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Topic: Ergative vs absolutive case

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	Ergative vs. absolutive case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ergative case is used, in ergative-absolutive languages which inflect for case, to mark the subject of a transitive verb.
		The absolutive case, in the same context, is used to mark\nthe subject of an intransitive verb;\nthe object of a transitive verb.
		The ergative case is typically marked (most salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/e/er/ergative_vs__absolutive_case.html (93 words)

	Ergative-absolutive language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An ergative-absolutive language (or simply ergative) is one that treats the subject of transitive verbs distinctly from the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs.
		Ergative languages are in contrast to nominative-accusative languages (such as English), which treat the object of transitive verbs distinctly from the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs.
		Georgian also has an ergative alignment, but the subject is only marked with the ergative case for transitive verbs in the past tense (also known as the "aorist screeve").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ergative_vs._absolutive_case (1088 words)

	Linguistic typology Information
		In a language with cases, the classification depends on whether the subject of an intransitive verb has the same case as the agent or the object of a transitive verb.
		If a language has no cases, but is AVO or OVA, then a classification may be based on whether the subject of an intransitive verb is on the same side as the agent or the object of the transitive verb.
		Yet other languages behave ergatively only in some contexts (this is called split ergativity, and is usually based on the grammatical person of the arguments or in the tense/aspect of the verb).
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Linguistic_typology (633 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked.
		The ergative case 2.1 The ergative case: the noun Nouns in the ergative case are marked by the suffix - m, as shown in (6-7).
		Ergative case marking is one manner in how subjects and objects are treated by a language.
	ergative_case.iqexpand.com /index.php?...&action=edit (430 words)

	Ergative vs. absolutive case - TheBestLinks.com - Absolutive case, Accusative case, Ablative case, Case, ...
		Ergative vs. absolutive case - TheBestLinks.com - Absolutive case, Accusative case, Ablative case, Case,...
		Absolutive case, Ergative vs. absolutive case, Accusative case, Ablative case...
		The ergative case is used, in ergative-absolutive languages which inflect for case, to mark the subject of a transitive verb.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Absolutive_case.html (115 words)

	[No title]
		The case marker used for transitive agents is called ergative case, while the case marker (often zero, as in Walmatjari) used for transitive patients and intransitive subjects is called absolutive case.
		In (13a), the absolutive argument (i.e., the transitive patient) of the second clause is missing; it is interpreted as being coreferential with the absolutive argument of the first clause (‘man’).
		The absolutive case marking on the agent follows the regular rules of morphological case assignment in the language; and as absolutive argument, the agent bears the grammatical subject relation in the antipassive clause.
	www-lfg.stanford.edu /bresnan/128_2002/kroeger-ch11.doc (8256 words)

	Glossary
		The absolutive is the least-marked case in ergative languages (like the nominative in nominative/accusative languages).
		Contrast this with nominative-accusative languages, where the subject is always marked with one case (conventionally known as the Nominative), and with ergative-absolutive languages, where the subject is marked according to the transitivity of the verb (a syntactic property).
		The ergative languages tend to have an antipassive voice that deletes the object (detransitivization), changing the subject from agent (ergative case) to patient (absolutive case).
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/nyh/glossary.html (4857 words)

	Ergative-absolutive language - Japan
		In Urdu and Hindi, ergative case is marked on agents in the perfective aspect for transitive and ditransitive verbs, while in other situations agents appear in the nominative case.
		Prototypical ergative languages are, for the most part, restricted to specific regions of world: the Caucasus, parts of North America and Mesoamerica, and Australia.
		Certain Australian Aboriginal languages (e.g., Warlpiri) possess an intransitive case and an accusative case along with an ergative case, and lack an absolutive case; such languages are called ergative-accusative languages or tripartite languages.
	ergative-absolutive-language.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Ergative-absolutive_language (1596 words)

	Ubykh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ergative case is used with the subject of transitive ('agentive') verbs.
		The absolutive case is used with subjects of intransitive ('factitive') verbs and with objects of transitive ('agentive') verbs.
		The verb is the absolute center of the sentence and mirrors the syntactic structure of the sentence by means of incorporation.
	www.circassianworld.com /Ubykh.html (312 words)

	abstract say (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Thus, the argument that is marked for the ergative case triggers agreement of the intransitive phase verb, and the agreement marker belongs to the set of absolutive agreement markers - an otherwise unattested option in Adyghe.
		The basic 'strangeness' of (6) is that absolutive argument that receives its case from the embedded verb triggers agreement on the matrix verb.
		The preference for ergative vs. absolutive marking of subjects in 'begin (tr.) + V (intr.)' constructions seems to be dependent on a number of factors, such as the lexical choice of the the matrix verb, the semantic type of embedded event, agentivity of subject and the morphological type of complement.
	www.zas.gwz-berlin.de /home/stiebels/kontrollverbenabstracts/say.html (834 words)

	ergativeverbs
		He used “ergative” to describe languages in which the subjects of intransitive verbs and the objects of transitives are treated the same syntactically or morphologically.
		This may be the case either because of its purported rarity in the input or because of the subjects’ lack of agency.
		Moreover, only two of the 17 speakers who produced nonstandard uses of the auxiliary be with ergatives were among the ten who used be incorrectly with the other verbs, indicating that the faulty selection of be does not have the same origin in the two cases.
	home.allgaeu.org /ndoell/work/ergativeverbs.htm (4109 words)

	Dave's Language Creation Notebook
		The absolutive case is a case that marks the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct object of transitive verbs in ergative-absolutive languages.
		Finally, the ergative case is the name for a case that marks the subject of a transitive verb (not necessarily the agent) in ergative-absolutive languages.
		Thus, the case assigned to both the subject and object of a transitive verb is the duative, and the case assigned to the single argument of an intransitive verb is the unitive.
	dedalvs.free.fr /notes/ergativity.php (10172 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Noun case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The patient of a (transitive) verb is in the accusative case.
		The trigger may be identified as the agent, patient, etc. Other nouns may be inflected for case, but the inflections are overloaded; for example, in Tagalog, the subject and object of a verb are both expressed in the genitive case when they are not in the trigger case.
		The lemma forms of words, which is the form chosen by convention as the canonical form of a word, is usually the most unmarked or basic case, which is typically the nominative, trigger, or absolutive case, whichever a language may have.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Noun_case (686 words)

	Split-agreement and ergativity in Pashto
		This dual criterion for ergativity can result in verbal agreement that is 'split' in a single sentence, one element of the verb agreeing with the object, and the other element of the verb agreeing with the subject.
		Direct case is used for third-person subjects and objects in present tense, and for objects in past tense.
		The choice of subject vs. object agreement on the auxiliary is the usual one determined by tense: subject agreement in present tense, and object agreement in past tense.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/KURDICA/2001/3/trpashto.htm (3351 words)

	Udi- Typology
		Case: Functional vs. local cases which in parts have a functionalmetaphorization.
		Actance in subordination: verbal case patterns are preserved except with masdars (S=A > genitive, in parts O > genitive).
		Case marking inserialized sequences depends from the valence of the first verb in the sequence.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~wschulze/Udi-_Typology.html (521 words)

	Georgian: Verbal Syntax and Ergativity
		Ergativity in and of itself is not exceptionally marked in a language, although traditional linguistics, which has been based upon the work of Indo-European-speaking scholars, for whom ergativity seemed foreign and therefore unnatural, has tended to regard ergativity as something strange or uncommon.
		The Caucasian language family is one of the most significant in terms of European ergative language groups; most of its members have some form of ergativity inherent to their syntax and structure, and offer interesting cases of study since they have been fairly well-documented and are still readily accessible to field workers.
		This system of split ergativity according to the tense system is very rare, and is shared only by Chol, a Mayan language of Mexico, which, however, assigns the ergative and absolutive cases somewhat differently.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/L12paper.html (1666 words)

	Declension Information
		Ergative-absolutive (or simply ergative): The argument (subject) of an intransitive verb is in the same case as the patient (direct object) of an transitive verb; this case is then called the absolutive case, with the agent (subject) of a transitive verb being in the ergative case.
		Ergative-accusative (or tripartite): The argument (subject) of an intransitive verb is in its own case (the intransitive case), separate from that of the agent (subject) or patient (direct object) of a transitive verb (which is in the ergative case or accusative case, respectively).
		The lemma forms of words, which is the form chosen by convention as the canonical form of a word, is usually the most unmarked or basic case, which is typically the nominative, trigger, or absolutive case, whichever a language may have.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Declension (783 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.642: Morphological vs syntactic ergativity
		Name withheld on request: Morphologically ergative languages have case-marking such that the subject of most/some intransitives matches the transitive object, not the transitive subject as in 'nominative' languages.
		Syntactic ergativity is when syntactic processes are sensitive to the ergative- absolutive distinction.
		Since then, syntactic ergativity has surfaced in various places, but it does still seem to be the case that most syntactic processes that are sensitive to grammatical relations in morphologically ergative languages are oriented to the nominative/ accusative distinction.
	linguistlist.org /issues/6/6-642.html (1466 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.642: Morphological vs syntactic ergativity
		Name withheld on request: Morphologically ergative languages have case-marking such that the subject of most/some intransitives matches the transitive object, not the transitive subject as in 'nominative' languages.
		Syntactic ergativity is when syntactic processes are sensitive to the ergative- absolutive distinction.
		Since then, syntactic ergativity has surfaced in various places, but it does still seem to be the case that most syntactic processes that are sensitive to grammatical relations in morphologically ergative languages are oriented to the nominative/ accusative distinction.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/6/6-642.html (1466 words)

	GFs in Basque
		Basque is an ergative language, that means it is a language where subjects of transitive verbs (A) are marked for the ergative (Erg) case and subjects of intransitives (S) and direct objects of transitives (O) are both marked for the absolutive (Abs) case.
		Thus ergativity presents apparent difficulty for identifying morpho-syntactic properties of Subject and Object since not only subject arguments of transitive and intransitive verbs are marked differently, but, moreover, direct objects are marked in the same way as some subjects.
		Therefore by showing that the absolutive anaphors are possible only if they correspond to the object of a clause where subject anaphors are always impossible we state the important generalization that the grammatical function of object has its properties distinct from the properties of the subject.
	www.uiowa.edu /~linguist/classes/typology99/languages/Basque/GFs.html (1751 words)

	Old Skourene
		The ergative is used for what we consider the subject of transitive verbs— and those only; the subject of intransitives is put in the absolutive.
		This is a transformation which demotes the original ergative to the absolutive, and the absolutive to the genitive.
		Its argument is therefore taken to be the thief, demoted from ergative to absolutive.
	www.zompist.com /lenani.htm (7834 words)

	Basque - FrathWiki
		The case endings in Basque always apply to noun phrases, and since adjectives always follow their noun this means that it is often not the noun itself which recieves the case marking.
		The case system reflect number with a three way distinction: case ending with article (always singular), indefinite number (when the number is specified by a determiner or number elsewhere in the NP), and plural number.
		ergative language (I have often seen it used as an example).
	wiki.frath.net /Basque (606 words)

	Basque language information - Search.com
		The subject of an intransitive verb is in the absolutive case (which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the direct object of a transitive verb.
		The subject of the transitive verb (that is, the agent) is marked differently, with the ergative case (shown by the suffix -k).
		E.g., basóà ("the forest", absolutive case) vs. básoà ("the glass", absolutive case; a borrowing from Spanish vaso); basóàk ("the forest", ergative case) vs. básoàk ("the glass", ergative case) vs. básoak ("the forests" or "the glasses", absolutive case).
	www.search.com /reference/Basque_language (2475 words)

	Declension - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The patient of a (transitive) verb is in the accusative case.
		Ergative-absolutive (or simply ergative): The patient of a verb is always in the absolutive case, along with the agent of intransitive verbs.
		This noun is in the trigger case, and information elsewhere in the sentence (for example a verb affix in Tagalog) specifies the role of the trigger.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=8645 (514 words)

	Udi Morphology III
		Case inflection: Conforming to the Silverstein Hierarchy, the unmarked forms of speech act participants have a strong agentive semantics.
		Note that the absolutive of all personal pronouns is marked by a so-called ‘determinative’ -n except for the first prson singular).
		The oblique cases of personal pronouns are based on the nominal system except for the genitive which shows a diverging pattern based on older strategies of (class?) prefixation, cp.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~wschulze/morph5.htm (915 words)

	Case: Interaction between Syntax and Discourse Grammar
		The phenomenon of split ergativity shows that, contrary to the usual description, the only real difference between nominative-accusative languages and ergative languages is the existence of ergative Case.
		Assuming that nominative and absolutive nominals are outside VP, she argues that since first and second persons are always definite, they must be raised out of the VP by LF.
		The conclusion to be drawn is that syntax and discourse grammar jointly determine the morphological Case that surfaces.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /LFG/3/falk.html (4528 words)

	Yf Rgalin Home Page
		Absolutive and ergative, and prepositions govern the absolutive.
		I'd imagine ergative would tend to come first, if both are present and all else is equal, but emphasis can change that, as can the desire to put a shorter noun-phrase first.
		Thought: allow adverbs in -esh and -rsh, for absolutive and ergative based on the base verb, and have a verb "to exceed" (and a verb "be superlative/?") and use them adverbially.
	web.meson.org /rgalin (4210 words)

	passive voice question \| Ask MetaFilter
		You might be interested in looking into the 'ergative' case of some languages, which addresses a similar distinction in a much cleaner fashion.
		The difference between "It got sold" vs. "It was sold" or "He got killed" vs. "He was killed" is an implied lack of control.
		In either case (and even "it got dark") it is implied that a sequence of events is beyond the control of the speaker or another party.
	ask.metafilter.com /46204/passive-voice-question (1236 words)

	Ergativity
		The term ergative is used to describe a grammatical pattern in which there is a formal parallel between the P-function argument of a transitive predicate and the S-function argument of an intransitive one.
		Morphological Ergativity which deals with the discriminatory application of structural case roles to the core arguments of a predicate within a simple clause.
		In this case, the syntactic conditions for coordination are not met since the coreferential NP in the second clause is not in the pivot-relation with the verb.
	www.graywizard.net /Conlinguistics/ergativity.htm (1747 words)

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