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Topic: Ergotism

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	Ergotism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ergotism is the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, classically due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus which infects rye and other cereals, and more recently by the action of a number of ergoline-based drugs.
		The 12th century chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois recorded the mysterious outbreaks in the Limousin region of France, where the gangrenous form of ergotism was associated with the local Saint Martial as much as Saint Anthony.
		In less wealthy countries ergotism still occurs: there was an outbreak in Ethiopia in mid-2001 from contaminated barley.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ergotism (498 words)

	Ergot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ergotism is the name for the collection of symptoms a human or animal has when it has ingested (too much of) this fungus.
		Ergotism went also under the name "St. Anthony's fire" hinting at burning sensations in the limbs[3].
		Another effect of ergot alkaloids is vasoconstriction, therefore ergotism may lead to gangrene and loss of the limbs due to limited blood circulation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ergot (996 words)

	Linda Caporael's Ergotism Article
		Assuming that the content of the court records is basically an honest account of the deponents' experiences, the evidence suggests that convulsive ergotism, a disorder resulting from the ingestion of grain contaminated with ergot, may have initiated the witchcraft delusion.
		Ergotism, or long-term ergot poisoning, was once a common condition resulting from eating contaminated rye bred.
		As the name implies, gangrenous ergotism is characterized by dry gangrene of the extremities followed by the falling away of the affected portions of the body.
	web.utk.edu /~kstclair/221/ergotism.html (6233 words)

	Diseases Caused by Molds in Humans
		Ergotism was also known as ignis sacer (sacred fire) or St Anthony's fire, because at the time it was thought that a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Anthony would bring relief from the intense burning sensation experienced.
		The victims of ergotism were exposed to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a hallucinogen, produced during the baking of bread made with ergot-contaminated wheat, as well as to other ergot toxins and hallucinogens, as well as belladonna alkaloids from mandragora apple, which was used to treat ergotism.
		Ergotism is extremely rare today, primarily because the normal grain cleaning and milling processes remove most of the ergot so that only very low levels of alkaloids remain in the resultant flours.
	www.mold-survivor.com /diseases_caused_by_molds_in_huma.html (3790 words)

	PP-551 Ergot
		A third form of ergotism is characterized by hyperthermia (increased body temperature) in cattle, and a fourth form is characterized by agalactia (no milk) and lack of mammary gland development, prolonged gestations, and early foal deaths in mares fed heavily contaminated feed.
		Which form of ergotism is manifested depends on the type of ergot consumed and the ratio of major toxic alkaloids present in the ergot: ergotamine, ergotoxine, and ergometrine.
		The responses of animals consuming ergot are usually quite variable and are dependent on variations in alkaloid content, frequency of ingesting ergot, quantity of ergot ingested, climatic conditions under which ergot grew, the species of ergot involved, and the influence of other impurities in the feed such as histamine and acetylcholine.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/crops/pp551w.htm (1607 words)

	Ergot of Rye: History
		Convulsive ergotism is characterized by nervous dysfunction, where the victim is twisting and contorting their body in pain, trembling and shaking, and wryneck, a more or less fixed twisting of the neck, which seems to simulate convulsions or fits.
		In gangrenous ergotism, the victim may lose parts of their extremities, such as toes, fingers, ear lobes or in more serious cases, arms and legs may be lost.
		Ergotism occurred in 1926-27 in Russia, with 10,000 reported cases, in England in 1927, with 200 cases, among central European Jewish immigrants and the last known example occurred on August 12, 1951.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/wong/BOT135/LECT12.HTM (6518 words)

	LINKS: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		People with this form of ergotism were also observed to perform strange dances with wild, jerky movements accompanied by hopping, leaping and screaming.
		High mortality rates were associated with each of the three forms of ergotism, and it was mistaken for an infectious and contagious disease.
		This is now postulated to be due to an epidemic of hallucinogenic ergotism, this is especially supported as there are accounts of bread of deep red being used in the religious ceremonies associated with the witches ‘trials’.
	ou066065.otago.ac.nz /edmedia/HxPharmacy/Overviews/ergotism_o.htm (901 words)

	Archaic Medical Terms English List Poison
		Chronic poisoning, or ergotism, used frequently to occur amongst the poor fed on rye infected with the Claviceps.
		Ergotism could be called a "cereal killer" for its cause, ergot, comes from cereals such as rye and wheat and is quite capable of killing someone.
		Chronic ergot poisoning (ergotism) was rife during the Middle Ages due to the consumption of contaminated rye.
	www.antiquusmorbus.com /English/Poison.htm (2329 words)

	CSP - 'Ergot and Ergotism' by George Barger
		This passage has been dealt with at length, because it illustrates the difficulties of identifying ergot in classical writings; it also shows that Galen was fully aware of the dangers of poisonous corn, and of the need of cleaning it.
		He attempted to show that the plague at Athens in the Peloponnesian War was an epidemic of smallpox in a population suffering from latent ergotism.
		References to it became rarer and ceased in the fourteenth century, until it was identified in the eighteenth as gangrenous ergotism.
	www.csp.org /chrestomathy/ergot_and.html (1927 words)

	Mycotoxins \| 2 Ergotism
		In medieval times, ergotism is known to have occurred on a large scale in some regions of Europe.
		Hospitals dedicated to St. Anthony took care of the patients afflicted with ergotism, many of whom recovered after rye bread was removed from their diet.
		He noticed that there were fewer outbreaks of ergotism in the towns than in the countryside.
	www.itg.be /itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/48_Mycotoxinsp2.htm (1545 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Claviceps Cyperi, a New Cause of Severe Ergotism in Dairy Cattle Consuming Maize Silage and Teff ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is the first report of bovine ergotism not associated with the Poaceae infected with Claviceps purpureum or endophytes but with the family Cyperaceae and this particular fungal phytopathogen.
		It took almost 2 months from the first visit and the tentative diagnosis of ergotism on this farm to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the origin of the intoxication.
		A diagnosis of ergotism was evident and the syndrome was clearly associated with the feeding of the silage made in 1996.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display/?id=173917&source=r_science (7742 words)

	Ergot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ergotism is a complex disease that results from the ingestion of grains and cereals infected with ergot by humans and domestic animals.
		In hallucinogenic ergotism, people often experience symptoms of one of the other forms of ergotism along with vivid hallucinations.The other symptoms are very much like those of modern psychedelic drugs such as nervousness, physical and mental excitement, insomnia and disorientation.
		The most recent outbreak of ergotism was in France in 1951 when moldy grain was used to make flour.
	www.racerocks.com /fungi/ergot.htm (910 words)

	5_1PoisonsOfThePast
		Ergotism is a form of fungal poisoning caused by the ingestion of the ergot fungus.
		Ergotism can be very lethal: for survivors, there is a 'reverse immunity' of sorts: a victim who survives the first exposure is even more susceptible the next time.
		A clue to ergotism and the ergot alkaloids that cause it is the distinctive red color.
	dentistry.uic.edu /Depts/oralb/5_1PoisonsOfThePast.htm (1360 words)

	Ergotism
		The symptoms can be roughly divided into convulsive symptoms and gangreneous symptoms.
		Similar eruptions of ergotism also occurred in Essex and Fairfield counties in Connecticut that damp and cool season, though in Connecticut no one went to the stake.
		The last reported outbreak in an industrialized country, which caused more than 200 cases and 4 deaths, occurred in 1951 in Pont St. Esprit, France.
	www.mrsci.com /Toxicology/Ergotism.php (465 words)

	ergot
		In 857 A. the first serious outbreak of ergotism was recorded in the Rhine Valley.
		He determined that ergotism was not an infectious disease.
		According to historian Mary Matossian in her book Poisons of the Past, she noted symptoms of the people to be sensations of prickling or ants crawling on the skin, distortions of the face, paralysis, hallucinations, convulsive seizures, and dementia.
	www.plant.uga.edu /labrat/ergot.htm (1307 words)

	Ergotism related to a single dose of ergotamine tartrate in an AIDS patient treated with ritonavir -- Blanche et al. 75 ...
		Ergotism related to a single dose of ergotamine tartrate in an AIDS patient treated with ritonavir -- Blanche et al.
		We report a rare case of ergotism related to a single dose of ergotamine tartrate in a man with AIDS being treated with ritonavir.
		Ergotism may occur when a low dose of ergotamine or dihydroergotamine is taken in association with another drug which inhibits
	pmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/75/887/546 (649 words)

	Consultant
		Ergotism is often due to ingestion of alkaloids in grains infected with CLAVICEPS PURPUREA.
		Non-painful progressive gangrene seen with ergotism is usually worst in the extremities, particularly the hind limbs, tail and ears.
		CLAVICEPS CYPERI, a new cause of severe ergotism in dairy cattle consuming maize silage and teff hay contaminated with ergotised CYPERUS ESCULENTUS (nut sedge) in the highveld of South Africa.
	www.vet.cornell.edu /consultant/Consult.asp?Fun=Cause_491&spc=All&dxkw=toxic&sxkw=&signs= (191 words)

	[No title]
		In less wealthy countries ergotism still occurs: there was an outbreak in...
		Ergotism has been known for thousands of years, with reports as early as 857 BC.
		Ergotism is caused by the chemicals in the fungus called ergot (pronounced AIR-got).
	www.howstuffworks.com /search2.php?pg=&server=www.howstuffworks.com&terms=ergotism (139 words)

	history.html
		An excerpt from one description of such an ergotism epidemic from 994 A.D. in South-central France is "and when a plague of invisible fire broke out, cutting off limbs from the body and consuming many in a single night, the sufferers thronged to churches and invoked the help of the saints (Barger, 1931).
		Gangrenous ergotism resulted from the vasoconstrictive properties of ergot alkaloids that reduced flow of blood to the hands and feet.
		By the mid-nineteenth century ergotism in humans was less frequent due to an understanding of the cause of ergotism and improved agricultural and milling practices.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~white/history.html (5241 words)

	Ergotism
		Gangrenous ergotism was accompanied with fatigue, cold/tingling sensations, severe muscle pain, swollen inflamed limbs and burning pain, followed by chills.
		Convulsive ergotism involves the central nervous system and early symptoms are similar to those of gangrenous ergotism.
		People with this form of ergotism perform strange dancing with lots of jumping and screaming, usually ending with exhaustion.
	www.angelfire.com /wizard/kimbrough/Textbook/Ergotism_blue.htm (674 words)

	The Origin of Drugs in Current Use: The Ergot Alkaloids Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The first mention of gangrenous ergotism was in Germany in 857 AD, and the first epidemic of convulsive ergotism occurred in 945 in Paris.
		These are the two distinct types of ergotism, with the gangrenous type seen mostly in France and the convulsive one in Germany.
		The long history of ergot and ergotism means that the use of ergot alkaloids in drugs comes only after centuries of infection of grass and intoxication of the ancients and mainly the poor during the Middle Ages.
	www.world-of-fungi.org /Mostly_Medical/Ziad_Madlom/Ergot_alkaloids.htm (3744 words)

	Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 6234 : Drug points: severe ergotism associated with interaction between ritonavir and ...
		Ergotism is a severe complication of chronic abuse or acute intoxication with ergot derivatives.
		This patient developed severe ergotism after taking 3 mg ergotamine over 5 days, a low dose in terms of the recommended safe dosage of ergot (up to 6 mg a day or 10 mg a week during chronic administration).
		Doctors should be aware of this harmful interaction, and any administration of ergot alkaloids should be discontinued when ritonavir treatment is started in patients with HIV infection.
	www.erowid.org /references/refs_view.php?ID=6234 (439 words)

	St. Anthony's Fire -- Ergotism - Heart Disease and other cardiovascular conditions on MedicineNet.com
		The disease ergotism (St. Anthony's fire) is caused by excessive intake of ergot.
		(Ergotism also can affect cattle, by their eating ergot-infected grain and grass).
		Acute and chronic ergotism are characterized by mental disorientation, convulsions, muscle cramps, and dry gangrene of the extremities.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14891 (1252 words)

	ergotism
		The disease that is caused by ingestion of the ergot fungus is called ergotism.
		In the middle ages great outbreaks of ergotism or "Saint Anthony's Fire" were all to common.
		Ergotism is now thought to be a possible explanation for werewolves, the Salem "witches", vampires, and dancing mania.
	www.bk.psu.edu /faculty/sidler/la283/studentwebs/Karish.html (332 words)

	St. Anthony's Fire
		Matossian ("Poisons of the Past") suggests ergotism may have contributed to the virulence of the Black Plague (1348-1350).
		Mycotoxins are suggested to be a possible contributing source for two reasons: the rats, the primary host for the fleas, may have died prematurely due to ergotism or mycotoxicity.
		In 1692 ergotism was endemic, and commonly referred to as nervous fever or fits.
	plantpathology.tamu.edu /kbgs/witchtrials.htm (1477 words)

	[No title]
		Some of the victims of ergotism are depicted in the paintings of Pieter Breuegel (1525 - 1569) Because of our knowledge of the fungus, its effects and how to control it and prevent contamination of food, ergotism rarely occurs.
		This is caused by the fungus Claviceps paspalis.
		Ergotism is an occasional problem in Texas when livestock have fed on infected grass.
	plantpathology.tamu.edu /sergot/other.htm (274 words)

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