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Topic: Ergative

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	Ergative-absolutive language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An ergative-absolutive language (or simply ergative) is one that treats the subject of transitive verbs distinctly from the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs.
		Many languages classified as ergative in fact show split ergativity, whereby syntactic and/or morphological ergative pattern are conditioned by some part of the grammatical context (typically the persons of the verb arguments, or the tense/aspect of the verb).
		As an example of split ergativity, is found in the Urdu and Hindi languages, that have an ergative case on subjects in tenses showing perfective aspect for transitive and ditransitive verbs, while for other cases subjects apear in nominative case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ergative-absolutive_language (1059 words)

	Ergative case - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In ergative-absolutive languages, the ergative case identifies the subject of a transitive verb.
		In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked.
		Ergative languages may be syntactically or morphologically ergative, or both.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ergative_case (160 words)

	[No title]
		An ergative case-marking is a system in which the Nominative marks the [PAT] of sentences, while an accusative case-marking is a system in which Nominative marks the macrorole [actr].
		First, the form a, the reflex of the non-personal determiner (n)a, preceded by the ergative* marking preposition i became e, just as some other a which were preceded, or followed by a non-low vowel i did, and the sequence i e eventually became e.
		A re-examination of the grammatical ergativity of Tongan.
	www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp /~ritsuko/papers/8ical_97pr.doc (12427 words)

	dstub
		In both the latter cases, the ergative coargument is not overt in the clause.
		Ergative arguments, including preverbal pronouns tend to be omitted at least as often as not, whether or not a plausible potential referent has been identified in the discourse.
		The primary perceived disadvantage of the ASH is one which also afflicts the theoretical analysis of 'deep ergative' languages and explains the desire of theoreticians to reduce ergative languages to accusative ones: why should semantically transitive predicates in these languages treat their most patient-like argument as grammatically the most prominent (i.e.
	www.sultry.arts.usyd.edu.au /LFG98/austro/dukes/nframes/dpart3.htm (3160 words)

	[No title]
		Furthermore, raising predicates cognate with the Samoan ones are found in the ergative languages Tuvaluan (}{\i mafai}{, }{\i ttau}{, }{\i ka:mata}{, }{\i ma:sani}{; Besnier 1988) and Tokelauan (}{\i mafai}{, }{\i tatau}{, }{ \i ka:mata}{, }{\i ma:hani}{; Hooper 1993).
		Ergative arguments, i ncluding preverbal pronouns tend to be omitted at least as often as not, whether or not a plausible potential referent has been identified in the discourse.
		Ergative predicates can be quite freely derived from middle predicates via attachment of the suffix }{\i -'i}{, which Churchward (1953:240) refers to as the 'transitive suffix', following the standard terminology describing cognate suffixes in other ergative Polynesian languages.
	www.sultry.arts.usyd.edu.au /LFG98/austro/download/dukes.rtf (7478 words)

	Iranica.com - ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION
		An ergative construction is then one in which S has grammatical properties identical to those of O, and distinct from those of A.
		To put it differently, in a full ergative construction involving both verb-agreement and case-marking, called by some Iranists also "passive" construction, and used with the past tenses of transitive verbs, the verb accords not with its "agent" or "logical subject" (A), which is put in the oblique case, but with its object (O).
		Pashto is ergative with respect to case-marking, since S and O (z™) are both in the absolute case, while A (ta@) is in the oblique case.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f5/v8f566.html (1332 words)

	[No title]
		Ergative languages are commonly described as only allowing relativization on S (Subject of an intransitive sentence) and O or P (Direct Object of a transitive sentence), but not the A (Subject of a transitive sentence).
		Traditionally, ergative languages have been characterized as languages in which the subject of an intransitive sentence and the direct object of a transitive sentence have the same morphological marking (usually understood to include case inflection/case marker and agreement), but the subject of a transitive sentence has a distinct marking (Dixon 1972, 1979, and 1994).
		In this paper, ergative languages refer to languages in which the subject of an intransitive sentence and the direct object of a transitive sentence have the same grammatical relation coding (case marker and/or word order), but the subject of a transitive sentence has a distinct grammatical relation coding.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~hsiuchua/wp-NPAH.ergative.doc (5016 words)

	Return to conference page
		For one particular language to exhibit some but not all of the characteristics of ergativity is problematic for an ergativity macroparameter.
		We begin with Malagasy – a language that appears in some respects to be ergative (similar to Tagalog, as discussed by Schachter 1976 and Maclachlan 1996).
		This lack of cohesion is problematic for theories of ergativity that attempt to tie ergative properties to a particular syntactic structure.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /afla/AbPaulTravis.htm (447 words)

	Ergativity in Indo-Aryan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Here we show a selection and compare the ergative markers to dative markers of the same languages in order to show that some of the forms appear to have a marked similarity (this preshadows some of the discussion in the next section).
		It is indubitably the case that the modern ergative patterns occur primarily in conjunction with the verbal morphology descended from the original Sanskrit -ta.
		Ergativity as Licensed by the Development of IP In contrast, Deo 2001a argues that the historical development of ergativity in modern Indo-Aryan languages can be explained by a cross-linguistically attested historical shift: the development of a more articulated phrase structure in the form of an IP.
	www.stanford.edu /~adeo/ia-erg.html (3275 words)

	On the Genesis of the Ergative Construction in Indo-Iranian
		The genesis, development and gradual dis-appearance of the ergative sentence construction is documented and confirmed in Iranian manuscripts and inscriptions of varying degrees of antiquity.
		The ergative construction co-exists with the nominative one throughout the course of its development, although it is not found in some Indo-Iranian languages.
		This conception of the emergence of the ergative construction from out of a nominative structure might seem to conflict with the latest achievements in the theory of ergativity which can be found in the fundamental and innovatory work of Klimov (1973 [53]).
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/KURDICA/2002/1/IndoIranErg.html (2448 words)

	Ergative verb: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Ergative verb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In English language, an ergative verb is a verb whose action affects the subject, rather than the object, of the verb.
		Another way to describe this is that a normal verb's patient is its object, whereas an ergative verb's patient is its subject.
		See also: intransitive, transitive, ditransitive; compare to ergative case, nominative case.
	www.encyclopedian.com /er/Ergative-verb.html (118 words)

	Polish being “ergative”
		In the latter languages a special Case marking, i.e., the ergative marking is triggered by a particular tense or aspect; cf.
		The “ergative pattern”, normally restricted to perfective sentences, is claimed to be basically unaccusative.
		Ergative Case marking results from the the non-incorporated preposition (of the possessor/locative phrase).
	elex.amu.edu.pl /ifa/plm/2003/abs_blaszczak.htm (786 words)

	SSILA 2004 Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There are two allomorphs of the ergative morpheme: one occurs before consonant-initial roots while the other occurs before vowel-initial roots.
		Yukatek is exceptional in that the language also uses the “ergative” morphemes to cross-reference the subject of incompletive intransitive verbs.
		The basic acquisition question we have asked at this stage is whether Mayan children acquire the ergative set of inflections in a uniform manner.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/meetings/SSILA04/abstracts/brown.htm (275 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN VERBAL INFLECTION AND NOMINAL DECLENSION
		However, there is an intimate connection in many languages between expressed ergatively marked agents and perfectivity/pastness (Dixon 1998:97-101) and definiteness.
		At this stage of development, the "genitive" in -(o)s, from which the later ergative* (and nominative) is derived (Beekes 1995:194), will still have been properly a comitative (v.
		Ergative: the earliest ergative was probably identical with the instrumental (**ek
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/2803/IE-VerbalInflection.htm (2657 words)

	ergativeverbs
		He used “ergative” to describe languages in which the subjects of intransitive verbs and the objects of transitives are treated the same syntactically or morphologically.
		Moreover, only two of the 17 speakers who produced nonstandard uses of the auxiliary be with ergatives were among the ten who used be incorrectly with the other verbs, indicating that the faulty selection of be does not have the same origin in the two cases.
		Yip used a grammaticality judgement test on ergative verbs as a pre-test, then the students participated in a Consciousness - Raising class, and two weeks later the same grammaticality judgement test was administered as a post-test.
	home.allgaeu.org /ndoell/work/ergativeverbs.htm (4109 words)

	Lesson 4 · Ergative
		Ergativity is one of the features of the Basque language that makes it so attractive to linguists.
		Ergativity is a linguistic term that means that the subject of a transitive verb carries a special marker (to distinguish it from the subject of an intransitive verb).
		Remember that the verbs used with UKAN and UKAN itself are all transitive and require the ergative marker “k” on the subject.
	basque.unr.edu /07/7.4.1t/7.4.5.5.ergative4.htm (296 words)

	Ergativity in Suleimaniye Kurdish
		Ergativity in the morphology of a language manifests itself through the means employed for marking (identifying) grammatical function [ Anderson 1976:3 ].
		The measure of syntactic ergativity present in a language can be gauged by the extent to which the application of syntactic rules differentiates subject and object as a class separate from agent.
		Therefore, relativization is not applicable for the purpose of determining the presence of ergative syntax.
	home.earthlink.net /~rcfriend/ESK.htm (7249 words)

	INFLECTION
		In this case, the morpheme is k, which reflects the fact that the ergative phrase is a second person singular, and moreover, that the individual the ergative phrase denotes is male.
		In the case of the examples we are considering here, the root of the auxiliary is different: in the cases where the morpheme signals the presence of an ergative phrase (36), (37), the root is au, that is, the auxiliary is a form of ukan 'to have'.
		In these forms, the ergative phrase is signaled in the auxiliary by means of the marker that normally signals absolutive, as the paradigm in (57) indicates.
	www.ehu.es /grammar/gram42.htm (5930 words)

	Ergativity main page
		I argue that ergative case is not equivalent to nominative nor to accusative case in that it is direct, inherent and assigned internally to vP to the external agent argument.
		Thus, at least one instance of syntactic ergativity is shown to be a manifestation of morphological ergativity.
		We conclude that ergativity characteristics vary not only from language to language but even within languages and within particular constructions raising serious doubt as to whether there is a macroparameter of ergativity and even whether there is a necessary clustering of ergative characteristics in any construction.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~ajohns/ergativity.html (1437 words)

	Ergative case - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Two major case systems found in languages are the nominative-accusative and the ergative-absolutive.
		Notice that gizon is different depending on whether it is the subject of a transitive or intransitive verb.
		See also nominative case, absolutive case, accusative case, dative case, genitive case, vocative case, ablative case; compare to ergative verb.
	openproxy.ath.cx /er/Ergative_case.html (297 words)

	CASES AND POSTPOSITIONS
		Notice that one case morpheme attached at the end suffices to mark the entire Noun phrase; that is, we do not have to attach an ergative marker to each of the words of the Noun phrase in (1a), nor do we have to add more than one dative marker in (1b).
		You see that the gloss for the ergative ending is 'E', and the gloss for the dative case ending is 'D'.
		However, (14c) is not grammatical, the reason being that the partitive marker is attached to the subject of the transitive verb, whose case is ergative.
	www.ehu.es /grammar/gram3.htm (3626 words)

	Basque language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The subject of an intransitive verb is in the absolutive case (which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the direct object of a transitive verb.
		The subject of the transitive verb (that is, the agent) is marked differently, with the ergative case (shown by the suffix -k).
		Martin-ek is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending -k (with an epenthetic -e-).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basque_language (2071 words)

	Ergative case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Table Cases In ergative-absolutive languages, the ergative case identifies the subject (grammar) of a transitive verb.
		New work in case theory has vigorously supported the idea that ergative case identifies the agent(aka intentful does of action) of a verb (Woolford 2004).
		Certain Australian languages possess an intransitive case and an accusative case along with an ergative case, and lack an absolutive case.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Grammatical-cases/Ergative-case.html (105 words)

	Passivisation of Ergative Verb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Considering the paired ergative verbs which have causative alternants, some researchers claim that passivisation of these verbs in some contexts is a grammatical error.
		Besides, grammaticality of the structure with certain paired ergative verbs in some contexts is open to question since considerable number of native speakers of English seem to have different views about the matter.
		that requires ergative structure was written, and each passage was ended with an incomplete sentence, where the predicate was missing.
	www20.uludag.edu.tr /~acan/studies/ergativpassive.htm (4807 words)

	Dissertation Web
		The purpose of the study was to investigate the acquisition of English ergative verbs by Turkish EFL students.
		However, the difference in the number of incorrect judgments about cut ergative structure (e.g., The window broke) and in the number of errors in the test sentences with ergative verbs was not statistically significant.
		The repeated-measures t-test indicated that at the low and mid levels the difference in the number of incorrect judgments about full ergative and passive structures of ergative verbs was statistically significant whereas at the high level this difference was not significant.
	www.ali.iup.edu /DJT/graduatestudy/MastersAbstracts/Abdullayeva.html (350 words)

	Baltic and Indo-European Ergative - Jiri Marvan
		In the last ten years, attention to the problem of IE ergative was renewed and intensified,2 especially in the Soviet Union.
		Thus, P. Trost's deep and ingenious analysis as presented in (II), remarkably close to the ergative definition (I).was one of the main sources for postulation of the ergative in Baltic and in Lithuanian particularly.
		It is necessary to consider the ergative structure as a universal complement of the objective structure.
	www.lituanus.org /1973/73_1_04.htm (1653 words)

	Case: Interaction between Syntax and Discourse Grammar
		The phenomenon of split ergativity shows that, contrary to the usual description, the only real difference between nominative-accusative languages and ergative languages is the existence of ergative Case.
		1 This view of the moral of split ergativity contradicts the conventional wisdom, according to which one argument of a transitive clause must be marked with morphological Case to avoid ambiguity.
		The fact that the form derives historically from an ancestral ergative is, of course, just as irrelevant to the synchronic analysis of Dyirbal as the fact that most of the English accusative pronouns derive from Old English datives is to the synchronic analysis of English.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /LFG/3/falk.html (4528 words)

	NHG Grammar: Ergative Verb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A verb which i) can appear in transitive and intranstitive constructions and ii) where the accusative complement of the transitive verb appears as the subject complement of the intransitive verb.
		The term ergative is derived from the Greek root erg- "to work" (e.g.
		Indo-European languages may have reflexes of an ergative system (note that the nominative and accusative of neuter o-stem nouns is formally related to the accusative of masculine o-stems), but IE languages (and therefore German) are overwhelmingly nominative in character.
	www.staff.ncl.ac.uk /jon.west/nhggr/nhggr_ergativeverb_data.htm (212 words)

	Ergatives
		Verbs in English that are termed ergative display the kind of alternation shown in the sentences in ((7)) below.
		The pattern of ergative pairs as seen in ((7)) is for the object of the transitive sentence to be the subject of the intransitive sentence.
		The only hint of the relation between the intransitive ergatives and the transitive ergatives would be that ergative verbs would select both tree families.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~xtag/release-8.31.98-html/node82.html (570 words)

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