Eritrean War of Independence

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Topic: Eritrean War of Independence

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	Eritrean-Ethiopian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fighting also spread as the Eritrean government began supporting the Oromo Liberation Front, a rebel group seeking independence of Oromia from Ethiopia that was based in a part of Somalia controlled by Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid.
		From 1962 until 1991, Eritrea had fought a long war of independence against Ethiopia, ultimately leading to a referendum and peaceful separation in 1993.
		Eritrean aircraft then bombed the northern Ethiopian towns of Adigrat and Mek'ele.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War (1727 words)

	Amity Not Unity by Adrian Wijemanne
		In the Eritrean War of Independence the end came when the Ethiopian State collapsed as a result of the unsustainable financial burden of the war.
		The Irish War of Independence lasted, sporadically, for 300 years; the Eritrean and Bangsamoro conflicts for 30 and 28 years respectively.
		In the Irish and Chechen Wars of Independence the war ended with the unilateral withdrawal of the state’s forces when the state realized that victory in the conventional sense was unattainable and continuance meant high costs without any return.
	www.sangam.org /ANALYSIS_ARCHIVES/amitynot.htm (5035 words)

	ERITREA: Opposition unites against repression
		The Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF), which led the 30-year Eritrean war of independence against Ethiopia, had a global reputation for having made important advances in health and literacy campaigns, participatory democracy and women's liberation, despite the obstacles of underdevelopment, war and famine.
		It was formed by dissident cadre from both the EPLF and the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), an older group that initiated the armed independence struggle in 1962.
		A mass round-up of thousands of young Eritrean men for evading military service, and reports that at least 20 of those detained were massacred after a disturbance in the Adi Abeito prison in Asmara, are the latest indication of serious human rights problems in Eritrea.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/2004/607/607p19b.htm (552 words)

	Comparative Criminology Africa - Eritrea
		The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), which led the 30-year war for independence, has controlled the country since it defeated Ethiopian armed forces in 1991; its leader, Isaias Afwerki, serves as the President.
		Eritrea operates on the basis of transitional laws that incorporate pre-independence statutes of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, revised Ethiopian laws, customary laws, and post independence enacted laws.
		Eritreans who live abroad also provide a major source of external revenues, estimated to be approximately $300 million in remittances per year.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/eritrea.html (4430 words)

	Eritrean Railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The railway is narrow gauge and is slowly being rebuilt after the devastation wreaked upon it by the war of independence (1960-1991).
		The railway was reasonably busy for such a small line; in 1935, carrying large quantities of supplies for the Italian war effort in Ethiopia, the line saw 30 trains daily, while by 1965 the line was carrying nearly half a million passengers a year as well as 200,000 tons of freight.
		Eritrea won its independence from Ethiopia in 1993, and in 1994 the Eritrean president declared that rebuilding the railway was a priority for the new nation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eritrean_Railway (1870 words)

	ERITREA: Opposition unites against repression
		The Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front (EPLF), which led the 30-year Eritrean war of independence against Ethiopia, had a global reputation for having made important advances in health and literacy campaigns, participatory democracy and women's liberation, despite the obstacles of underdevelopment, war and famine.
		It was formed by dissident cadre from both the EPLF and the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), an older group that initiated the armed independence struggle in 1962.
		A mass round-up of thousands of young Eritrean men for evading military service, and reports that at least 20 of those detained were massacred after a disturbance in the Adi Abeito prison in Asmara, are the latest indication of serious human rights problems in Eritrea.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/2004/607/607p19b.htm (522 words)

	Nakfa · Eritrean Historical Web Site
		In April 1993 a referendum was held in which 1,102,410 Eritreans voted; 99.8% endorsed national independence and on May 28 Eritrea became the 182nd member of the UN.
		Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum.
		The map proved to be the end of the good relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and resulted in an armed conflict in August 1997 and an all-out war in May 2000, when Ethiopia occupied large parts of Eritrea.
	www.freewebs.com /nakfa/eritrea.htm (522 words)

	News Asmarino Com Front Page
		Ethiopia must decide whether to allow demarcation of the border to begin in October 2003, even though the international Boundary Commission, set up under the Algiers agreement to end the fighting, has ruled that the town of Badme, the original flashpoint of the war, is on the Eritrean side.
		Ethiopia must decide whether to allow demarcation of the border to begin in October 2003 even though the international Boundary Commission set up under the Algiers agreement that ended the fighting has ruled that the town of Badme the original flashpoint of the war is on the Eritrean side.
		For Ethiopians who opposed Eritrean independence, the threatened loss of Badme is emblematic of the loss of Eritrea, while for many Eritreans the fate of that town of 5,000 cannot be separated from their worry that Ethiopia may one day try to regain access to the sea.
	news.asmarino.com /Information/2003/9/ICGpublications_24.asp (522 words)

	North Gate News Online :: Eritrean Disputes Alive in Oakland
		Eritrean officials required exit visas for citizens after the country voted for independence in 1993, but they became stringently enforced as more young people began to leave during an ongoing border dispute with Ethiopia, a diplomatic state of no-peace-no-war, said Iman.
		Although Iman says he provides immigration assistance and passports to Eritreans who arrive in Oakland without exit visas, he believes they're doing a disservice to Eritrea's people, who are struggling to rebuild after more than 30 years of war with Ethiopia.
		Eritreans who emigrate without completing national service - a tour of duty with no end in sight, possibly resulting in death - face discrimination as "draft dodgers" once they arrive in the United States.
	journalism.berkeley.edu /ngno/stories/003859.html (522 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Eritrea
		Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum.
		note: UNHCR began repatriating about 150,000 Eritrean refugees from Sudan in 2001 following the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 2000 (2005 est.)
		A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices on 12 December 2000.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/er.html (522 words)

	Articles - Ethiopia-Eritrea War
		1991, Eritrea had fought a long war of independence against Ethiopia, ultimately leading to a referendum and peaceful separation in 1993.
		Ethiopia rejected that decision initially, but in November 2004, said that it accepted the ruling "in principle." Nonetheless, Ethiopia has begun remobilizing troops along the border, and as of 2005, there is new fear that the two countries could return to war.
		Ethiopia retaliated by supporting groups in southern Somalia who were opposed to Aideed, and by renewing relations with the Islamic regime in Sudan, which is accused of supporting the Eritrean Islamic Salvation, a Sudan-based group that had launched terrorist attacks in the Eritrea-Sudan border region.
	www.x-moto.net /articles/Ethiopia-Eritrea_War (522 words)

	Italian-Eritrean Railway and Tramway
		The railway was a casualty of the 30-year Eritrea-Ethiopia war for Eritrean independence.
		For the detailed technical aspects of the tramway and railroad, you have to consult other sources, Ralph R. Reinhold's Eritrean Railway and Ropeway for one gives you a lot more technical information than I do.
		The tramway was a causality of WWII when the English took the tramway's motors for their other war efforts.
	www.trainweb.org /italeritrea (437 words)

	Eritrean People's Liberation Front - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) was an armed organization that fought for the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia.
		The Christian-dominated EPLF and the mainly Muslim ELF first struggled between themselves in a contested civil war (1972-1974) before succeeding in liberating large parts of the country together in 1977.
		In 1988, the EPLF started an attack from the northern province of Sahel towards the south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eritrean_People's_Liberation_Front (291 words)

	Eritrean Liberation Front - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Eritrean Liberation Front was the main secessionist movement in Eritrea which sought Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia during the 1960s and 1970s.
		When Eritrea did gain independence in the early 1990s, the People's Liberation Front changed into the People' Front for Democracy and Justice with the addition of former ELF members while the balance became a small terrorist group in the nether reaches of the Sudan.
		In the 1970s, a group of its members split the movement and formed the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, a more left-wing rebel movement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eritrean_Liberation_Front (193 words)

	WashingtonPost.com: Eritrea-Ethiopia Conflict
		As a transitional government was established in Ethiopia, Eritrean leaders moved to establish a provisional government of their own, and began steps toward a referendum on independence.
		In April 1993, Eritreans voted on the U.N.-supervised plebiscite, overwhelmingly approving independence as some 98.5 percent of registered voters turned out for the historic event.
		Eritreans complained that letters of credit were being required and new duties levied.
	washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eritrea/overview.htm (668 words)

	Eritrean Government Closes Churches - Christianity Today Magazine
		Many Eritrean soldiers became Christians because of personal evangelism and Christian radio broadcasts during the war for independence from Ethiopia from 1962 to 1991.
		The World Evangelical Alliance (WEA) reported that the dominant Eritrean Orthodox Church could be pressuring the government to close independent evangelical and charismatic churches "in the wake of what appears to be a budding revival movement occurring within the traditional Orthodox Church, as well as a recent outbreak of evangelical fervor within the Protestant community."
		The Eritrean Orthodox Church claims to have 1.7 million members in 1,500 churches.
	www.christianitytoday.com /ct/2002/009/16.22.html (462 words)

	www.nuew.org --- The National Union of Eritrean Women
		The Eritrean people have sacrificed three decades of struggle for independence which has laid a firm ground for social justice with equality as an essential principle of development and peace.
		Eritrean economy has been influenced by colonial policies, war for independence and recurrent drought.
		The Eritrean economy is primarily based on agriculture and animal husbandry, with 60% of the rural population engaged in subsistence farming and 30% are agro-pastoralist.
	www.nuew.org /beijing (6662 words)

	Badme and the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict: back to square one
		Some Eritreans are beginning to wonder - in muted voices - whether this kind of independence, with a highly authoritarian leadership in a stifling surveillance state, was really worth it.
		That a war became “necessary”, however, was partly the result of the Ethiopian regime's ambiguous political dealings with the Eritreans and with giving them too many political and economic advantages after 1993.
		The Ethiopian people feel betrayed not only by Eritrea, but also by their own sectarian and undemocratic leadership that has not reaped the benefits of war after its victory and its shattering of the army of the opponent.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/05/23-05-03/Badme.htm (3919 words)

	Article14
		If the Eritrean government was not suicidal, it would never have waged war against a neighbor which has a comparatively stronger economy, a much larger population known for its unity when it comes to foreign aggression.
		The struggle for independence the Eritrean people and its leadership together.
		The EPRDF also understood that the EPLF would come out victorious alongside the Eritrean people in the struggle for independence.
	www.telecom.net.et /~walta/conflict/html/article14.html (944 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background
		Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum.
		The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), which maintains a strong presence throughout the country, completed a disarmament program for former combatants in late 2004, but the security situation is still volatile and the process of rebuilding the social and economic structure of this war-torn country remains sluggish.
		Azerbaijan - a nation with a Turkic and majority-Muslim population - regained its independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
	www.phatnav.com /factbook/fields/2028.html (16146 words)

	Ethiopian Reporter
		Nevertheless, the Eritrean government was wrong in its assumption because both the TPLF and EPRDF were painfully aware of what the EPLF had planned to achieve by launching its attack on Badme.
		6.1 The EPRDF which had been tolerant and supportive of the Eritrean independence would be pressurized and cajoled into accepting the parity of the nakfa with the birr because it needed Eritrean support for its survival.
		One consequence of the underestimation of the reaction of the EPRDF was that the conflict, which Eritrea did not expect to escalate, eventually reached explosive proportions by maturing in to a full-scale war.
	www.ethiopianreporter.com /displayenglish.php?id=469 (16146 words)

	Walta Information Center
		Soon after they held the reins of power, the Asmara authorities set for themselves not the noble task of rebuilding the war-shattered economy by turning the spear into a ploughshare, but pursued the adventurous policy of further sharpening the spear and throwing it here and there at whomever resisted to submit to their wills.
		Indeed, eight years on that hard-won independence, the Eritrean people have reaped not the economic "fruits" promised by their leaders, but rather disillusionment and endless frustration.
		However, one grim reality is evident as a result of this state of affairs: the unbearable difficulties in which the Eritrean people are wallowing.
	www.telecom.net.et /~walta/conflict/articles/article938.html (16146 words)

	Eritrean National Alliance's Official Website
		The sources further confirmed that the regime has provided Nakfa 10,000.00 for the families of those compatriots who have lost the lives during the war for independence.
		Soon after finishing their training, they were asked to pay 1,000.00 Nakfa each by skills officials of the regime or face expulsion from their jobs.
		The sources also reported, that the PFDJ regime called three government track drivers from their place of work and were transported to Ali-Geder “to be trained for seven months in the operations and maintenance of heavy duty construction machinery.
	www.erit-alliance.org /News/Nov_2004/NEWS%20FROM%20INSIDE%20ERITREA%20No.asp (16146 words)

	Ethiopia Eritrea Independence War 1961-1993
		The ELF was composed mainly of Eritrean Muslims from the rural lowlands on the western edge of the territory.
		In June 1970, Osman Salah Sabbe, former head of the Muslim League, broke away from the ELF and formed the Popular Liberation Forces (PLF), which led directly to the founding of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) in early 1972.
		On 29 May 1991, ISAIAS Afworki, secretary general of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), which then served as the country's legislative body, announced the formation of the Provisional Government in Eritrea (PGE) in preparation for the 23-25 April 1993 referendum on independence from Ethiopia.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/echo/eritrea1961.htm (1628 words)

	Publications on the Eritrea - Ethiopia conflict;
		Eritreans had also hoped that with the conclusion of the war of independence and a presumably friendly new government in Ethiopia, Eritrea would focus on rebuilding political, social, and economic institutions.
		By carefully documenting the events of the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea, the author unravels the complexity of the dispute and places it in the context of both a regional and international political dynamic.
		While the two sides are ultimately responsible for the war and its consequences, Gebre laments that the lack of creativity by third-party facilitators in bridging the gap between the two sides that may have prolonged the war.
	www.dehai.org /conflict/publications.htm (1628 words)

	Armed Conflict Report 2000 - Ethiopia-Eritrea
		Ethiopia accused Eritrea of arming the rebel group Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) fighting in eastern Ethiopia between May and August, and both sides increased military contact with warring factions in Somalia and engaged in military operations with opposition groups in Sudan.
		Ethiopia reportedly has never really accepted Eritrea’s independence and remains upset over having lost valuable access to the Red Sea since its former ports now lie in Eritrean territory.
		Eritrea accepted an Organization of African Unity call for a cease-fire and immediately began to redeploy its troops to initial positions prior to the breakout of fighting in May 1998.
	www.ploughshares.ca /content/ACR/ACR00/ACR00-EthErit.html (1628 words)

	War resumes between Ethiopia and Eritrea
		Eritrea's bid for more economic independence increased tensions over the port of Assab, traditionally the port for the whole of Ethiopia, and this escalated into disputes over the 1,000 kilometre-long border between the countries.
		What is remarkable about the war is that the two countries were until recently allies, formed out of movements fighting against the Soviet-backed military dictatorship of Mengistu Haile Mariam, which collapsed in 1991.
		Along with Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea and Ethiopia were cited as part of an "African renaissance"--countries that would further the imperialist interests of the US and Western powers in the continent.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/feb1999/eri-f20.shtml (1628 words)

	Eritrean War for Independence
		However, this was not a position that all Eritreans agreed on and those who opposed the union began to fight limited guerrilla warfare and the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) was founded.
		There was a marked increase in fighting and by 1976 the united Eritrean forces had pushed virtually all government forces out of Eritrea.
		There was yet another division within the Eritrean opposition as Osman broke from the EPLF and formed the Eritrean Liberation Front-Popular Liberation Front (ELF-PLF), a move that reflected personal rivalries and ideological divisions.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/eritrea1.htm (438 words)

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