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Topic: Equivalent Series Resistance

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	Equivalent series resistance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Equivalent series resistance (ESR) is an effective resistance that is used to describe the resistive parts of the impedance of certain electrical components.
		An easy way to deal with these inherent resistances in circuit analysis is to use a lumped element model to express each physical component as a combination of an ideal component and a small resistor in series, the resistor having a value equal to the resistance present in the non-ideal, physical device.
		Though this is not precisely correct usage, the unimportant elements of ESR are often neglected in circuit discussion, since it is rare that all elements of ESR are significant to a particular application.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Equivalent_series_resistance (476 words)

	Adding electrical resistance in series with bypass capacitors using annular resistors - Patent 6727780
		The mounted resistance R.sub.m of each of the n capacitors may be, for example, the sum of an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor, the electrical resistance of the corresponding electrical resistance element, and the electrical resistances of all conductors coupling the capacitor between the planar conductors.
		In this situation, the mounted resistance R.sub.m of a given one of the n capacitors may include the ESR of the capacitor, an electrical resistance of a corresponding electrical resistance element in series with the capacitor, and the electrical resistances of all conductors coupling the capacitor between the pair of parallel conductive planes.
		In this situation, the mounted resistance R.sub.m of the representative capacitor may be equal to the sum of the ESR of the representative capacitor and the electrical resistances of all conductors coupling the capacitor between the planar conductors.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6727780.html (13251 words)

	Equivalent Series Resistance / Mode of Oscillation
		The equivalent series resistance is the resistive element (R1) of the quartz crystal equivalent circuit.
		ESR values are generally stated as maximum values expressed in ohms.
		When transitioning from a series resonant through-hole HC-49/U type crystal to a smaller surface mount type utilizing an AT-strip crystal, some consideration may be given to the difference in the ESR values produced by different cuts.
	www.oscilent.com /spec_pages/PNDescrpt/ESR_Mode.htm (500 words)

	FaradNet "Electrolytic Capacitors" Chapter 13
		The reason for this is that the use of the lower resistance or more conductive electrolytes is confined to the lower voltage capacitor structures while the capacitors intended for operation at the higher yoltages are limited to the use of electrolytes of high resistivities or low conductivities.
		The equivalent series resistance of a dry electrolytic capacitor may be also expressed in terms of power factor of the capacitor.
		The factors which determine equivalent series resistance values in dry electrolytic capacitor structures are resistivity of electrolyte and resistivity of contact between the electrolyte and the foil surfaces.
	www.faradnet.com /deeley/chapt_13.htm (3611 words)

	Electric double layer capacitor and method of forming the same - Patent 6339529
		The measured equivalent series resistances (ESR) of types 1 and 2 of the electric double layer capacitors in the above examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 are apparently lower than the measured equivalent series resistances (ESR) of types 1 and 2 of the electric double layer capacitors in the above comparative examples 1 and 2.
		As the weight ratio of the activated carbon powders is increased from 70% to 80%, then the equivalent series resistance of the electric double layer capacitor is slightly increased due to reduction in binding force between the activated carbon powders and the collector.
		As the weight ratio of carbon is increased from 5% to 30%, the equivalent series of the electric double layer capacitor is gradually decreased and remains low.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6339529.html (13531 words)

	Basic Considerations: DF, Q, and ESR
		When a capacitor is used as a series element in a signal path, its forward transfer coefficient is measured as a function of the dielectric phase angle, (theta).
		Equivalent series resistance (ESR) is responsible for the energy dissipated as heat and is directly proportional to the DF.
		A capacitor should be depicted as an ESR in series with an ideal capacitance (C).
	www.zianet.com /k5di/BasicConsiderations.htm (645 words)

	ADI - Ask the Engineer-21
		: The equivalent series resistance (ESR) of a capacitor is the resistance of the capacitor leads in series with the equivalent resistance of the capacitor plates.
		ESR causes the capacitor to dissipate power (and hence produce loss) when high ac currents are flowing.
		This can have serious consequences at RF and in supply decoupling capacitors carrying high ripple currents, but is unlikely to have much effect in precision high-impedance, low-level analog circuitry.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/a/x/axl17/art2.htm (1886 words)

	Resistor Combinations - Series and Parallel
		We know that the resistors are in series because all of the current that flows out of the distribution box through the first wire also flows through the light bulb and back through the second wire, thus meeting our condition for a series connection.
		Then, if you measured the resistance using the two available leads in the two different cases you would not be able to tell which fl plastic glob had the single resistor and which one had the series combination.
		It is important to note that the equivalent resistance of two resistors in parallel is always smaller than either of the two resistors.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /mastascu/eLessonsHTML/Resist/Resist2.html (1950 words)

	ESR Testing
		All capacitors have a certain amount of resistance to the passage of AC current, this resistance is typically modeled as a resistor in series with a "perfect" capacitor.
		The increase in ESR increases both voltage drops within the capacitor and the heat produced in the caps due to resistive heating.
		The ESR and capacitance of the test part are put in parallel with R2.
	octopus.freeyellow.com /esr.html (565 words)

	Electrocube - Support
		As the current passes through the series resistance element, it generates heat, which is the "power loss." It should be noted that all energy losses (due to leads, dielectric polarization, connections, and eddy currents in the electrode material) are taken into account by the "equivalent series resistance" element (see Technical Bulletin #10).
		As shown, the simplest form for power factor is the ratio of the equivalent series resistance to the impedance of the device.
		By definition, this DF is the ratio of the equivalent series resistance to the reactance.
	www.electrocube.com /support/bullet5.asp (1046 words)

	ESR
		ESL (Equivalent Series Inductance) is pretty much caused by the inductance of the electrodes and leads.
		ESR is the sum of in-phase AC resistance.
		ESR acts like a resistor in series with a capacitor (thus the name Equivalent Series Resistance).
	xtronics.com /reference/esr.htm (1291 words)

	Capacitor - HvWiki
		Eg, a 120uF, 16V capacitor in parallel with a 100uF, 50V capacitor is equivalent to a 220uF, 16V capacitor.
		Complicated capacitor banks containing both series and parallel capacitors can be reduced by grouping capacitors that are in series or parallel, replacing them with an equivalent capacitor and repeating until just one equivalent capacitor is found.
		In practice the impedance of a capacitor to DC is the leakage resistance.
	wiki.4hv.org /index.php/Capacitor (1369 words)

	MP Digest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Electrical parameters such as the series resonant frequency (FSR), parallel resonant frequency (FPR), net impedance, insertion loss, equivalent series resistance (ESR) and Q must be evaluated in order to achieve an optimal coupling solution.
		Note: Coupling capacitor C0 in Figure 1 is represented with its equivalent series resistance (ESR) denoted as RS, equivalent series inductance (ESL) denoted as LS and parasitic parallel capacitance CP, associated with the parallel resonant frequency (FPR).
		ESR is the summation of all series losses in a capacitor and is typically expressed as milli-ohms.
	www.mpdigest.com /Articles/2004/Mar2004/atc/Default.htm (1235 words)

	Equivalent Series Resistance Meter
		The ESR of an electrolytic capacitor is normally just a small fraction of an Ohm for a high capacitance, low voltage capacitor (such as a 1000µF, 16V cap), and can be as high as two or three Ohm for a low capacitance, high voltage cap (1uF, 450V).
		This is where the ESR meter comes in: It measures the equivalent series resistance of the capacitor, almost independently of its capacitance.
		But when measuring their ESR with my newly built meter, I was in for a surprise: The one at right, like the other 18 caps not shown in this picture, has an ESR of about 0.2 Ohm, which is quite normal for a tantalum cap of this size.
	ludens.cl /Electron/esr/esr.html (2115 words)

	United Chemi-Con (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is this resistance that leads to heat generation in the capacitor when AC current is applied.
		In order to have a low ESR, it is necessary to control the characteristics of the electrolyte, the separator paper, the winding alignment of the element, the position of the tabs and the magnification and pit construction of the etched foil.
		Impedance is the resistance which opposes the flow of alternating current at a specific frequency.
	www.chemi-con.com /u7002/characteristics.php (788 words)

	All Solutions For Electronic Repair, Troubleshooting and Service
		ESR is the sum of all internal resistance of a capacitor measured in ohms.
		ESR is a dynamic quantity and must be measure with an AC test signal.
		ESR of a capacitor is affected by construction techniques, dielectric properties, frequency of operation and temperature.
	www.noahtec.com /ca.htm (1806 words)

	EE Products Center Press
		These lead-free devices have a resistance value tolerance range of 0.1% to 0.5%, and a operating temperature range of -55°C to 125° C. They are available in case sizes from 0402 to 2512.
		Resistance values range from 1Ω to 1MΩ, and working voltages from 25 V to 150 V. These devices have a nickel chromium (NiCr) sputtered, thin-film resistive element on an alumina substrate.
		The new series is available in a capacitance range of 47 μF to 18,000 μF with rated voltage values of 6.3 Vdc to 35 Vdc.
	www.niccomp.com /EEproductsPress.html-ssi (940 words)

	Ecliptek Corporation - E1M Series Resistance Welded UM-1 Crystal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The resistive element, measured in ohms, of a crystal device.
		Crystal resistance measured at some parallel load resonant frequency is often called the "effective" resistance.
		Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR), Mode of Operation and Cut
	www.ecliptek.com /crystals/e1m/index.html (751 words)

	Ch 01
		is the sum of the resistances of the three resistors.
		We can also find the equivalent resistance of the circuit by considering that the identical bulbs are in parallel across the battery terminals, so that the equivalent resistance of the N bulbs is found from
		We proceed by first finding the equivalent capacitance of the circuit, and then we can use Equation 19.8 to find the total charge that the battery delivers to all the capacitors.
	www.emory.edu /PHYSICS/Faculty/Benson/142/rev3/rev3-20.html (1065 words)

	Analog Devices: Analog Dialogue: Ask The Applications Engineer - 21
		Unlike an "ideal" capacitor, a "real" capacitor is typified by additional "parasitic" or "non-ideal" components or behavior, in the form of resistive and inductive elements, nonlinearity, and dielectric memory.
		Dissipation factor also turns out to be the equivalent to the reciprocal of the capacitor's figure of merit, or Q, which is also sometimes included on the manufacturer's data sheet.
		The occurrence and effects of stray capacitance-especially at very high frequencies-are unfortunately often overlooked during circuit modelling and can lead to serious performance problems when the system circuit board is constructed and assembled; examples include greater noise, reduced frequency response, even instability.
	www.analog.com /library/analogDialogue/archives/30-2/ask.html (1860 words)

	FaradNet Capacitor Glossary
		For the sake of brevity, resistivity will be taken to mean specific resistivity.
		A more physically meaningful term is the equivalent conductivity, which considers the concentration number of ions generated by each compound in solution.
		The amount of capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area of the electrode and indirectly proportional to the dielectric thickness.
	www.faradnet.com /glossary/e_gloss.htm (924 words)

	Stock Check Tips
		The lower ESR often means that smaller capacitors can be used to smooth out the current in power supplies as ESR is more important, because of the heat dissipated through resistance, than the actual capacitance.
		Manufacturers are taking aim at high-frequency impedance and equivalent series resistance with some of their latest electrolytic offerings.
		The 100-kHz ESR specs have been reduced to 0.012 ohm, and the ripple current ratings have been increased to 3,000 milliamps rms (100 kHz, +105 degrees C).
	www.niccomp.com /EETpress.html-ssi (1103 words)

	Artesyn Technologies - Glossary: Efficiency - Equivalent Series Resistance
		The amount of resistance in series with an ideal capacitor which exactly duplicates the performance of a real capacitor.
		Der Widerstandswert in Serie mit einer idealen Kapazitt der einen realen Kondensator darstellt.
		In HF- Anwendungen ist ein niedriger ESR sehr wichtig.
	www.artesyn.com /powergroup/e.htm (485 words)

	Open Forum > general discussion > Related Sites
		Equivalent Series Resistance- an important parameter of a capacitor ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) represents the effective resistance resulting from the combination of wiring, internal connections, plates, and electrolyte (in an electrolytic capacitor).
		The ESR may result in totally incorrect or unstable operation of devices like switch-mode power supplies and deflection circuits in TVs and monitors.
		The presentation of this series is not oriented to any specific rating structure, but is divided into modules containing related information organized into traditional paths of instruction.
	firebottle.com /fireforum/fireBB.cgi?cfg=misc&relsub=open&mode=wide&... (5964 words)

	Series connected resistors
		The voltage in a series circuit: the sum of the applied voltages in a series circuit equals the sum of the voltage drops.
		From these two principles, it follows that the total resistance in a series resistive circuit is equal to the sum of the individual resistances.
		However, when the switch is open it has no effect on the resistance in parallel with it.
	www.tina.com /course/2series/series.htm (485 words)

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