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Topic: Ergative case

Related Topics

Dedative case

Absolutive case

Allative case

Sociative case

Lative case

Illative case

Inessive case

Elative case

Essive case

Accusative case

Vocative case

Dative case

List of grammatical cases

Active language

Prosecutive case

	Iranica.com - ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION
		An ergative construction is then one in which S has grammatical properties identical to those of O, and distinct from those of A.
		To put it differently, in a full ergative construction involving both verb-agreement and case-marking, called by some Iranists also "passive" construction, and used with the past tenses of transitive verbs, the verb accords not with its "agent" or "logical subject" (A), which is put in the oblique case, but with its object (O).
		Table 4, this principle had a passive orientation in the case of transitive verbs, with the agent expressed either by a genitive noun phrase (4.i), or a genitive clitic pronoun (4.ii).
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f5/v8f566.html (1332 words)

	[No title]
		In Fijian, the noun phrases are not morphologically case marked, as na ika “the fish” and na pusi “the cat” in sentence (20).
		However, the assignment of the case forms is different in the two languages, since the noun phrase which occurs in the intransitive clause, and therefore is analyzed as the Nominative case form, is different.
		A re-examination of the grammatical ergativity of Tongan.
	www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp /~ritsuko/papers/8ical_97pr.doc (12427 words)

	Case
		Case marking involves attaching an affix to the root (or ‘basic’ part) of a noun to indicate the role that noun plays in a sentence.
		The most important, or core grammatical case markers of a language are those that mark the subject of an intransitive verb (IS), the subject (or agent) of a transitive verb (TS) and the object (or patient) of a transitive verb (TO).
		When we say that Jiwarli is an split ergative language, we are referring to the manner in which Jiwarli groups the core grammatical roles of IS, TS and TO.
	www.linguistics.unimelb.edu.au /research/projects/jiwarli/gramm.case.html (757 words)

	Ergativity in Indo-Aryan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is indubitably the case that the modern ergative patterns occur primarily in conjunction with the verbal morphology descended from the original Sanskrit -ta.
		Ergativity as Licensed by the Development of IP In contrast, Deo 2001a argues that the historical development of ergativity in modern Indo-Aryan languages can be explained by a cross-linguistically attested historical shift: the development of a more articulated phrase structure in the form of an IP.
		The Sanskrit instrumental case marker is not the ancestor of the ergative in most of the modern Indo-Aryan languages and the true ancestor of modern forms such as ne/ni or le remains to be identified conclusively.
	www.stanford.edu /~adeo/ia-erg.html (3275 words)

	Return to conference page
		For one particular language to exhibit some but not all of the characteristics of ergativity is problematic for an ergativity macroparameter.
		We begin with Malagasy – a language that appears in some respects to be ergative (similar to Tagalog, as discussed by Schachter 1976 and Maclachlan 1996).
		This lack of cohesion is problematic for theories of ergativity that attempt to tie ergative properties to a particular syntactic structure.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /afla/AbPaulTravis.htm (447 words)

	CASES AND POSTPOSITIONS
		Notice that one case morpheme attached at the end suffices to mark the entire Noun phrase; that is, we do not have to attach an ergative marker to each of the words of the Noun phrase in (1a), nor do we have to add more than one dative marker in (1b).
		In both cases, the distinction involves the addition of a morpheme: ga in the case of animates, ta in the case of inanimate phrases lacking a singular determiner.
		Other cases where no singular determiner ends the Noun phrase are constituted by plural Noun phrases, which are ended in the plural determiners ak or ok, or in the plural versions of demonstratives.
	www.ehu.es /grammar/gram3.htm (3626 words)

	[No title]
		The case marker used for transitive agents is called ergative case, while the case marker (often zero, as in Walmatjari) used for transitive patients and intransitive subjects is called absolutive case.
		Case assignment may be determined on the basis of grammatical relations or semantic roles, or some combination of the two.
		Dative case in Dyirbal is normally used for oblique arguments, so the fact that the patient takes dative case in the antipassive construction suggests that it has been demoted to oblique status.
	www-lfg.stanford.edu /bresnan/128_2002/kroeger-ch11.doc (8256 words)

	Cases in Indo-European Languages: an article by Cyril Babaev
		Case is a grammar category of nominal parts of speech which expresses their syntactic relation to other words of the sentence.
		Ergative case functions as the subject and indirect object, absolutive case - as the subject and the direct object.
		Nominative was the case of the subject in the sentence.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article10.html (2973 words)

	Ergative case - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Two major case systems found in languages are the nominative-accusative and the ergative-absolutive.
		The first form is the absolutive case and the second form is the ergative case.
		See also nominative case, absolutive case, accusative case, dative case, genitive case, vocative case, ablative case; compare to ergative verb.
	openproxy.ath.cx /er/Ergative_case.html (297 words)

	Ergative case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Table Cases In ergative-absolutive languages, the ergative case identifies the subject (grammar) of a transitive verb.
		In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked.
		New work in case theory has vigorously supported the idea that ergative case identifies the agent(aka intentful does of action) of a verb (Woolford 2004).
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Grammatical-cases/Ergative-case.html (105 words)

	Georgian: Verbal Syntax and Ergativity
		Ergativity in and of itself is not exceptionally marked in a language, although traditional linguistics, which has been based upon the work of Indo-European-speaking scholars, for whom ergativity seemed foreign and therefore unnatural, has tended to regard ergativity as something strange or uncommon.
		The Caucasian language family is one of the most significant in terms of European ergative language groups; most of its members have some form of ergativity inherent to their syntax and structure, and offer interesting cases of study since they have been fairly well-documented and are still readily accessible to field workers.
		Although Georgian nouns are marked for case and number, there are several different sets of zero morphemes; this often makes it necessary to refer to the encoding markers on the verb to determine the case of the nouns involved.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/L12paperprint.html (1666 words)

	Model of the Syntactic Structure of Early Proto-Indoeuropean
		At the moment when a new case called "nominative" occured for use as the agent both in transitive and intransitive sentences a nominative language was born.
		An ergative language of the type described above is a weak type one because just before the establishment of the nominative the verb showed concordance to the agent whereas in ergative languages of the strong type the verb shows concordance to the subject i.e.
		At the time when the nominative as new agent case (ending in -s/-d) was developed to be used both in transitive and in intransitive sentences, a direct transformation from the former ergativic system to the current nominative system took place as you can see in the table above.
	members.pgv.at /homer/INDOEURO/syntax.htm (648 words)

	[No title]
		These cases of obligatory inversion are in essence Ã ÃgrammaticalizedÄ Ä uses of the inverse voice under the same basic conditions©©the patient outranks the agent in topicality.
		In the case of subject, there is a substantial range of syntactic properties associated with it, and considerable cross©linguistic variation in how they bundle.
		There is every reason to expect, as is the case with other categories, that different properties may in fact reflect different functional motivations, which coincide in the same structural category in some languages but not in others (cf.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/sb/LECT7-8.DOC (7845 words)

	7.3. Case
		Both the locative and the ergative cases are marked with the suffix <-e> or <-ʔe>.
		The vocative case is used in directly addressing entities possessed of a soul, such as animals, humans, gods and personified ideas or objects.
		The comparative case consists of the locative/ergative suffix <-(ʔ)e> and the suffix and is used in comparisons.
	www.valdyas.org /~boud/barushlani/ch07s03.html (282 words)

	Case: Interaction between Syntax and Discourse Grammar
		The phenomenon of split ergativity shows that, contrary to the usual description, the only real difference between nominative-accusative languages and ergative languages is the existence of ergative Case.
		The conclusion to be drawn is that syntax and discourse grammar jointly determine the morphological Case that surfaces.
		The fact that the form derives historically from an ancestral ergative is, of course, just as irrelevant to the synchronic analysis of Dyirbal as the fact that most of the English accusative pronouns derive from Old English datives is to the synchronic analysis of English.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /LFG/3/falk.html (4528 words)

	Ergativity main page
		I argue that ergative case is not equivalent to nominative nor to accusative case in that it is direct, inherent and assigned internally to vP to the external agent argument.
		Based on the active Case approach (Levin and Massam 1984, Bobaljik 1993) and extending the proposals of Shlonsky (1992) and Suñer (1998), we argue that the distribution of gap and resumptive pronouns is governed by two features on C: i.e., [+pron], which can be strong or weak, and the associated Case feature.
		We conclude that ergativity characteristics vary not only from language to language but even within languages and within particular constructions raising serious doubt as to whether there is a macroparameter of ergativity and even whether there is a necessary clustering of ergative characteristics in any construction.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~ajohns/ergativity.html (1437 words)

	[No title]
		A further example of such a case is the dative: the dative in Urdu and South Asian languages in general is associated with a goal argument.
		Case in LFG is not necessarily associated with a particular phrase structure position; in fact, this is the least common way case is assigned.
		Because this difference in semantic interpretation is triggered by the minimal difference in the case marking on the subject, an analysis like the one presented here, which encodes the difference squarely in the lexical entry of the case markers would seem to be desirable.
	www2.parc.com /istl/members/thking/icon04.doc (2247 words)

	Ergativity
		The term ergative is used to describe a grammatical pattern in which there is a formal parallel between the P-function argument of a transitive predicate and the S-function argument of an intransitive one.
		Morphological Ergativity which deals with the discriminatory application of structural case roles to the core arguments of a predicate within a simple clause.
		In this case, the syntactic conditions for coordination are not met since the coreferential NP in the second clause is not in the pivot-relation with the verb.
	www.graywizard.net /Conlinguistics/ergativity.htm (1747 words)

	Extending case theory: quirky case and four-place predicates in Basque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Case theories have also been limited in their range of types of data, largely focusing on accounting for transitive case arrays, with little work focusing on three (or four) place predicates.
		Moreover, while there has been a large amount of work on the so-called quirky cases of (especially) Icelandic, these have typically been analyzed as lexically stipulated - often the only alternative to structural case, which is limited to default cases only and analyzed in the syntactic component.
		Basque is particularly well suited for this study as it is morphologically ergative, has a structural dative, and has quirky case (which I define as the non-canonical use of structural case, not idiosyncratic case).
	www-linguistics.stanford.edu /Linguistics/sssg/20030321.html (408 words)

	LINGUIST List 5.525: Origin of Case systems
		On the origin of cases, it seems clear that and there is the most evidence for case systems arising from adpositions which become grammaticized--and to a lesser extent, adverbs and independent words.
		Many of the original case suffices were free forms, but by the modern period have become bound, and the line between bound case markers and unbound (free form) postpositions, derived from nouns, verbs, or whatever, is in the modern language very fluid.
		Turkish, for example, has six cases, and some or all of the suffixes clearly come from what used to be particles, prepositions, or things of that sort.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/5/5-525.html (1527 words)

	A Brief Explanation of Basque Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The absolutive case is used for the subject of an intransitive verb or the direct object of a transitive verb.
		The ergative case is used for the subject of a transitive verb.
		The dative case is used for the indirect object of a verb.
	www.sccs.swarthmore.edu /users/03/daniel/basque.html (1028 words)

	Ergativity in Gjarrda
		For instance, the word for "master" is in the absolutive case in the Nikta sentence "the master speaks" (moq'n!tam !tl³ásn!tteuk'), but the ergative case in "the master tortures the slave" (!t³q'áqteuin!tam !tl³ásn!tteukk'a ts'èrshn!cítt').
		Kazvarad, a human language of the planet Sharnirazva, is one of a number of languages that have a "split ergative" morphology, with ergative marking for nouns and accusative for pronouns.
		The absolutive case is used for "the cat" in "the cat is sitting" (mishadat kazin) as well as "I see the cat" (mishadat kalaza), but the ergative case is used in "the cat sees me" (mishadimat kalazva).
	www.io.com /~hmiller/lang/Jarda/ergativity.html (812 words)

	The Original Nominal System of Proto-Indoeuropean - Case and Gender
		These cases are the locative ending in -i which I suppose to be used as ergative case, the dative in -ei/-oi which I suppose to be used as agent case in a reflexive sense and the later accusative which I suppose to be used as absolute case.
		From the point of view that Proto-Indoeuropean lacked the nominative originally and that the current accusative was used as absolute case at that time, it is not surprising that this case is the only one distinguishing the original genders animate versus inanimate by the markers -m and -d.
		This ending corresponds with the endings of the intransitive verb which are the nowaday perfect endings as shown in the pages about verbal endings and syntactic structure.
	members.pgv.at /homer/INDOEURO/gender.htm (766 words)

	G'amah: Noun phrases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The ergative case is marked with the prefix i-.
		They are the only remnant of the strong ergative morphology of the ancient language, and the reason why ergativity is accepted as an explanation for the whole system.
		Case marks are applied to NPs as wholes, not to nouns and adjectives separately; there is no agreement between heads and modifiers, but they share the case mark.
	www.pueblacity.com /ego-pdf/ng/lng/gamah/gamah_noun.html (1167 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Beginner's Basque (Hippocrene Beginner's) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In ergative languages, the subject is marked with an agentive prefix or postfix, so that the direct object of a transitive verb has the same case as the subject of an intransitive verb.
		This is what is called the ergative case, and its case marker is different from the absolutive case for subjects of transitive verbs.
		The ergative case is marked with what is called an "epenthetic" k at the end of the word.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0781809339?v=glance (1141 words)

	Sumerian Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In general terms, the genitive case is used to code a relation between two noun phrases.
		The prototypical use of the genitive case is to indicate that the referent of one noun phrase is in possession of the referent of another noun phrase.
		This slight incongruity highlights the essential property of the genitive case: at the most basic level, the genitive case codes any relation between two noun phrases, including possession, location and composition as well as a variety of extended syntactic functions.
	cdli.ucla.edu /edu/grammar.html (1146 words)

	MA thesis abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In Chapter One, several recent analyses of certain "non-finite" clauses in the ergative Inuktitut/West Greenlandic languages and Lezgian are examined.
		It is proposed that the conspicuous absence, or near-absence, of non-finite control structures in ergative languages derives from the fact that arguments licensed as PRO in such languages do not typically occupy a position where they can be controlled by an element in a higher clause.
		The interaction of the proposed [event] feature of the C head with certain other features is shown to derive both fixed word-ordering restrictions and the unexpected availability of 'nominative' Case in these clauses in both languages.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~dwharram/papers_handouts_abstracts/1996.wharram.ma_thesis_abstract.html (353 words)

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