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	Coca eradication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coca eradication is a strategy strongly promoted by the U.S. government as part of its "War on Drugs" to eliminate the cultivation of coca, a plant whose leaves are used in the manufacture of cocaine.
		Plots denuded of coca plants by mechanical means (burning or cutting) or chemical herbicides, such as Monsanto's Roundup, are abandoned and cause serious problems with erosion in seasonal rains.
		As such, the total eradication of coca (the stated goal of past and present U.S. administrations) is neither desirable nor feasible; it would be comparable to demanding France eradicate its grapevines or America its tobacco fields.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coca_eradication (1409 words)

	Peru : In Depth : The People \| Frommers.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Coca as an antidote to widespread rural poverty in rural Peru was not lost on either campesinos or the Peruvian government.
		Coca remains a sacred plant, one that mediates between the inner, spiritual world and the exterior world inhabited by man. It is a potent symbol of community spirit and respect.
		Coca leaves are chewed, dispensed from ritualistic pouches during festivals and ceremonies, and spread on blankets to predict the future.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/peru/0814020416.html (1264 words)

	Coca eradication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As such, total eradication of coca (the stated goal of past and present US adminstrations) is neither desirable nor feasible; it would be comparable to demanding France eradicate its grapevines or America destroy its tobacco fields.
		With the growth of the Colombian drug cartelss in the 1980s, coca leaf became a valuable agricultural commodity, particularly in Peru and Bolivia, where the quality of coca is higher than in Colombia.
		According to its estimates, the area cultivated with coca in Bolivia rose from 244 km² in 2002 to 284.5 km² in June 2003, but this increase was more than offset in Peru, where the area fell from 366 km² to 311.5 km².
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/coca_eradication (1080 words)

	U.S. Announces Gains in Eradicating Andean Coca
		The estimates on the Colombia fields for 2003, which were prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency, show a 21 percent decline in the cultivation of coca, from which cocaine is derived.
		They are being pushed into more hazardous zones, having graduated from the days of huge industrial-size coca fields, when pilots "would pull the trigger on the spray and keep the trigger depressed until they ran out of chemical," said one official who works on counternarcotics operations.
		Coca fields are now often hidden away in rebel-held zones that are easier to defend.
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /drugs/eradicating.htm (1167 words)

	Encyclopedia: Coca eradication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.
		Erosion is the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock, and so forth) by the agents of wind, water, ice, movement in response to gravity, or living organisms (in the case...
		Evo Morales Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959) is the left-wing leader of the Bolivian cocalero movement, a loose federation of coca leaf-growing campesinos who are resisting the efforts of the Bolivian government to eradicate coca in the province of Chapare in southeastern Bolivia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Coca-eradication (2364 words)

	A Decade After the Coca Boom: Politics and Economics in Bolivia's Chapare Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Plan’s text explained that the sum of $2,000 per hectare of coca eradicated during the period of "voluntary eradication" was designed to help the farmer "to change his way of life and become a part of society" (from the text of the Plan Trienal, quoted in Lee 73).
		Coca leaf alleviates hunger, thirst, and fatigue; it helps with stomach and circulatory ailments; and it is a source of nutrients and energy for long days at work.
		The coca growers movement’s defense of the coca economy alludes to the fifth hypothesis taken from Calderón, Piscitelli, and Reyna’s work on new social movements: "There is a terrible tension between society and state, which necessarily entails the germination of a new power structure that, for now, is more latent than manifest" (25).
	www.georgetown.edu /sfs/programs/clas/Pubs/entre2000/cocaboom.html (6912 words)

	Coca Fields: Better than Devastation?
		Pushed by the U.S. to step up the pace of its coca eradication program, the government promises a frontal assault on the coca in the park, which it says is both illegal and an environmental disaster.
		Most Bolivians believe the coca growers when they say that despite the $221 million invested in finding alternatives over the past 10 years, coca is still their only hope for survival.
		According to the 1993 study, "the very small farms needed to sustain a living wage based on coca cultivation are significantly smaller than the size of non-coca based farms required to generate an equivalent level of income." Without coca, twice as much deforested land might be needed to support the Chapare's current population.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF1702/Schmidt/Schmidt.html (1588 words)

	CNN Specials - Colombia: War Without End
		The fields of southern Colombia are home to the world's richest concentration of coca, estimated to contain anywhere between 75,000 and 100,000 hectares (185,250 to 247,000 acres) of the plant, according to the Colombian army.
		The region is ground zero for a new military offensive aimed at eradicating fields of coca and poppy (the flower from which heroin is derived) and smashing the drug-trafficking networks that provide most of the world its cocaine.
		The FARC admits it taxes coca farmers and traffickers, a source of hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue for the rebels, according to Colombian authorities.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/2000/colombia.noframes/story/reports/campesinos/index.html (1991 words)

	Bolivian Coca Growers Fight Eradication - Global Policy Forum - Social and Economic Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Franco, 42, holding a plastic bag of coca leaves in his leathery hands as he squatted with family and neighbors in the shade of a mango tree.
		Cocalero leader Evo Morales is demanding that every family in Chapare be allowed to cultivate roughly 1.2 acres of coca, or that eradication be halted while a study of domestic demand is conducted.
		In contrast, coca plants yield three or four harvests a year, the leaves are lightweight and easy to transport and, most important, buyers abound.
	www.globalpolicy.org /socecon/develop/2003/0325boli.htm (1502 words)

	Coca, Trade and Environment
		The shift in coca production from traditional use to a cash-crop is beginning to have detrimental effects on the Andean culture, the region's economy, and the environment.
		For example, the coca eradication and substitution programs, promoted by the U.S. and Andean governments, may serve to limit the production of coca, which will deprive poor people of their most profitable income.
		Some of the herbicides found to be effective in eradicating coca species are also highly toxic chemicals that harm other plant species and find their way into surface and ground water.
	gurukul.ucc.american.edu /ted/coca.htm (1739 words)

	United Press International - Business & Economics - Feature: Coca -- chew, sip or nibble (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Coca leaves, in short, are as much a way of life and a food staple to those high up in the Andes as are corn and potatoes.
		While neighboring Colombia is the world's biggest producer of cocaine, Peru remains the single-largest provider of coca leaves, providing the raw ingredient to nearly two-thirds of cocaine in the world with an estimated 250 tons per year, according to a finding by the American University in Washington.
		Its efforts to eradicate coca production in Peru had been regarded as particularly successful until 2000, as production declined steadily for the five years in a row from 233,168 acres to 84,474, according to the U.S. State Department.
	www.upi.com /view.cfm?StoryID=11032002-041328-4917r (1301 words)

	Coca eradication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, the U.S. figures were very different from preliminary estimates in September 2003 by the head of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in Colombia, which indicated that output in Peru and Bolivia may have risen by as much 21 percent, or 150 km², so far this year.
		At the start of 2003, there were 1,740 km² of coca in worldwide cultivation, and Colombia represented more than 60 percent of that total.
		However, a March 2005 report by the ONDCP indicated that despite record aerial spraying of over 130,000 hectares of coca in Colombia in 2004, the total area under coca cultivation remained “statistically unchanged” at 114,000 hectares.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Coca-eradication.htm (1329 words)

	The Great Cocaine Quagmire
		Nor was he interested in eradicating the coca fields under the paras' control.
		The cornerstone of the strategy is the push into the coca fields of guerrilla-controlled southern Colombia, which began in December.
		The coca crop came to Colombia because the United States was "successful" in reducing it by sixty-six percent in Bolivia and by fifty-five percent in Peru.
	www.mapinc.org /tlcnews/v01/n630/a05.htm (3040 words)

	Inca Trail Trek
		Coca is a naturally occurring mild plant stimulant (see also caffeine; sugar; tobacco; kola nuts) which has many traditional cultural uses in the Andean region, such as chewing or brewing in tea to alleviate stomach upsets and the effects of altitude sickness.
		Coca leaves can also be used as a highly effective compress on wounds, a well-recognized anti-nauseate (used in pregnancy, by the ill and by those affected by altitude sickness), and as a hunger-suppressant, most frequently utilized by Bolivian miners to prolong working stints.
		Coca leaves are among the most significant ritual items of the Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche cultural groups (descendants of the Inca civilization, and now numbering around eleven million people in the Andean region), who use them as sacrificial offerings to deities, as well as traditional items of ritual exchange, currency and cookery.
	www.mountainmadness.com /trekking/incatrail.cfm (4514 words)

	Narco News Interviews Dionicio Núñez in Yungas: Paradise Regained
		The poorest, most insurrectionist, people in Bolivia, awaited the candidate in dozens of towns and communities, among the coca fields, at all hours, to see him and say that the Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of Peoples, the MAS party, was theirs, and that they were ready to triumph.
		The coca fields are found in each hillside and the stars appear as young as when they were put here for our delight.
		Or the authorities will count two coca fields eradicated where only one was eliminated in order to give the impression that eradication advances in Yungas.
	www.narconews.com /yungas1.html (4474 words)

	Encyclopedia: Alberto Fujimori (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Even before the coup, relations with the United States had been strained because of Fujimori's reluctance to sign an accord that would increase U.S. and Peruvian military efforts in eradicating coca fields.
		Peruvians saw drugs as primarily a U.S. problem and the least of their concerns, given the economic crisis, Shining Path and MRTA insurgents, and an outbreak of cholera, which further isolated Peru because of a resulting ban on food imports.
		Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alberto-Fujimori (9527 words)

	NotiSur - Latin American Political Affairs; October 27, 1995
		In September, however, the coca growers reached an agreement with the government to allow eradication of new coca fields in exchange for a government commitment not to use police to carry out the eradication.
		In addition, critics charge that US-imposed government eradication programs applied since 1988 have been, for the most part, a failure, with new fields springing up almost as soon as old fields were eradicated.
		The agreement to voluntarily allow some eradication was reached in Cochabamba between Interior Minister Carlos Sanchez Berzain; the head of the organized coca growers, Evo Morales; leaders of the COB; and the campesino organization Confederacion de Trabajadores Campesinos (CSTUCB).
	ssdc.ucsd.edu /news/notisur/h95/notisur.19951027.html (4252 words)

	Narco News: The Contradictions of Coca Eradication in Bolivia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Behind the failure of the U.S.-promoted eradication policy in the Chapare region is a gross misunderstanding of the use of coca leaves in Bolivia and elsewhere, say activists and experts attending the Out of the Shadows drug legalization conference in Merida, Mexico.
		Today, coca is primarily “consumed orally,” in a manner similar to chewing tobacco, but it is also used to make tea and in indigenous ceremonies.
		Retail coca leaf vendors often have leaves from both regions on sale, and in three of the nation’s poorest provinces near Cochabamba, Chapare coca is sold exclusively, he says.
	www.narconews.com /Issue28/article625.html (1046 words)

	Global Exchange : nyt082500.html
		But leaders around the region say that the nature of the war is about to change with the release of $1.3 billion in new American aid over the next two years to train and equip an antinarcotics army brigade and that the impact on their nations is likely to increase.
		Whether or not the rebels stand and fight to support the coca growers and traffickers, whose protection money finances their war effort, tens of thousands of coca growers are likely to move far and wide, taking their seedlings and guerrilla protection with them.
		Gen. Fernando Tapias, the chief of the Colombian armed forces, argued last week that eradicating the coca fields in the Putumayo and Caquetá provinces of Colombia would deprive the FARC of a source of hundreds of millions of dollars a year, and hence its ability to make war.
	www.globalexchange.org /colombia/nyt082500.html (1077 words)

	Coca fields growing, CIA says
		BOGOTA - Preliminary CIA estimates show that coca fields have expanded wildly in southern Colombia, growing by more than 50 percent in a year, a U.S. official said Thursday.
		Drug traffickers have planted more coca, increased yields and improved jungle laboratories that process coca leaves into cocaine, he said.
		Umberg said such benchmarks might include how much coca-growing land is yanked from drug traffickers' control, how many coca plants are eradicated and whether planes spraying coca crops with herbicide can penetrate deeper into the jungle.
	www.colombiasupport.net /200001/mh-ciacoca-0121.html (664 words)

	Drug Production and Trade - Encyclopedia of World Environmental History 2003 - Geopium - P.-A. Chouvy
		Indeed, swiddening, or shifting cultivation, is a common practice among opium producers in the forests of Southeast Asia and among coca growers in the Andes.
		Such fields are commonly cultivated for three to four years before being left fallow for seven to ten years; new patches are then cleared.
		Also, the coca plant and the opium poppy are mainly grown on the slopes of mountains or hills, which are vulnerable to water erosion.
	www.pa-chouvy.org /Drug_production_trade_Environment.html (2067 words)

	CNN.com - Troops destroy coca field near Colombia border - Dec. 27, 2003
		Venezuelan troops destroyed a 15 acre coca field and cocaine-processing laboratory near the Colombian border, the National Guard said Saturday.
		In May, the United States and Venezuela signed an agreement to cooperate on eradicating coca and opium fields in the Sierra Perija mountains.
		In 2001 -- the last year for which figures were available -- up to 20 acres of coca fields were cultivated in a northern mountainous region of Zulia, the U.S. State Department said.
	premium.asia.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/americas/12/27/venezuela.coca.ap/index.html (341 words)

	The Opium Trade Makes A Comeback
		Last week as I crossed Takher province, field after field of the delicate pink flowers were in full bloom, their deadly sap being lanced from the long-stemmed green bulbs by an army of farmers.
		A genial elderly man with long, grey sideburns and beard, and wearing a woollen bobble hat, he more resembles the cartoon image of Santa's little helper than the cultivator and salesman of the opium resin that contributes to Afghanistan's renewed claim to fame as the world's number-one heroin producer.
		He adds: "While the administration has made inroads into eradicating Colombian coca fields and is attacking Colombia's heroin as well, it has dangerously ignored Afghanistan's poppy problem." Many Afghan local government politicians are equally bemused by the mixed messages coming from the central government, and from religious leaders.
	www.mapinc.org /newscc/v04/n855/a02.html?397 (737 words)

	Worldandnation: Colombia's foe in drug war: itself
		By the time they start to tackle the smaller peasant-owned coca fields, officials say, crop substitution projects will be in place to provide the basis for a new alternative economy.
		Despite the sacrifice it entails for local farmers, the idea of manual eradication appears to be catching on in Putumayo and elsewhere.
		New strains of the coca plant and greater efficiency in the chemical cocaine conversion process have enabled cocaine production to jump threefold in the past two years to more than 400 metric tons.
	www.sptimes.com /News/082700/Worldandnation/Colombia_s_foe_in_dru.shtml (2275 words)

	[CTRL] Colombia effort raises fears of another Vietnam
		Still, U.S. and Colombian officials are heralding Plan Colombia as a key step toward eliminating the source of much of the drugs that enter the United States and the economic means by which a guerrilla insurgency there has been funded.
		The overall goal of Plan Columbia is to hold coca production steady by the end of 2001 and to cut it in half over five years.
		Colombia is the world's leading cultivator of coca and the source of most of the cocaine and much of the heroin entering the United States.
	www.mail-archive.com /ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg59788.html (1668 words)

	[No title]
		The goal is to aid the military in eradicating coca fields, a task that has proven difficult because of guerrilla control of much of the coca-producing territory.
		Crop eradication has been a part of the U.S. War on Drugs since the 1970s; since the mid-1990s, the effort to destroy coca and opium poppies in South America has intensified dramatically, with Peru and Bolivia receiving substantial aid from the U.S. for that purpose.
		Equally problematic is the single-minded focus on the guerrillas, ignoring the narcotraffickers in the Northern part of Colombia and the 40 percent of the coca leaf grown outside of the guerrillas’ territory.
	ase.tufts.edu /hemispheres/2001/Greenstein.doc (5809 words)

	TIME.com Print Page: World -- Drugs, Violence and Peace: A Colombian Gunman Speaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We control about 25,000 hectares in Santander province and another 20,000 in south Bolivar — coca zones that we won in battle from the FARC and the ELN [the smaller leftist National Liberation Front].
		We're not opposed to eradicating the coca fields, but as long as those crops are there, and guerrillas are nearby, we'll keep asking for a tax from the coca growers.
		The farmer earns more with coca than other crops, but at the same time, everything costs him much, much more in coca-producing zones.
	www.time.com /time/world/printout/0,8816,89366,00.html (1075 words)

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