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Topic: Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front

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	Eritrea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The liberation struggle was dominated by two movements, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), often refered to as "Jebha", and by the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), often known as "Shaebia".
		Members of the Eritrean Orthodox Church are sometimes described as Coptic Christians because the hierarchy of that church was formerly subject to that of the Tawahido Church of Ethiopia, which was in turn formerly (before 1950) subject to the Coptic Pope.
		In 1993 the Eritrean Orthodox Church was granted autocephaly, and in 1998 the Archbishopric of Asmara, the young nation's capital, was elevated to the rank of patriarchate, within the Oriental Orthodox church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eritrea (2595 words)

	Eritreans
		Between 1965 and 1991, an estimated 750,000 Eritreans fled the Horn of Africa—roughly one-quarter of the country's population—in the wake of war, famine, political unrest, and persecution.
		Most Eritreans who resettled in the United States identified with one of these fronts, and a significant number were veterans of the conflict.
		The Chicago community has a chapter of the Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice (the ruling Eritrean political party, formerly the EPLF), and, in 2001, a chapter of the Eritrean Liberation Front–Revolutionary Council was founded.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/433.html (482 words)

	Badme and the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict: back to square one
		The fate of one place in particular is eagerly awaited: Badme, the village where it all began on 6 May with an armed incident between Eritrean and Ethiopian militia, followed by a violent incursion on 12 May 1998 by Eritrean troops to avenge the death of some of their soldiers and of a high-ranking officer.
		The nature of Eritrean military action was offensive and turned into occupation, as it did in the contested Irob country further to the east.
		The Ethiopian people feel betrayed not only by Eritrea, but also by their own sectarian and undemocratic leadership that has not reaped the benefits of war after its victory and its shattering of the army of the opponent.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/05/23-05-03/Badme.htm (3919 words)

	Dispute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		What is more the EPLF leadership, in its state of panic, continues to spread more and more confusion among Eritrean communities inside and outside their country as well as the international community.
		People can then give their judgment on the matter (in private, of course, in the case of Eritreans as there is no freedom of speech).
		The EPLF leaders may have succeeded in hoodwinking the international community early on it the dispute but they have now been exposed for what they are: arrogant thugs who pay scant respect to the norms of international conventions and diplomacy.
	home.swipnet.se /Ew-26522/Home/Analysis/Options_/Dispute/dispute.htm (3082 words)

	Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		They danced with the Eritrean wolves constantly playing to the vanity of the Eritrean leaders, portraying them on the one hand as David fighting Goliath, and on the other hand as battle-hardened fighters with thirty years' experience who were more than a match to the Ethiopians.
		There are people who have disappeared without trace; there are widows and widowers; and, worst of all, there are orphans, all the result of the deliberate bombings of civilians by the Eritrean pilots and ground forces.
		The fact of the matter is the Eritrean economy is basically a peasant economy, and the sooner they accept this down to earth fact the better chance the Eritrean people stand of developing a realistic economic policy.
	home.swipnet.se /Ew-26522/Home/Article/article_42.htm (3107 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Afars in Eritrea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), mostly consisting of Muslim separatists, was formed in Cairo by students and workers.
		Following the defeat of Mengistu, Eritrea functioned as an autonomous region with the EPLF establishing a provisional government The UN Programme for Refugee Reintegration and Rehabilitation of Resettlement Areas of Eritrea was established to resolve the problem of Eritrean refugees and displaced persons.
		Eritrean minorities, including Afars and Kunamas, opposed the independence of Eritrea, but the EPLF managed to dismiss its conservative Islamic rivals from office and declare independence following the referendum with 99.8 percent of the population in favor of independence from Ethiopia.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=53101 (1906 words)

	Preliminary Analysis of Eritrean-Ethiopian War. (Alasdair Guest) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A long and bitter internal struggle between several Eritrea liberation movements, with different ethic and political orientations was resolved in the form of the Eritrean Peoples' Liberation Front.
		Liberated Eritrea faced great problems, devastation and theft of its communications and indstrial base, no potential for export earnings and years of agricultural neglect after hundreds of thousands of peasants had fled repeated terror bombing.
		In Eritrea this is dominated by the high level of urban unemployment, especially among young people, the reluctance of expatriates to return and contribute their skills to reconstruction, and among the 50% of the population who have Islamic beliefs, principally those in rural areas.
	www.isf.org.uk /ISFJournal/ISF3/PreliminaryAnalysisOfEritreanEthiopianWar.htm (4170 words)

	ERITREAN ARCHIVES
		Eritreans, as a people, are very conscious of the preservation of our heritage and culture.
		During the war of national liberation, books were buried, articles and documents were hidden underground or in caves or moved out of the country and thus out of reach of the occupying Ethiopian regime.
		In the liberated areas of Eritrea various research and documentation centres were established early in the armed struggle for independence.
	denden.com /EritreanArchives/main.html (661 words)

	Tilahun4.htm
		The Tigre Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) is an organization of Tigrigna-speaking people of the Province of Tigray, organized by the EPLF.
		The Eritrean Ascaris and their Italian masters accused my great-uncle, Gebeyehu Gora, of being a terrorist and a hate-monger during the battle of Adwa, but to Ethiopians he was one of the most celebrated heroes of the war.
		As you are aware, the Afar people live in the region stretching from the ports of Assab and Djibouti in the south to Massawa in the north, including Danakil and Dahlak.
	www.ethiopic.com /Tilahun4.htm (5289 words)

	www.nuew.org --- The National Union of Eritrean Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Eritrean people have sacrificed three decades of struggle for independence which has laid a firm ground for social justice with equality as an essential principle of development and peace.
		The historical development of the liberation front, which adopted policies towards social transformation especially in the areas of gender equality, greatly influenced the governmental policy on women.
		The Eritrean economy is primarily based on agriculture and animal husbandry, with 60% of the rural population engaged in subsistence farming and 30% are agro-pastoralist.
	www.nuew.org /beijing (6662 words)

	Eritrean referendum on independence
		In April the Eritrean people will freely express their right to self-determination in a referendum on the future of their war and drought-ravaged country.
		EPLF general secretary Isaias Afeworki has vowed that the EPLF is committed to establishing a “multiparty democracy”.
		When the EPLF was formed in a split from the more conservative Eritrean Liberation Front in 1970, it affirmed that it had two related objectives: national liberation and social transformation.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/1993/94/94p21.htm (1250 words)

	UNICEF - Teachers Talking
		Answer: I started teaching in the liberated areas of Eritrea under the Eritrean Peoples’ Liberation Front (EPLF) in 1984, when I was 14 years of age.
		Zahra finished her education and is now employed by the Eritrean Air Force in Asmara and happily married to a man of her choice.
		The EPLF believed in women’s liberation as well and so was able to invest in girls’ education and there was a lot of emphasis on the benefits of girls’ education and all the teachers were aware and did try to improve on the situation.
	www.unicef.org /teachers/forum/0403.htm (1420 words)

	allAfrica.com: Eritrea [interview]: Eritrean Critic Urges Government to Relent on Dissidents
		By 1975 he was teaching at Howard University in Washington, D.C. and working with the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front, the start of a long involvement with the party that was eventually to rule Eritrea.
		Some people ask: "why would the President or his supporters want to reveal something which was highly critical of him?" And the answer is, "Why not?" Because, someone must have calculated that sooner or later, the contents of the letter might be released to the public anyway.
		We had been observing the development of Eritrean politics, over the years since independence, increasingly becoming one-man-rule, increasingly sidelining anybody who might be considered a threat to him, or who might challenge him on a given number of issues.
	allafrica.com /stories/200110050467.html (2127 words)

	Case Study
		The Eritrean-Ethiopian War ended with the Eritrean Peoples' Liberation Front (EPLF, which later became the Peoples' Front for Democracy and Justice) capture of the capital city of Asmara on May 24, 1991 (the war lasted for 30 years).
		The Eritrean colony was formed in an area where the peoples had varying and discontinuous relations with the Ethiopian empire in the South, the Ottoman and Egyptian empires in the North and various Sudanic empires to the west and north west.
		Ethiopian defeats gave the EPLF control of the north, west and, finally the east (with the capture of the port city of Massawa in 1990).
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/ice/ERITREA.HTM (2169 words)

	Kebena Sefere
		However, considering the journey we Africans have traveled, such scenarios will also be a thing of the past ones the people have been empowered with all the necessary knowledge and know-how needed to bring an end to fictitious democracies and replace them with bona fide form of government.
		People have realized that it is their fundamental right to vote in and vote out their leaders.
		And as more and more people realize that, the chance of an unwanted leadership staying in power will be the thing of the past.
	kebenasefere.blogspot.com (2832 words)

	Foreign & Commonwealth Office Country Profiles
		A second, the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF), headed by Isaias Afewerki, developed in the 1970s, boosted by the Revolution in Ethiopia.
		The EPLF went on to form a strategic alliance with an insurgent group in Northern Ethiopia, the Tigrayan Peoples’ Liberation Front (TPLF).
		The EPLF renamed itself the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) and has continued to run the country.
	www.fco.gov.uk /servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1022241525122 (1087 words)

	African Studies Review: From Guerrillas to Government: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		That autonomy, he argues, was reflected in both the front's structure as well as in the nationalist identity it produced and mobilized.
		Finally, part 3 examines how the EPLF carried the moral economy of the liberation struggle and the internal structure of the front, which functioned like a state throughout the latter part of the war, into the postindependence nation-building era.
		When he notes in the conclusion that "whereas the EPLF instilled nationalist sentiments and values in its members, unreconstructed sub-national loyalties lurked in the hearts of broader Eritrean society" (196), he highlights the inchoateness of his own analytic formulation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4106/is_200309/ai_n9241318 (655 words)

	Historical and social issues behind the Eritrean-Ethiopian border war
		The Eritrean regime of President Issaias Afwerki bases its claim to the disputed territory on an agreement signed between Italian colonialism and the Ethiopian monarchy in the period preceding Italy's overrunning of the entire country.
		That a movement which proclaimed itself the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF) should stake its claim to sovereignty on the authority of treaties extorted by Italy at the beginning of the century is an expression of the bankruptcy not merely of this regime, but of bourgeois nationalism throughout the continent.
		The EPLF's military victories in the north went hand in hand with the advances of the Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front, which had begun as a movement which also sought regional autonomy or independence, but in the end cobbled together an Ethiopian-wide alliance against the dictatorship.
	www.wsws.org /news/1998/jun1998/erit-j11.shtml (1334 words)

	News and Letters July 2000 Journal of Marxist-Humanism
		It was determined to crush all liberation struggles within the Ethiopian empire and almost eradicated the ELF forces in 1978 during the Soviet military intervention.
		A more serious liberation movement was established by 1970 in Eritrea, the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF), which was ideologically inspired by Chairman Mao and had a national democratic program with a line of struggle independent from the influence of the Soviet Union, China and the USA.
		The EPLF in Eritrea seems to have given up its Maoist ideological positions, now finding allies away from the revolutionary forces, turning its back on the Eritrean peasants, who have been the main force of the movement, and making the women's liberation struggle a secondary issue.
	www.newsandletters.org /Issues/2000/July/7.00_horn.htm (852 words)

	Abaineh Workie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The primary objective of EPLF in creating TPLF was to use the latter as an instrument to weaken the Derg so that Eritrea's secession from Ethiopia could be realized.
		The objective of EPLF is not just to realize Eritrea's secession but to maintain it by using TPLF to keep the rest of Ethiopia divided and weak.
		EPLF and TPLF, in collaboration with external forces, have been actively promoting the spread of Islamic Fundamentalism in the region.
	ethiopianreview.homestead.com /Article_AbainehWorkie_Jul93.html (2138 words)

	THE BERLIN MANIFESTO: DEATH ROW PSYCHEDELICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The failure of the Eritrean elite is not confined to the current Ethio-Eritrean conflict.
		The Ethiopian monarch may not have given special political liberty to the Eritreans, but he sure did give Eritrea economic renaissance at the expense of other Ethiopia provinces.
		And people of wisdom and balance are Eritrea’s greatest shortages.
	www.ethiopiancommentator.com /perspective/part8.html (692 words)

	w a k e u p, h a n n a ! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Amanuel Mehreteab may well be the first post liberation Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front's combatant to return to school and receive a PhD, a phenomenal achievement considering he spent 17 years in the armed struggle, far away from the world of books, and research libraries.
		It's natural that people who sacrificed a lot for the social and political emancipation of their people, and in some cases, as in Eritrea, for freedom and independence, the returnees expect to get the recognition they believe they deserve in terms of improved standard of living, educational opportunity and other benefits.
		The book provides instructive details of the two approaches, and the degree to which international humanitarian agencies are reluctant to tailor their approach to fit the circumstances, and the difficulties the Eritrean government faced in trying to get the necessary funding to implement its approach to integration.
	news.asmarino.com /Information/2004/06/AmanuelMehreteab.asp (1625 words)

	Eritrean Vision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		He recalls hosting negotiation between Mengistu’s government and representatives of the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF) for “autonomy for the occupied territory” (Eritrea).............
		Eritreans from all walks of life and from every corner of the world flocked to makeshift voting booths to exercise their long awaited right for self-determination.
		However, if such glorious day was a remarkable achievement in the history of Eritrea’s journey to freedom, the principles behind the struggle that sustained the vision of the Eritrean people is the backbone of the success story that should truly be a genuine inspiration for mankind.........
	www.eritreanvision.org (648 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Special Report \| 1999 \| 07/99 \| Battle in the Horn \| Stubborn leaders and national pride
		In 1991, Ethiopia's Marxist military dictatorship under Mengistu Haile Mariam was ousted by the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) led by Meles Zenawi, and the Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (now the Peoples' Front for Democracy and Justice) led by Isaias Afwerki.
		Ethiopia was concerned about being relegated to the status of supplying cheap labour for Eritrea; by Eritrean use of their common currency, the birr, to acquire dollars; and by overcharging at the port of Assab.
		He refutes the criticism that his policies were pro-Eritrean while the war distracts attention from internal criticisms, including similar allegations of a lack of democracy, and that development has been largely confined to Tigray region.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/special_report/1999/07/99/battle_in_the_horn/399155.stm (863 words)

	Eritrean People's Liberation Front -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		later (from 1994) People's Front for Democracy and Justice secessionist movement that successfully fought for the creation of an independent Eritrean nation out of the northernmost province of Ethiopia in 1993.
		The Eritrean Liberation Movement was founded in 1958 and was succeeded by the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) in 1961.
		After liberation from Ethiopia in May 1991, Eritrea was ruled by a provisional government that consisted essentially of the central committee of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9002184 (816 words)

	Article14
		During the armed struggle, the EPLF was a tactical ally of the EPRDF but was never a strategic ally.
		Therefore, the EPLF and the EPRDF, as tactical allies against the Dergue, cooperated in defeating their common enemy.
		If the Eritrean government was not suicidal, it would never have waged war against a neighbor which has a comparatively stronger economy, a much larger population known for its unity when it comes to foreign aggression.
	www.telecom.net.et /~walta/conflict/html/article14.html (944 words)

	The Ethiopian Revolution, The Dergue, Civil War and Famine
		Hundreds of thousands of people died of starvation due to the Mengistu regime refused to allow aid to be transported to the regions affected by the famine, which were controlled by the rebels.
		The Mengistu regime carried out the resettlement programme by taking people by force from markets and their home and loading them to buses and lorries and transporting them to swampy areas ridden with malaria in the south and west of the country.
		Many people chose to join the TPLF cause rather than being forced to resettle in an area they were not familiar with.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/dergue.htm (1280 words)

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