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	HHMI: Nobel Laureates - Eric Kandel
		Kandel found that the cellular basis for memory depends on persistent changes in synapses, the connections between nerve cells.
		Kandel found that when, in the simple withdrawal reflex, the gill reacts to touch, the connection between the sensory nerve cell and motor nerve cell of the reflex are activated.
		Kandel later discovered that short-term memory is kindled by the modulation of synapses and that long-term memory is sustained by the activation of genes.
	www.hhmi.org /research/nobel/kandel.html (620 words)

	Eric R. Kandel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eric Richard Kandel (born November 7, 1929) is a neuroscientist who won a Nobel Prize in the year 2000 for his research on the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons.
		The researchers Kandel interacted with were contemplating the technically challenging idea of intracellular recordings of the electrical activity of the relatively small neurons of the vertebrate brain.
		Kandel began to realize that memory storage must rely on modifications in the synaptic connections between neurons and that the complex connectivity of the hippocampus did not provide the best system for study the detailed function of synapses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eric_R._Kandel (1459 words)

	Eric R. Kandel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eric R. Kandel is a neuroscientist who won a Nobel Prize in the year 2000 for his research on the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons.
		Eric Kandel was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1929 and is among the many now-American scientists who were driven out of Europe by Nazi Germany.
		Freud, a pioneer in revealing the importance of unconscious neural processes, was at the root of Eric Kandel's interest in the biology of motivation and unconscious and conscious memory.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/eric_r__kandel (1425 words)

	Eric R. Kandel, M.D.
		Eric R. Kandel, M.D. By probing the synaptic connections between nerve cells in the humble sea slug, Eric Kandel has uncovered some of the basic molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory in animals ranging from snails to flies to mice and even in humans.
		Kandel's research has shown that learning produces changes in behavior by modifying the strength of connections between nerve cells, rather than by altering the brain's basic circuitry.
		Kandel soon realized he needed a simpler system and chose the invertebrate sea slug Aplysia, much to the dismay of his colleagues who thought that no self-respecting neurophysiologist would abandon the study of learning in mammals to work on an invertebrate.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/kandel_bio.html (834 words)

	Eric Kandel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eric Kandel was born in Vienna, Austria,in 1929 and is among the many now- American scientists who were driven out of Europe by Nazi Germany.
		Freud, a pioneer in revealing the importance of unconsciousneural processes, was at the root of Eric Kandel's interest in the biology of motivation and unconscious and conscious memory.
		Kandel began to realize that memory storage must rely on modifications in the synaptic connections between neurons and that the complex connectivity of the hippocampus did not provide the bestsystem for study the detailed function of synapses.
	www.therfcc.org /eric-kandel-100873.html (1290 words)

	Eric Kandel Wins Nobel Prize in Medicine
		Kandel, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute senior investigator, is a member of both the National Academy of Science and American Philosophical Society and a winner of the National Medal of Science.
		Kandel's seminal work with the sea slug Aplysia, a creature with relatively few nerve cells and clearly delineated behavioral circuitry compared with vertebrates, demonstrated fundamental ways in which nerve cells alter their responsiveness to chemical signals to produce a coordinated change in behavior.
		Eric Kandel was born in Vienna, Austria in 1929 and emigrated from the Nazi-occupied country to the United States with his family in 1939.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/pr/00/10/ericKandel.html (585 words)

	Memory, Inc. -- Eric Kandel's sea slug experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Kandel, now 73, is the oldest scientist in this collection, but he is practicing in the youngest way; his techniques and areas of inquiry define the field's future and, at the same time, stake a solid claim for a radically reductive approach to the human mind.
		Kandel, also, went one critical step further than Skinner in his study of pigeons or Milner in her study of H.M. Kandel observed what actually happened to the sea slug's neurons as they learned — remembered — a new task.
		Kandel believed there was a mechanism that allowed for the conversion of short term to long term, and, as is typical of him, he went at it like a kamikaze reductionist, this time using not the simple sea slug, but a snippet of it.
	skinnersbox.org /sbclient/chapter9 (1180 words)

	NYU Today News: Dr. Eric Kandel, Class of 1956, shares Nobel Prize in Medicine
		Eric Kandel, recent recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Medicine, is a 1956 graduate of the New York University Medical School who did his much of his fundamental research at NYU.
		Kandel shared the prize with Arvid Carlsson of the University of Goteborg, Sweden and Paul Greengard of The Rockefeller University.
		Kandel, now University Professor of Physiology and Cell Biophysics, Psychiatry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biophysics at Columbia University, began his studies of learning and memory at the NYU School of Medicine when he was a member of the faculty of the Department of Physiology and Biophysics.
	www.nyu.edu /nyutoday/archives/14/04/kandel.nyu (250 words)

	Edge: ERIC R. KANDEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		ERIC R. KANDEL is University Professor at Columbia University in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and in the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia and a Senior Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
		He is also founding Director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University.
		Dr. Kandel is the author of several books including Cellular Basis of Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neurobiology; The Behavioral Biology of Aplysia; and Memory: From Mind to Molecules (with L. Squire)
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/bios/kandel.html (89 words)

	Eric Kandel
		Kandel won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2000.
		Kandel, who fled with his family from the Nazi occupation of Austria in 1939, was educated at Harvard University and New York University School of Medicine and began his career at the National Institute of Mental Health.
		Kandel became University Professor in 1983 and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute senior investigator in 1984.
	c250.columbia.edu /c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/eric_kandel.html (345 words)

	Eric R. Kandel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eric R. Kandel is a neuroscientist who has been at Columbia University since 1974.
		Eric Kandel was born in Vienna, Austria in 1929 and is among the many American scientists who were driven out of Europe by Nazi Germany.
		It was soon found that the neurotransmitter serotonin acting to produce the second messenger cyclic-AMP is involved in the molecular basis of sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex.
	www.portaljuice.com /eric_r__kandel.html (1299 words)

	ERIC KANDEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Dr. Kandel was honored for specifying the cellular processes that underlie the basic mechanisms of learning and memory.
		Kandel has awed his colleagues by riding each new wave of experimental technique that came along.
		Eric Kandel was born in Vienna, Austria in 1929 and fled from the Nazi-occupied country to the United States with his family in 1939.
	www.nyspi.cpmc.columbia.edu /kolb/EricKandel.htm (322 words)

	KANDEL, ERIC R.
		KANDEL, ERIC R. KANDEL, ERIC R.: The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog Between Genes and Synapses.
		KANDEL, ERIC R., Hawkins, R. D., Antonov, I., Antonova, I.: The contribution of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity to classical conditioning in Aplysia.
		KANDEL, ERIC R., Patterson, S. L., Pittenger, C., Morozov, A., Martin, K. C., Scanlin, H., Drake, C.: Some forms of cAMP-mediated long-lasting potentiation are associated with release of BDNF and nuclear translocation of phospho-MAP kinase.
	www.bbaw.de /pbl/kandelericr2001.html (313 words)

	Eric Kandel - A Nobel's Life
		With colleague Alden Spencer MD, Dr Kandel published a series of articles in the early 1960s documenting their discoveries of the cellular properties of hippocampal neurons.
		Dr Kandel’s lab discovered that this kind of fear resulted in the release of the peptide GRP in the amygdala of the animals.
		Eric Kandel: We're in a fantastic phase of psychiatric thought.
	www.mcmanweb.com /kandel.htm (1922 words)

	The Scientist :: 2000 Nobel goes to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel, Oct. 9, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eric Kandel — at 71 the spring chicken of the three winners — is at the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York.
		He was rewarded "for his discoveries of how the efficiency of synapses can be modified." Kandel developed the sea slug Aplysia — an organism with just 20,000 nerve cells — as an experimental model, using a simple reflex that protects Aplysia's gills to study learning.
		This Nobel is Kandel's 29th scientific prize or medal, including the Lasker Award (with VB Mountcastle) in 1983.
	www.biomedcentral.com /news/20001009/02 (262 words)

	American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. - Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and the New Biology of Mind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		“Eric Kandel is living Sigmund Freud’s life in reverse: Freud moved to Vienna as a child, grew intellectual roots in neuroscience, and became an illustrious psychoanalyst, whereas Kandel left Vienna as a child, grew intellectual roots in psychoanalysis, and became an illustrious neuroscientist.
		Kandel's personal, intellectual, and academic excursion represents the progress and potential of the fields of psychiatry, psychology and the behavioral sciences in integrating the understanding of mind and brain towards the purpose of helping those among us who suffer from mental disorders.
		Eric R. Kandel, M.D., is University Professor at Columbia University, Fred Kavli Professor and Director at the Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, and a Senior Investigator at Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
	www.appi.org /book.cfm?id=62199 (923 words)

	Scientific Philanthropy
		Eric Kandel is a neurologist at Columbia who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2000.
		Kandell says it’s exciting not only for him, but for the other scientists at his school and in the field.
		Eric Kandel won the 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his research into how nerve cells transmit signals.
	www.acfnewsource.org /science/sci_philanthropy.html (927 words)

	July 2, 2004, Hour One: Mad Cow Disease Update / Eric Kandel
		In this hour of Science Friday, Ira talks with Nobel laureate Eric Kandel about the molecular basis of memory, and his life in science.
		Plus, we'll get an update on mad cow disease in the U.S. A second round of tests indicates that a cow recently suspected to be carrying the BSE prion was not infected after all.
		Eric Kandel, M.D. 2000 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
	www.sciencefriday.com /pages/2004/Jul/hour2_070204.html (169 words)

	KNAW > News > Press releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Using the marine snail Aplysia californica as a model, Eric Kandel and colleagues have managed to bridge the enormous gap between the physiology of behaviour and classical psychology.
		This work and recent studies by Kandel and colleagues involving genetically modified mice have led to the discovery of neuronal mechanisms responsible for non-associative and associative learning processes (for example classical conditioning) and for the development and functioning of short- and long-term memory in lower and higher animal species.
		Eric Richard Kandel was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1929 and received his medical degree from New York University School of Medicine in 1956.
	www.knaw.nl /cfdata/news/pressrelease_detail.cfm?nieuws__id=125 (473 words)

	The Lasker Foundation \| Lasker Luminaries, Eric Kandel
		Kandel discusses memory and how it is formed in this talk with Richard M. Cohen, former CBS News Senior Producer.
		Kandel is the University Professor at the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
		Kandel held faculty positions at Harvard Medical School and New York University School of Medicine before going to Columbia University, where he was the founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior.
	www.laskerfoundation.org /awards/library/lumin_ek.html (141 words)

	[Physiology and Cellular Biophysics Faculty]Eric R. Kandel, M.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In vertebrates we use genetically modified mice to examine the mechanisms of long-term potentiation in the mammalian hippocampus and its relation to spatial memory and maintenance.
		Abel T, Martin KC, Bartsch D, Kandel ER (1998) Memory suppressor genes: Inhibitory constraints on the storage of long-term memory.
		Mansuy IM, Mayford M, Jacob B, Kandel ER, Bach ME (1998) Restricted and regulated overexpression reveals calcineurin as a key component in the transition from short-term to long-term memory.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/physio/physio2/kandel1.html (252 words)

	Neurology Milestones at Columbia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Salvatore Di Mauro and Eric Schon, working in the H. Houston Merritt Center for Neuromuscular Research, first link deletions of mitochondrial DNA to a specific clinical syndrome affecting the brain, eyes, and muscles, opening up a new human genetic pattern called maternal inheritance.
		Its installation follows nine years of research and development by Dr. Sadek K. Hilal, then director of neuroradiology and one of a handful of people considered to be the most influential in advancing imaging science and radiology during the past fifty years.
		Eric Kandel, University professor, is informed that he is among three researchers to share the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
	mustard.cc.columbia.edu /c250_events/symposia/brain_mind_neurology_milestones.html (503 words)

	Eric_kandel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Given Kandel's outstanding contributions to our understanding of learning, I hoped his book would have similar standards...
		An excellent introductory survey of neuron function : This book is currently in use in many undergraduate institutions, and is amenable to use by first.time students to neurobiology who have a basic grounding in molecular biology...
		Helpful, but not essential : I purchased this as a companion to Kandel's textbook, Essentials of Neural Science & Behavior, which is an invaluable resource for those studying neuroscience.
	books.mysic.ca /Author/Eric_Kandel (852 words)

	Eric Kandel -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Swedish pharmacologist who, along with Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel, was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his research establishing dopamine as an important neurotransmitter in the brain.
		American neurobiologist who, along with Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel, was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of how dopamine and other neurotransmitters work in the nervous system.
		A highly distinguished writer of spy and crime fiction, Eric Ambler was credited with being an originator of the espionage genre that became popular in the 1970s.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9383784 (856 words)

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