
	Where results make sense

Topic: Erlitou culture

	Erlitou culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Erlitou culture (二里頭文化) (1900 BC to 1500 BC) is a name given by archaeologists to an Early Bronze Age society that existed in China.
		The culture was widely spread throughout Henan and Shanxi Province, and later appeared in Shaanxi and Hubei Province.
		The Erlitou culture may have evolved from the Longshan culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Erlitou_culture (218 words)

	Erligang culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Erligang culture (二里岡文化) (1600 - 1400 BC) is the term used by archaeologists to refer to a Bronze Age archaeological culture in China.
		The Erligang culture was centered in the Yellow River valley.
		The Erligang culture was influenced by the Erlitou culture, as its bronzes developed from the style and techniques of the Erlitou culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Erligang_culture (358 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Chapter 7, Section 4- Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		During the late stages of the culture, the Qijia culture retreated from the west and suffered a reduction in population size.
		The Wucheng culture was a distinct contemporary of Sanxingdui and Yinxu and is known for its distinct geometric pottery and bronze bells, the clapperless nao.
		The culture fluorished mainly in the provinces of Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/c07s04.html (1452 words)

	Bronze Age - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Unetice culture is followed by the middle Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC) Tumulus culture, which is characterised by inhumation burials in tumuli (barrows).
		The Erlitou culture, Shang Dynasty and Sanxingdui culture of early China used bronze vessels for rituals as well as farming implements and weapons [2].
		The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of the southern Korean Peninsula gradually adopted bronze production circa [700-600?] BC after a period when Liaoning-style bronze daggers and other bronze artefacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula (circa 900-700 B.C.).
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Bronze_Age (1720 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Dongyi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Historians such as Jacques Gernet think that the Longshan Culture was also culturally ancestral to the Erlitou Culture and the later Shang dynasty in the middle Yellow River Valley region.
		During the Yueshi culture in Shandong, the Erlitou culture and the subsequent Erligang culture gradually stretched from the Yellow River valley in the west.
		Since sites of the Yueshi culture distributed complementarily with those of the Erligang culture, the traditional theory that the Shang Dynasty originated in the east was shattered.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Dongyi (1456 words)

	Did the Xia Dynasty exist? - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		Erlitou might have been just one of the many civilisations which existed in china at the time, and the only one we have recovered so far.
		However, these cultural innovations do not show that the Zhou were of a different culture, because most of them (except the human sacrifices, which the Zhou even before overthrowing the Shang did not seem to have practiced) only came into being after the Zhou replaced the Shang.
		However, its general culture seems to be the same as the later Shang Dynasty and both originated from geographical locations very close to one another, and official Chinese history texts from ancient times, such as the Shi Ji, certainly considers them to be of the same people.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=10186&st=0&#entry4792501 (5058 words)

	Ancient East Asia: On the Chronology of the Three Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is commonly held by Chinese scholars that the Erlitou culture is equivalent to the Xia dynasty, and that the Xia and Shang were state-level societies which constituted large centralized political systems throughout their reigns.
		Erlitou (400 ha in area) is the largest among all its contemporary sites in China, and sites containing the Erlitou material assemblages have been found over a very broad region mainly including Henan, southern Shanxi, Eastern Shaanxi, and Hubei (Figures 2, 12).
		Erlitou was characterized by a centralized and internally specialized government, indicated by a great concentration of palatial foundations and various craft production workshops in an urban center (Erlitou), and rapid cultural expansion over a large region.
	www.ancienteastasia.org /special/sandaichronology.htm (2866 words)

	Discover map excavation erlitou and stewart excavating cleveland here. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Erlitou in An assemblage of 626 stone artifacts from the excavation of...
		excavation of Erlitou Culture burials at Nanzhai in Yichuan, Henan).
		CAR 05 seminars thomas excavator Abstract: The specific aims of the project are: to produce a new map of...
	www.excavatorequipmentcenter.com /map-excavation-erlitou.html (287 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄:::
		The end of the Bronze Age in the Near East is normally associated with the disturbances created by large population movements in the 12th century BC and the rise of new technologies and political formations, characterised as the start of the Iron Age.
		The Erlitou culture, Shang Dynasty and Sanxingdui Sanxingdui culture of early China used bronze vessels for rituals as well as farming implements and weapons [http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/chbro_bron.shtm].
		The Unetice culture is followed by the middle Bronze age (16th century BC 1600-12th century BC 1200 BC) tumulus culture characterised by inhumation burials in tumuli (barrows).
	www.mauspfeil.net /Bronze_Age.html (1516 words)

	Chinese History - Shang Dynasty å• event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Erlitou culture shows the transgression from the neolithic age to the bronze age.
		The Erlitou culture was very widespread and it is hence difficult to describe the political status of the Erlitou community in prehistorical China.
		It was the Zhou historiography and tradition that blinded out all other cultures of the late 2nd millenium BC and purported a single universal dynasty, the Shang, that ruled over the Central Plain and whose kingdom was inherited by the Zhou kings.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Myth/shang-event.html (3496 words)

	Did the Xia Dynasty exist? - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		Though we do know that Erlitou essentially shared the same general culture as the later Shang Dynasty because the artistic styles on the Erlitou bronzewares are very similar to those of the Shang Dynasty.
		Therefore strictly speaking of all the numerous cultures in what is now geographically China at that time, only the Erlitou Culture and its direct successor state, the Shang Dynasty, is genuinely Huaxia or Chinese.
		Culture: There is some regional variation between the Shang and the Zhou, for instance, the hereditary pattern in the royal house is somewhat different.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=10186 (5058 words)

	Henan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Erlitou culture, which has been controversially identified with the Xia Dynasty, the first Chinese dynasty as described in Chinese records, was also centered in Henan.
		Under Song rule, China entered a golden age of culture and prosperity, and Kaifeng was the largest city in the world [1].
		By this point, cultural and economic development in the Yangtze River delta region (modern southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, and Shanghai) had made that area into the new economic and cultural center of China, instead of Henan.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Henan (2328 words)

	Xia Dynasty city found - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		Erlitou is a complex bronze culture before Shang, but it is not evidence for the Xia kings in itself.
		I see no reason that the Erlitou culture wouldnt have writting too, but before some King is named on a pottery piece, bone or preserved bamboo slip then any site from 21-18th century BC is not evidence for Xia, and it is better to see the Erlitou culture is a whole earlier culture in itself.
		Every culture has a person who set the sun in the sky on its present course and the person whose footsteps who created lakes, that is folk history and can not be married to academic history...even if somebody can point to the cave they lived in, or the rock that took a nap on.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=108&st=30 (1427 words)

	Erlitou Culture
		The Erlitou Culture is a part of the Lung-shan assembly, and is seen by archaeologists as the most likely to represent Xia due to the remarkable amount of social complexity evident at the sites.
		Erlitou, itself, a transition (based on ceramic styles) from Erlitou Lungshan to the earliest phase of Shang, Erligang, is present.
		If Erlitou is the center of the influential polity mentioned in the Shi Ji, then it should have had substantial influence on the sites surrounding it as well as an impact on societies outside its immediate area.
	gort.ucsd.edu /mw/sproj/ta/hsia/Erlitoucul.htm (458 words)

	Chinese Culture
		The archaeological discovery at Erlitou in central China’s Henan Province in 1959 revealed the world the Erlitou Culture, which plays an important role in the culture of the Xia Dynasty, and influenced social aspects like the origin of a state in China.
		The Silk Road is the common cultural heritage of east and west.
		In November 2004, Shaanxi Xi’a Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology Research Institute announced that after a tomb of a Sogdian from central Asia was discovered in 2003, another tomb of the Sogdian, which is 1,400 years old was excavated in northern Xi’an, the capital city of northwest China’s Shaanxi Province.
	en1.chinabroadcast.cn /1857/2005-1-6/121@188610.htm (287 words)

	[No title]
		One of them is research on social structure as reflected by the settlement of western Henan Province and southern Shanxi Province from the period of the Longshan culture to the early Xia Dynasty.
		Archaeologists working on this segment of the project are studying the Guchengzhai ruins and Xinzhai ruins of Xinmi City and the Wangchenggang ruins of Dengfeng City, all in Henan Province; and the Taosi ruins of Shanxi Province.
		From March 2002 to December 2003, Zhengzhou cultural relics archaeological research institute excavated the Dashigu city site, during which an area of 540 square meters was unearthed.
	www.chinapage.com /archeology/xinzhai-ruin.html (894 words)

	Chinese Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Archaeologists have confirmed that one of the cities is of the late Longshan culture (3000 BC-1700 BC); the other belongs to the early period of the Erlitou culture (1900 BC-1500 BC).
		The 260 by 204-meter quadrate city of the Erlitou culture is located in the southwestern part of the Puchengdian ruins site, in Yanshi county, some 100 kilometers west of Zhengzhou, Henan's capital city.
		The Erlitou site was discovered in 1959 and is the largest single site associated with the Erlitou culture.
	www.kaogu.cn /en_kaogu/show_News.asp?id=437&key= (311 words)

	China and Inner Asia Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This elite culture came to dominate the entire Chinese continental region by the end of the Shang Dynasty.
		Although these artifacts do not imply political authority, and local cultural diversity remained, this elite culture laid the foundation for a common culture that defined itself in terms of shared rites.
		As divination was central to political and religious culture in early China and of continuing intellectual interest in later times, this paper will examine the characteristics of graphic forms in early divinatory texts starting from the Shang oracle bone inscriptions and will discuss their significance and implications.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2005abst/China/C-96.htm (733 words)

	Chinese Art History from ArtHistory.net
		The Liangzhu Jade culture was the last Neolithic Jade culture in the Yangtze River delta and was spaced over a period of about 1,300 years.
		The Jade from this culture is characterized by finely worked, large ritual jades such as Cong cylinders, Bi discs, Yue axes and also pendants and decorations in the form of chiseled open-work plaques, plates and representations of small birds, turtles and fish.
		As a consequence of the Dynasty's openness to foreign influences, and renewed exchanges with Indian culture due to the numerous travels of Chinese Buddhist monks to India from the 4th to the 11th century, Tang dynasty Buddhist sculpture assumed a rather classical form, inspired by the Indian art of the Gupta period.
	www.arthistory.net /eras/chinese.html (5452 words)

	Chinese Arts - Handicrafts æå·¥è—è¡“ - Ritual Bronze Vessels é’éç¦®å¨ ...
		In every culture, bronze was the first alloyed metal to be used for every kind of article necessary for daily life like ploughshares, yokes, kettles, knifes, bracelets, earrings, chariot axles and so on.
		The cultural significance of the bronze vessels is also evident through the abundance of Chinese characters used for these types.
		The Taotie é¥•é¤® pattern came up already in the Erlitou culture when jade objects like daggers, axes, disks and scepters were decorated with fabulous animals with fierce teeth and claws, sharp horns, tails and legs.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /Art/Bronze/bronze.html (3371 words)

	Asia Finest Discussion Forum > BLACKS IN CHINA ...
		The presence of this mound culture in China supports the traditions of burial of elects in mound tombs.
		Chinese archaeologists have suggested that the Henan Lungshan culture and the Erlitou I-III periods are representative of the Xia Dynasty.
		This coincides with the Erlitou sites of this area which date to 2100- 1800 B.C. The Xia people were recognized as being different people from the mongoloid Chinese they politically dominate China today as a people that came from the west (i.e., Iran), before they settled the middle Yellow river.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t46331.html (6569 words)

	Bronze Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The earliest evidence of bronze metalworking dates to the mid 4th millennium BC Maykop culture in the Caucasus.
		Each of these theories is persuasive, and aspects of all of them may have some validity in describing the end of the bronze age in this region.
		Some very rich burials, such as the one located at Leubingen with grave gifts crafted from gold, point to an increase of social stratification already present in the Unetice culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bronze_Age (1683 words)

	Yuxi area
		When Erlitou culture sites are analyzed as a whole, they seem to match up with Xia borders and dates mentioned in the Shi Ji.
		To add to this, recent excavations of more Erlitou Culture sites have shown that the earlier sites tended to be evenly dispersed away from the Huanghe Valley, while later sites group around the type-site and appear only in the Huanghe Valley (see figure 8).
		The village was of the Erlitou Culture type and near enough to the type site to have been influenced by it.
	gort.ucsd.edu /mw/sproj/ta/hsia/Yuxi.htm (835 words)

	Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums > Stunning capital of Xia Dynasty unearthed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Erlitou Ruins were discovered by Chinese scholars in their field research of Xia culture.
		As a result, the Erlitou Ruins were confirmed as the ruins of an important capital existing between the Xia and Shang dynasties.
		Some think it featured Xia culture in early period and Shang culture in later period, while others believe it was of pure Xia culture.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t8393.html (532 words)

	Erlitou Culture - Uk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One of the big advantages that online Erlitou Culture organizations obtain over non-net based Erlitou Culture organizations is that they are able to constitute speedy responses to changes.
		Our Erlitou Culture is advanced and advanced so we have not much managed to inscribe lots of content, however what we have done so far is researched the too best Erlitou Culture sites on the net.
		Expanding their market and making more sales way that Erlitou Culture traders have over street front stores Erlitou Culture establishments is the lower costs since of operating online.
	uk.best-resource-links-9.info /China/Erlitou_culture (943 words)

	Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Dawn of History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Earthenware artifacts from sites attributed to the Erlitou Culture that came later were already carrying symbols that would be the precursors of the written language of the famous oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty (about 16th-11th centuries BC).
		The Erlitou was an early bronze-age culture usually associated with the Xia Dynasty (about 21st-16th centuries BC).
		This is fortunate for the history of the Shang for it led them to leave us oracle bone inscriptions dealing with such diverse topics as the politics, economics, culture and even the norms of etiquette of these far off times.
	www.china.org.cn /english/2003/May/65530.htm (911 words)

	Chinese Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the excavated area of about 2,000 sq m, archaeologists discovered three man-made earthen platforms of the Liangzhu culture, revealed 236 tombs of the middle and late Liangzhu, and brought to light nearly 100 ash-pits, ash-trenches and sacrificial pits.
		During the final stage of the Erlitou culture, the site still played an important role as a high-rank large-sized settlement.
		Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, the Archaeological, Antiquarian and Museological College of Peking University, the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, and the Institute of Archaeology, CASS.
	www.kaogu.cn /en_kaogu/show_News.asp?id=253 (1856 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)