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Topic: Ergot

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	Ergot - LoveToKnow 1911
		The ear loses its starch, and ceases to grow, and its ovaries become penetrated with the white spongy tissue of the mycelium of the fungus which towards the end of the season forms the sclerotium, in which state the fungus lies dormant through the winter.
		Ergot should be kept in stoppered bottles in order to preserve it from the attacks of a species of mite, and to prevent the oxidation of its fatty oil.
		Ergot is used in therapeutics as a haemostatic, and is very valuable in haemoptysis and sometimes in haematemesis.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Ergot (862 words)

	CSP - 'Ergot and Ergotism' by George Barger
		In the same chapter Galen discusses symptoms due to a heavy contamination of corn with darnel in a year when, owing to scarcity, the farmers and bakers did not clean the corn with the sieves intended for the purpose; the symptoms (headache, and afterwards ulcers) were not exactly those of ergotism.
		Ergot is generally more abundant on the edge of a field than in the middle, probably because the plants on the periphery are not so readily pollinated, or are more frequently visited by insects.
		It was through the investigation of ergot extracts that the remarkable and unsuspected pharmacological properties of histamine were discovered, which have since given rise to a voluminous literature.
	www.csp.org /chrestomathy/ergot_and.html (0 words)

	PP-551 Ergot
		Ergot, caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, is a disease of cereal crops and grasses.
		Which form of ergotism is manifested depends on the type of ergot consumed and the ratio of major toxic alkaloids present in the ergot: ergotamine, ergotoxine, and ergometrine.
		The responses of animals consuming ergot are usually quite variable and are dependent on variations in alkaloid content, frequency of ingesting ergot, quantity of ergot ingested, climatic conditions under which ergot grew, the species of ergot involved, and the influence of other impurities in the feed such as histamine and acetylcholine.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/crops/pp551w.htm (0 words)

	Ergot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ergot is the common name of a fungus in the genus Claviceps.
		Ergot infection causes a reduction in the yield and quality of grain and hay produced, and if infected grain or hay is fed to livestock it may cause a disease called ergotism.
		Another effect of ergot alkaloids is vasoconstriction, therefore ergotism may lead to gangrene and loss of the limbs due to limited blood circulation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ergot (988 words)

	ergot. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Ergot poisoning, or ergotism, epidemic in the Middle Ages, results from eating bread made of rye contaminated with ergot.
		Ergot poisoning is characterized by constriction of blood vessels, resulting in numbness and the development of gangrene in extremities; it may also affect the nervous system.
		Some of the alkaloids in ergot, e.g., ergotamine and ergonovine, are used as medicines; these alkaloids are chemical derivatives of lysergic acid, which is used in the synthesis of the hallucinogen LSD.
	www.bartleby.com /65/er/ergot.html (0 words)

	14. ERGOT
		Ergot has been used in herbal medicine to control hemorrhage during childbirth, and is used currently as a drug to help control migraines.
		Animals may be affected by ergot from eating small amounts over a long period of time, or eating greater quantities in a short period of time.
		In sublethal cases, once the source of ergot is removed, recovery from neurologic signs is likely, but recovery from the vascular effects and gangrene is not likely.
	www.vet.purdue.edu /depts/addl/toxic/plant14.htm (0 words)

	No. 1037: Rye Ergot and Witches
		Ergot is a fungus blight that forms hallucinogenic drugs in bread.
		Ergot thrives in a cold winter followed by a wet spring.
		The victims of ergot might suffer paranoia and hallucinations, twitches and spasms, cardiovascular trouble, and stillborn children.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1037.htm (0 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Effects of the Ergot Alkaloids Dihydroergotamine, Ergonovine, and Ergotamine on Growth of ...
		Citation: Looper, M.L., Edrington, T.S., Rosenkrans, Jr, C.F., Schultz, C.L., Callaway, T.R., Aiken, G.E., Flores, R., Brauer, D.K. Effects of the ergot alkaloids dihydroergotamine, ergonovine, and ergotamine on growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella in vitro.
		A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of ergot alkaloids (dihydroergotamine, ergonovine, and ergotamine) on E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in both pure and mixed ruminal fluid culture.
		Other factors such as different ergot alkaloids (i.e., ergovaline), exposure to a combination of alkaloids, characteristics of the grazed forage, or management strategies may influence fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=163068 (0 words)

	botanical.com - A Modern Herbal \| Ergot - Herb Profile and Information
		Steadman Shorter's Medical Dictionary, 1942, Poisons & Antidotes: Ergot
		Bear in mind "A Modern Herbal" was written with the conventional wisdom of the early 1900's.
		This should be taken into account as some of the information may now be considered inaccurate, or not in accordance with modern medicine.
	www.botanical.com /botanical/mgmh/e/ergot-12.html (0 words)

	[No title]
		Ergot thrives in a cool, wet growing and harvesting season and even today small amounts of ergot are to be found in rye crops.
		Albert Hoffman was working with extracts of ergot, when he spilt some on his skin, causing hallucinations.
		This caused her to do more research and she not only found that rye was the staple diet for the parts of Salem affected but the weather conditions were ideal for ergot.
	www.hulford.co.uk /ergot.html (518 words)

	Ergot Poisoning (LSD) - the cause of the Salem Witch Trials - PBS Secrets of the Dead (Site not responding. Last check: )
		LSD is a derivative of ergot, a fungus that affects rye grain.
		Ergotism —; ergot poisoning — had indeed been implicated in other outbreaks of bizarre behavior, such as the one that afflicted the small French town of Pont-Saint-Esprit in 1951.
		Ergot is caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which affects rye, wheat and other cereal grasses.
	www.hbci.com /~wenonah/history/ergot.htm (1406 words)

	Ergot of Cereals And Grasses
		Ergot is a plant disease caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which infects the developing grains of cereals and grasses.
		Ergot bodies may be present in a field from a previous cereal crop, or from grasses along roadsides or neighbouring pastures.
		Ergot bodies fall from the head to the soil before or during harvest, or may be harvested with the seed.
	www.agr.gov.sk.ca /docs/production/Ergot_Cereals_Grasses.asp (2034 words)

	Linda Caporael's Ergotism Article
		In the case of ergot, a substance that affects mental as well as physical states, recognition of the social atmosphere of Salem in early spring 1692 is basic to understanding the directions the crisis took.
		the choking suggests the involvement of the involuntary muscular fibers that is typical of ergot poisoning; the biting, pinching, and pricking may allude to the crawling and tingling sensations under the skin experienced by ergotism victims.
		Ergot has been used to induce and hasten labor in childbirth; however, it is generally unsuccessful in procuring abortion.
	web.utk.edu /~kstclair/221/ergotism.html (6233 words)

	Ergot
		Ergot infection causes a reduction in the yield and quality of grain and hay produced, and if infected grain or hay is fed to livestock it may cause a disease called ergotism.
		Another effect of ergot alkaloids is vasoconstriction, therefore ergotism may lead to gangrene and loss of the limbs due to limited blood circulation.
		The disease cycle of the ergot fungus was first described in the 1800s, but the connection with ergot and epidemics among people and animals was known several hundred years before that.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3Dergot%26type%3Den (934 words)

	The Origin of Drugs in Current Use: The Ergot Alkaloids Story (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ergometrine was isolated in 1932 by Dudley and Moir [4], and was synthesized by Stoll and Hoffmann in 1943 [5].
		Ergot derivatives were first found to be effective anti-migraine agents in the 1920’s, and they continue to be a major class of therapeutic agents for the acute relief of moderate or severe migraine.
		The long history of ergot and ergotism means that the use of ergot alkaloids in drugs comes only after centuries of infection of grass and intoxication of the ancients and mainly the poor during the Middle Ages.
	www.world-of-fungi.org /Mostly_Medical/Ziad_Madlom/Ergot_alkaloids.htm (3744 words)

	Ergot of Rye: History
		Ergot of Rye is a plant disease that is caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea.
		Although the ergot is far different in appearance than the true grain, its occurrence was so common that it was thought to be part of the rye plant, until the 1850's, when the true nature of the ergot was understood.
		In his examination of the development of the Rye flower, he concluded that the ergot was a fungus that was growing on the inconspicuous flower of the Rye and that the fungus, and not the Rye itself, was the culprit.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/wong/BOT135/LECT12.HTM (6518 words)

	Modern Drug Discovery: Forged in St. Anthony's Fire: Drugs for Migraine
		Ergot, a potent neurotoxin and vasoconstrictor found in a fungus that grows on rye, was one of the first effective migraine medications and has been a springboard for further migraine drug development.
		Ergot poisoning was not identified as the cause of St. Anthony's Fire until the 17th century.
		All of the ergots retain the potential to produce vasospastic reactions, potentially causing myocardial or peripheral ischemia (deficiency in the blood supply to an organ or tissue), and are contraindicated for severe coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease such as Raynaud's disease, or uncontrolled hypertension.
	pubs.acs.org /hotartcl/mdd/99/marapr/forged.html (2931 words)

	Ergot of Rye
		Ergot of Rye is a plant disease that is caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea.
		Although the ergot is far different in appearance than the true grain, its occurrence was so common that it was thought to be part of the rye plant, until the 1850's, when the true nature of the ergot was understood.
		Ergot infection of rye was more likely during these wet periods because the rye flower remained opened longer, which provided more opportunity for the fungus to infect the flower.
	www.iamshaman.com /hbwr/ergot_of_rye.htm (6422 words)

	APSnet Education Center - Plant Disease Lessons - Ergot - Significance (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although ergot causes yield reductions, concern about the disease is primarily related to the various toxic alkaloids present in the ergots.
		People under the influence of ergot alkaloids may have convulsions, become manic, appear dazed, be unable to speak or have other forms of paralysis or tremors, and suffer from hallucinations and other distorted perceptions.
		The legal limit of ergot is 0.3 per cent by weight for rye or wheat and 0.1 per cent for barley, oats, or triticale.
	www.apsnet.org /education/lessonsplantpath/Ergot/signif.htm (1059 words)

	Avoiding Ergot in Your Cereal Crops - FAQs
		Ergot is a plant disease caused by a fungus (Claviceps purpurea) that infects the developing grain of cereals and grasses.
		Ergot bodies, also called sclerotia, are hard, purplish coloured structures that slightly resemble the shape of the grain that would have developed.
		Ergot can infect wheat, barley, forage seed grasses, and native grasses, but is often found to be a greater problem in rye and triticale (Figures 2, 3).
	www.agr.gov.sk.ca /docs/production/SAFFAQs_Avoid_Ergot.asp (638 words)

	AllRefer.com - ergot (Pharmacology) - Encyclopedia
		Ergot poisoning, or ergotism, epidemic in the Middle Ages, results from eating bread made of rye contaminated with ergot.
		Ergot poisoning is characterized by constriction of blood vessels, resulting in numbness and the development of gangrene in extremities; it may also affect the nervous system.
		Some of the alkaloids in ergot, e.g., ergotamine and ergonovine, are used as medicines; these alkaloids are chemical derivatives of lysergic acid, which is used in the synthesis of the hallucinogen LSD.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/ergot.html (265 words)

	Small Grain Wheat Diseases - Ergot
		Ergot is a disease of cereals that has had considerable historical impact.
		Ergot chemicals are widely used in medicine, for example as a vasoconstricting agent in the treatment of migraine and in childbirth.
		Ergot has a wide host range of about 60 genera, all in the grass family.
	pnw-ag.wsu.edu /smallgrains/Ergot.html (505 words)

	Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge
		One of the psychoactive components of ergot fungus is the alkaloid ergine (d-lysergic acid amide), better known as natural LSD.
		In 1935 the alkaloid ergonovine was isolated from ergot.
		Thousands of pounds of ergot sclerotia are harvested each year from midwestern rye farms, and are used for various prescription drugs.
	www.entheology.org /edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=37&z=5 (601 words)

	Ergot - Diseases - Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
		Ergot is often found at the edges of fields, moving into the field from grassy margins.
		Later in the season, ergot is easily recognized by the hard, fl bodies that replace the grains of the affected florets.
		Note that, when mature grain is exposed to strong winds, the protruding ergot bodies may be shaken off the head, reducing the amount of ergot in the harvested grain by up to 70%.
	www.gov.mb.ca /agriculture/crops/diseases/fac11s00.html (593 words)

	Progress Reports FY95
		Ergot severity (percent sclerotia by weight) in Kentucky bluegrass seed in 1991-1994 was 0.20, 0.04, 0.07, and 1.15%, respectively.
		Impact of ergot in Kentucky bluegrass grown for seed in eastern and central Oregon.
		Impact of ergot in Kentucky bluegrass grown for seed in eastern Oregon.
	www.uidaho.edu /ag/gscssa/prog_repts_95/alderman_etal_fy95.html (829 words)

	PP-551 Ergot
		Ergot, caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, is a disease of cereal crops and grasses.
		Which form of ergotism is manifested depends on the type of ergot consumed and the ratio of major toxic alkaloids present in the ergot: ergotamine, ergotoxine, and ergometrine.
		The responses of animals consuming ergot are usually quite variable and are dependent on variations in alkaloid content, frequency of ingesting ergot, quantity of ergot ingested, climatic conditions under which ergot grew, the species of ergot involved, and the influence of other impurities in the feed such as histamine and acetylcholine.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/plantsci/crops/pp551w.htm (1643 words)

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