultaneously received within that bandwidth.
	www.ntia.doc.gov /osmhome/uwbtestplan/40032178.htm (1195 words)

	C# Remote Control using the Audio Port - The Code Project - .NET Compact Framework
		Yes, it sends a series of ON and OFF pulses and their sequence determines the specific command it is trying to send (power on, power off, change channel, etc...).
		When the Pronto learns your remote codes, it is basically analyzing the IR wave your remote control produces when you press a given button.
		The rest of the code is comprised of 1 or 2 signals (depending on the header).
	www.codeproject.com /netcf/PocketBeamer.asp (4926 words)

	Evaluating upstream modulation techniques - 10/1/1998 - CED - CA6261363 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		White Gaussian noise is the thermal background noise present in all electrical transmitting media.
		For all modulation systems under consideration, the signal/noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver's decision point is equivalent in the presence of White Gaussian noise.
		However, if the bandwidth of the noise is small relative to the signal (the typical situation), a decision feedback noise-prediction method at the receiver can be an effective answer.
	www.cedmagazine.com /article/CA6261363.html (1771 words)

	Improving the CD
		In order to reduce this noise considerably, the analog representation of the signal can be replaced by a digital one.
		In order to convert an analog signal into a digital equivalent, we need to sample (or measure) the voltage level at a regular rate called the sampling rate (equivalent to the frame rate in film).
		The result of this quantization error is noise which, if not taken care of, can interfere with very quiet signals in the recording.
	www.scena.org /lsm/sm7-2/dvd-en.html (1002 words)

	Sound: Sound for DV (www.ifvchicago.com)
		In digital audio recording, sound is recorded as 0 and 1 after it is converted in pulse codes.
		The digital audio code (a series of "off or on" signals) is recorded by the drum, on a part of the tape that is separate from the video information.
		This increase in accuracy is equivalent to cutting noise and distortion by 6 dB; so you can roughly gauge a digital system’s dynamic range by multiplying its digits, or bits, by six.
	www.ifvchicago.com /process/prod_sound_a03.shtml (1029 words)

	Course Description
		Recognize and understand common modulation schemes for continuous-wave modulation including amplitude modulation, frequency modulation and phase modulation.
		Be able to describe the implementation and effect of basic demodulation techniques for continuous-wave modulation.
		Recognize and understand common analog pulse modulation schemes including pulse-amplitude modulation, pulse-width modulation, and pulse-position modulation.
	www.eng.iastate.edu /ee423/EE421/General/description.htm (182 words)

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