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Topic: Equivocation

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	Logical Fallacy: Equivocation
		Equivocation is the type of ambiguity which occurs when a single word or phrase is ambiguous, and this ambiguity is not grammatical but lexical.
		So, when a phrase equivocates, it is not due to grammar, but to the phrase as a whole having two distinct meanings.
		Applying this to Alvaré's argument, it is true that the "humanity" of an embryo or fetus is medically undeniable, in the second sense of "human"—that is, it is a "human embryo or fetus".
	www.fallacyfiles.org /equivoqu.html (460 words)

	The Effects of Equivocation on the Opinions of Potential Voters
		This study looked at equivocation in political figures; however, unlike previous research we examined the impact that equivocation has on the audience of a political interview.
		Equivocation is a form of nonstraightforward communication, which leaves elements of a message unclear or undefined (Bavelas, 1983).
		It is the use of equivocation in political news interviews that is the focus of this study whether or not it truly serves its purpose.
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/k/s/ksb196 (1562 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		Equivocation is the use in a syllogism (a logical chain of reasoning) of a term several times, but giving the term a different meaning each time.
		In this use of equivocation, the word "light" is first used as the opposite of "heavy", but then used as the opposite of "bright" (the fallacy usually becomes obvious as soon as one tries to translate this argument into another language).
		This type of equivocation was famously mocked in the porter's speech in Shakespeare's Macbeth, in which the porter directly alludes to the practice of deceiving under oath by means of equivocation.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=equivocation (685 words)

	Equivocation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The fallacy of equivocation is committed when someone uses the same word in different meanings in an argument, in such a way that the argument would be correct only if the word actually meant the same each time around.
		The fallacy of equivocation is often used with words that have a strong emotional content and many meanings.
		Equivocation is closely linked with the fallacy of amphiboly, where amphiboly relies on a syntantic shift.
	www.fact-index.com /e/eq/equivocation.html (165 words)

	EQUIVOCATION
		The reduction of variety in a communication channel by classification, simplification, generalization or condensation of the signals or messages sent.
		Equivocation occurs when different signals are no longer differentiated by the receiver.
		Equivocation is the logical complement of noise and desirable from the sender's perspective.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /ASC/EQUIVOCATIO.html (64 words)

	Lobner: Equivocation As Stylistic Device: Joyce's "Grace" and Dante
		The equivocal nature of human speech irrevocably damaged by original sin moves St. Thomas Aquinas to caution: «univocal predication is impossible between God and creatures».
		Theologically speaking, then, the completion of grace's regenerative power is largely dependent on the ability of the individual to gain and keep the favor of God lost through original sin; thus repentance and purgation become essential to the retention of «Lux in tenebris».
		By becoming one of the most effective equivocal terms in the Comedy, scala (also scaleo in archaic Italian) lends itself to one of the cleverest parodies in the poem: the inverted human ladder of the simoniacs (Inf.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Italian_Studies/LD/numbers/04/lobner.html (4656 words)

	Equivocation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The fallacy of Equivocation mimics good reasoning in a fairly obvious way: assuming that the shift in the meaning of words could be overlooked, the argument would be good reasoning, having apparently true premisses and an apparently valid form.
		Moreover, much of the power and beauty of language is contained in its ability to express multiple meanings, and subtle shades of meaning, with a single well-turned phrase; so, we sometimes overlook or forgive shifts in meaning.
		A successful fallacy of Equivocation disguises its logical flaw behind the fact that a single word can be used to express more than one idea.
	www.cuyamaca.net /bruce.thompson/Fallacies/equivocation.asp (730 words)

	William Shakespeare - Equivocation in Macbeth
		Equivocation is the use of ambiguous expressions in order to mislead.
		Equivocation is found in the prophecies of the witches.
		It is due to equivocation in these prophecies that Macbeth becomes disoriented and looses his balance, which makes this play a successful tragedy.
	www.e-scoala.ro /referate/engleza_shakespeare_equivocation.html (844 words)

	Science & Philosophy :: View topic - FF - Equivocation
		This argument equivocates on the word "humanity"—"the condition of being human"—which means "of, or characteristic of mankind" (The Random House College Dictionary, Revised Edition, 1975).
		Applying this to Alvaré's argument, it is true that the "humanity" of an embryo or fetus is medically undeniable, in the second sense of "human"—that is, it is a "human embryo or fetus".
		It is, however, an equivocation on "human" to conclude, as Alvaré did, that it "has a right not to be killed".
	www.sciencechatforum.com /bulletin/viewtopic.php?t=953&highlight= (571 words)

	Virtue in Equivocation
		Equivocation was for "very limited" circumstances, allowed only in response to government interrogators.
		When prosecuted for perjury, one juror insisted he made his equivocations "to defend my self against the captious and injurious demands of an unlawful judge." The Irish jurors and the gunpowder plotters were, of course, convicted, and A Treatise of Equivocation was introduced as evidence against them by the prosecution.
		There is a great moral difference between lying in an investigation of the mass murder of thousands of innocents, and equivocating as part of jury service in order to protect someone from abuse of governmental power.
	www.davekopel.com /NRO/2001/Virtue-in-Equivocation.htm (1352 words)

	Dave Kopel on guns & Switzerland on National Review Online
		Equivocation was for "very limited" circumstances, allowed only in response to government interrogators.
		When prosecuted for perjury, one juror insisted he made his equivocations "to defend my self against the captious and injurious demands of an unlawful judge." The Irish jurors and the gunpowder plotters were, of course, convicted, and A Treatise of Equivocation was introduced as evidence against them by the prosecution.
		There is a great moral difference between lying in an investigation of the mass murder of thousands of innocents, and equivocating as part of jury service in order to protect someone from abuse of governmental power.
	www.nationalreview.com /kopel/kopel110501.shtml (1284 words)

	Macbeth Navigator: Themes: Equivocation
		Among the sinners that he pretends to welcome into hell is an "equivocator, that could swear in both the scales against either scale" (2.3.8-9).
		In the Porter's words, drink "provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance: therefore, much drink may be said to be an equivocator with lechery" (2.3.30-32).
		Ross answers with an equivocation: "No; they were well at peace when I did leave 'em" (4.3.179).
	clicknotes.com /macbeth/Equiv.html (1066 words)

	Equivocation
		Equivocation is the use of more than one definition of a word or phrase so that a faulty conclusion is reached.
		This includes using a definition of a word in a quotation that is not the definite that the author intended.
		Equivocations range from the obvious, and even silly, to subtle differences that the author may not be aware of.
	info-pollution.com /equivocation.htm (412 words)

	Equivocation
		Equivocation can be accidental, and it can be deliberate.
		When we communicate, one person attempts to send a message and the other attempts to interpret the original meaning.
		Equivocation and other forms of ambiguity lead easily to confusion, which is a mental state where people become open to suggestion.
	changingminds.org /disciplines/argument/fallacies/equivocation.htm (138 words)

	Logical Fallacies .info - Fallacies of Ambiguity - Equivocation
		The fallacy of equivocation is committed when a term is used in two or more different senses within a single argument.
		This argument is obviously fallacious because it equivocates on the word theism.
		The first premise of the argument is only true if theism is understood as belief in a particular kind of god; the second premise of the argument is only true if theism is understood in a medical sense.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /equivocation.html (340 words)

	Matthew Mullins: On Equivocation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For my non linguistic/philosophical friends equivocation is a problem that occurs when a word is used ambiguously.
		Contra Goble, I don't suggest that Derrida is guilty of equivocation, but that Goble is. Derrida, despite all his obscureness, is as clear as one could wish the man to be when it comes to what he thinks of truth.
		I took you, when you raised the issue of equivocation to be saying that because Derrida wasn't seeking after truth as described by Scruton that he wasn't seeking after truth.
	matthew.ektopos.com /archives/2005/12/on_equivocation.html (1746 words)

	The Clinton Equivocation
		Call it the Clinton Equivocation -- the ConWeb's act of minimizing any misdeed by the Bush administration by comparing it to something done allegedly first and worse during the Clinton administration.
		This behavior first surfaced on 9/11, when both NewsMax and WorldNetDaily couldn't wait until the bodies of the victims were cold before rushing to blame President Clinton for the terrorist attacks, as ConWebWatch documented.
		A corollary to the Clinton Equivocation is the Clinton Exception, in which allegations against a Clinton are treated differently than the same allegations made against a conservative.
	conwebwatch.tripod.com /stories/2006/nmclintequiv.html (474 words)

	BiblicalUnitarian.com - Equivocation: The Art of Changing the Rules in the Middle of the Game
		In popular usage, a “square” jaw means something closer to “angular.” It is crucial in the reasoning process that words be used precisely in the same sense when reasoning from one premise to another to a conclusion.
		This is a logically sound argument, but reaches a false conclusion because it equivocates the term “man.” The first use of the term “man” refers to man in his sinful, fallen, condition.
		Equivocation involves the changing of the meaning of a term in the middle of an argument.
	www.biblicalunitarian.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=153 (993 words)

	equivocation
		equivocation: ambiguity or uncertainty of meaning in words; misapprehension arising from the ambiguity of terms; the using of a word or phrase in more than one sense.
		The equivocation web site is primarily a set of personal notes about software, techniques, and other topics I find interesting or useful.
		Because descriptions of software and computer related techniques easily succumb to equivocation.
	equivocation.org (434 words)

	Equivocation
		Equivocation can be accidental, and it can be deliberate.
		When we communicate, one person attempts to send a message and the other attempts to interpret the original meaning.
		Equivocation and other forms of ambiguity lead easily to confusion, which is a mental state where people become open to suggestion.
	www.changingminds.org /disciplines/argument/fallacies/equivocation.htm (138 words)

	Equivocation
		Warren argues that, in fact, this argument faces its own dilemma: either it is guilty of equivocation - or it is guilty of question-begging.
		Or: the question, "Is it wrong to kill fetuses?" is begged as the answer to the question is merely assumed in the premises.
		A still more serious example of equivocation comes in the debate among religious communities over abortion.
	www.drury.edu /ess/Logic/Informal/Equivocation.html (810 words)

	EQUIVOCATION - Definition
		ambiguity, circumlocution, deceit, deception, doublespeak, equivocalness, falsification, hedge, hedging, indirect expression, misrepresentaation, misrepresentation, quibble, quiddity, untruthfulness
		The use of expressions susceptible of a double signification, with a purpose to mislead.
		There being no room for equivocations, there is no need of distinctions.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/equivocation (66 words)

	Boston.com / A&E / Books / Erudition and equivocation
		When I started writing about books some 15 years ago, I had a few models in mind: People, living and dead, who offered me excuses for writing about books the way I wanted to and was able to.
		If my distaste for this is hereditary, it may be that Cooke's facility with pastoral sentiment and his vague air of sententiousness are too.
		He was the son of a Methodist lay preacher; but for the younger Cooke, God has been replaced by decency, sin by misunderstanding, and righteousness by triumphal equivocation.
	www.boston.com /ae/books/articles/2004/12/26/erudition_and_equivocation?pg=2 (614 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: equivocation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is wrong when the information is due by any obligation of justice or charity, but permissible and even advisable when the interrogation is impertinent or unjust; it is practised universally in such cases even by those who affect to deem it wrong.
		Excuses for not admitting visitors when inconvenient and evasive and misleading answers of professional men who are obliged to protect secrets, are examples of justifiable equivocation.
		A classic instance and discussion of this subject is given by Newman in Note C in the appendix to his "Apologia," that of Saint Athanasius when asked by his pursuing persecutors, "Have you seen Athanasius 1" "Yes," he replied, "he is close to you," and they, misled, continued on their course.
	www.catholic-forum.com /SAINTS/ncd03063.htm (160 words)

	Equivocation in MacBeth essays (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Of course, there are many different types of lies; there are lies which do not tell the truth, equivocation, lies of omission, and those "white" lies which do not hurt anyone.
		Someone might use equivocation to allow the recipient to draw their own interpretation of the matter, as a result, causing them to make a hasty decision.
		But equivocation is like putting on only half the mask, to show only half the truth.
	www.directessays.com /viewpaper/88417.html (320 words)

	Before You Ask Part 3
		Equivocation is intentional when someone honors the letter of a question or request, but ignores the spirit.
		Intentional Equivocation allows one to practice deceiving without the usual risks that accompany deception, since it furnishes the perfect alibi, if discovered: the excuse of having or being "misunderstood." Proving fraud by Equivocation may be difficult since it depends on the speaker's intent.
		There are other terms besides "continue," which furnish loopholes via Equivocation; in particular, the terms "truth" and "way." Many friends have come away from confrontations with workers absolutely shocked to their core because they believed workers had outright lied to them concerning the historical 2x2 origins.
	home.earthlink.net /~truth555/BeforeAsk3.html (6902 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: Empedocles-Equivocation
		The appropriate truth-table analysis demonstrates the reliability of both forms.
		Having more than one meaning; see univocal / equivocal.
		The informal fallacy that can result when an ambiguous word or phrase is used in different senses within a single argument.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/e5.htm (1209 words)

	RealClearPolitics - Articles - Clinton's Artless Equivocation on 'The Path to 9/11'
		But it is far enough away from the truth to be classified as, if not a bold lie, an artless equivocation.
		And having read the complete report when it came out more than two years ago, I think it is an inescapable fact that a vacillating, equivocating administration had more than one opportunity to take out terrorist mastermind Bin Laden, but blew it.
		It is couched in equivocations such as Clinton "authorized the use of force" and that the president and Berger had authorized Tenet to "get" Bin Laden.
	www.realclearpolitics.com /articles/2006/09/clinton_i_wasnt_soft_on_bin_la.html (925 words)

	equivocation - 국내최대의 영어사전, 전문용어, 의학 용어도 OK
		equivocation - 국내최대의 영어사전, 전문용어, 의학 용어도 OK Dictionary
		그러나 equivocal은 뜻의 이중적 혼란으로 인한 속임수가 고의적인 것이고, ambiguous는 그런 속임수가 고의적일 수도 있고 고의적이 아닌 것일 수도 있다.
		He that will live in this world must be endowed with the three rare
	dic.impact.pe.kr /ecmaster-cgi/search.cgi?kwd=equivocation (51 words)

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