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	Ernest Orlando Lawrence Biography
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 - August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate best known for his invention of the cyclotron.
		Lawrence is held to be one of the great usherers of the era of "Big Science" with its requirements for big machines and big money.
		Lawrence became ill while in Geneva and was forced to return to Berkeley.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Lawrence_Ernest_Orlando.html (563 words)

	Ernest Lawrence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate best known for his invention of the cyclotron.
		Lawrence is held to be one of the great usherers of the era of "Big Science" with its requirements for big machines and big money.
		Lawrence and His Laboratory: A Historian's View of the Lawrence Years by the respected historians of science J. Heilbron, Robert W. Seidel, and Bruce R. Wheaton.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ernest_O._Lawrence (628 words)

	Ernest Lawrence -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 - August 27, 1958) was an (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American physicist and Nobel laureate best known for his invention of the (An accelerator that imparts energies of several million electron-volts to rapidly moving particles) cyclotron.
		The first model of Lawrence's (An accelerator that imparts energies of several million electron-volts to rapidly moving particles) cyclotron was made out of wire and sealing wax and probably cost $25 in all.
		Lawrence is held to be one of the great usherers of the era of " (Scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results) Big Science" with its requirements for big machines and big money.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/er/ernest_lawrence.htm (708 words)

	Nuclear Files: Library: Biographies: Ernest Orlando Lawrence
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence was born on 8 August, 1901 in Canton, South Dakota.
		Lawrence took the position of Associate Professor of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley in 1928 and became the school's youngest Professor in 1930.
		Lawrence was appointed to Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory in 1936 and was
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/library/biographies/bio_lawrence-ernest.htm (496 words)

	Ernest O. Lawrence \| Biography \| atomicarchive.com
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence was born on August 8, 1901, in Canton, South Dakota.
		His brother, Dr. John Lawrence, who became Director of the University's Medical Physics Laboratory, collaborated with him in studying medical and biological applications of the cyclotron and himself became a consultant to the Institute of Cancer Research at Columbia.
		After the war, Lawrence campaigned extensively for government sponsorship of large scientific programs, and is known as one of the great ushers of the era of "Big Science," with its requirements for big machines and big money.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Bios/Lawrence.shtml (501 words)

	Library: Nobel Laureates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		ERNEST LAWRENCE is the first native of South Dakota to be elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences, an honor that came to him in April, 1934, when he was only 32 years old.
		LAWRENCE obtained his elementary education in the public schools of Canton and Pierre, South Dakota, and did his undergraduate college work first at St. Olaf College and then at the University of South Dakota, where he was inspired by DEAN LEWIS E. AKELEY to enter the field of physics.
		Professor LAWRENCE was in 1937 the recipient of the Elliott Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute, the Research Corporation Prize, Comstock Prize of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in England.
	www-library.lbl.gov /teid/tmLib/nobellaureates/LibEO_Lawrence.htm (7715 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Lawrence invents the cyclotron
		When Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958) got his PhD in physics, the hottest topic was bombarding the atom's nucleus to see what new particles it might produce.
		Ernest Rutherford had only recently shown that striking the atom of one element could make it emit electrons and turn into a different element.
		With a larger magnet, Lawrence's team was able to produce 80,000 electron volts in 1931, and later the same year, with a 25 cm cyclotron, 1 million electron volts.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dp31cy.html (582 words)

	Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1930, was appointed professor and in 1936 became director of the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley.
		Lawrence is known for his development of the cyclotron, an instrument that accelerates charged atoms at high-speed, to accomplish nuclear transmutations.
		Ernest Lawrence received the American Medal of Merit, the Physics Nobel Prize in 1939 and Fermi Award in 1957.
	nautilus.fis.uc.pt /st2.5/scenes-e/biog/b0053.html (171 words)

	Ernest Orlando Lawrence, Laboratory Founder
		"Ernest was born grown up." His mother said this so often that it became a family cliche, anticipated whenever Gunda Lawrence spoke of her eldest son.
		Lawrence invented the cyclotron, spawning a historic revolution in particle physics that revealed the basic building blocks of the universe.
		Lawrence joined the faculty at the University of California in Berkeley in 1928, intending to study photoelectricity.
	www.lbl.gov /LBL-PID/Ernest-Lawrence.html (641 words)

	The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award
		Lawrence was the inventor of the cyclotron, an accelerator of subatomic particles, and a 1939 Nobel Laureate in physics for that achievement.
		The Lawrence Award honors scientists and engineers, at mid- career, showing promise for the future, for exceptional contributions in research and development supporting the Department of Energy and its mission to advance the national, economic and energy security of the United States.
		Each Lawrence Award category winner receives a citation signed by the Secretary of Energy, a gold medal bearing the likeness of Ernest Orlando Lawrence, and $50,000; if there are co-winners in a category, the honorarium is shared equally.
	www.science.doe.gov /lawrence (277 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence invented the cyclotron, a device that greatly increased the speed with which projectiles could be hurled at atomic nuclei.
		Born in Canton, South Dakota, Lawrence graduated from the University of South Dakota in 1922 then went to Yale University, where he obtained his Ph.D. in physics in 1925.
		In 1939 Lawrence was rewarded for his work with the Nobel Prize in physics.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/93.html (151 words)

	University of California - National Labs - UC manages three Department of Energy national laboratories that contribute ...
		The Lawrence Berkeley laboratory was founded on the UC Berkeley campus in 1931 as an interdisciplinary research center.
		Lawrence pioneered the modern practice of interdisciplinary science, bringing together scientists, engineers, and technicians from different fields to work on complex projects.
		At the government's request, Ernest Orlando Lawrence and physicist Edward Teller founded LLNL in 1952 as an offshoot of the Berkeley laboratory.
	www.universityofcalifornia.edu /labs (740 words)

	Ernest Orlando Lawrence Biography
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence was born on 8th August, 1901, at Canton, South Dakota (United States).
		Lawrence was a most prolific writer: during 1924-1940 his name appeared on 56 papers (an average of 31/2 papers a year), showing his exceptional breadth of interest.
		He was also the inventor of a method for obtaining time intervals as small as three billionths of a second, to study the discharge phenomena of an electric spark.
	www.physics.rutgers.edu /cyclotron/eolbio.shtml (606 words)

	Biografia de Ernest Orlando Lawrence
		Lawrence concibió la idea del ciclotrón el año 1929.
		Animado por el éxito de su alumno, Lawrence diseñó otro ciclotrón, capaz de comunicar a las partículas subatómicas una energía de hasta 1.200.000 eV, energía suficiente para provocar la desintegración del núcleo atómico.
		Aparte de su labor estrictamente teórica, Lawrence patentó un modelo de tubo catódico para televisores en color.
	www.biografiasyvidas.com /biografia/l/lawrence_ernest.htm (276 words)

	Lawrence, Ernest Orlando -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence was born on Aug. 8, 1901, in Canton, S.D. He received a Ph.D. in 1925 from Yale University, where he taught for a year before moving to the University of California at Berkeley.
		A city with diverse industries, Orlando is well known as a citrus fruit center and as a year-round vacation and resort area.
		Ernest Bloch's mastery of musical forms and his influence as a teacher brought him wide acclaim.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9047417?tocId=9047417 (693 words)

	Lawrence, Ernest Orlando
		Lawrence then set out to build a second cyclotron; when completed, it accelerated protons to 1,200,000 eV, enough energy to cause nuclear disintegration.
		To continue the program, Lawrence built the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley in 1936 and was made its director.
		One of Lawrence's cyclotrons produced technetium, the first element that does not occur in nature to be made artificially.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/341_7.html (368 words)

	Ernest Orlando Lawrence — Infoplease.com
		Lawrence's cyclotron enabled him to study the structure of the atom, transmute certain elements, and produce artificial radioactivity.
		His research included the use of radiation in biology and medicine and he helped isolate uranium 235 which was used in the first atomic bomb.
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence - Lawrence, Ernest Orlando Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901–58, American physicist, b.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0767168.html (267 words)

	Dean Nelson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ernest Lawrence’s discovery and development of the cyclotron was an important advancement in modern physics because of its contributions to mankind, including components necessary for the nuclear bomb and radiation therapy.
		The epistemology which lead Lawrence to investigate the workings of the cyclotron, to discriminate between various ideas and possibilities the one idea that would be fruitful, was not that of the scientific method, trial and error, or of other human inventions and devices of discovery.
		This shifted E.O. Lawrence’s thoughts for a time to the war and the horrific idea that his discovery could lead to a bomb entered his mind.
	www.physics.byu.edu /faculty/vanhuele/Teaching/222W05/PAPERONES/ELPeer.htm (3011 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		At that time, particle accelerators---devices used to shoot electrons, charged protons or ions at atomic nuclei---were linear: that is, the particles were shot at the target by a burst of static electricity along a straight path.
		Lawrence and others realized that they could give the particles muchgreater speed within a smaller space if they could build momentum by whirling them in a spiral before releasing them.
		Lawrence himself pioneered the use of radiation to combat cancer (he successfully treated hyperthyroid), and paved the way for the isolation of Uranium-235 (which allowed the U.S. to create the atomic bomb).
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/Lawrence.html (233 words)

	Lawrence, Ernest Orlando on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Berkeley HeartLab, Inc. Gains Exclusive License to New Heart Disease Diagnostic Test Panel from Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; New Diagnostic Test Panel Identifies Key Risk Factors Cited by...
		Quantum Dot Corporation Obtains Exclusive Licenses to Luminescent Nanoparticles From MIT, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of Melbourne.
		Lawrence Berkeley Lab uses IT to explore the wonders of science
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/l/lawrence1.asp (334 words)

	Ernest Orlando Lawrence
		Lawrence's cyclotron enabled him to study the structure of the atom, transmute certain elements, and produce artificial radioactivity.
		His research included the use of radiation in biology and medicine and he helped isolate uranium 235 which was used in the first atomic bomb.
		Lawrence received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Physics.
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0767168.html (87 words)

	Lawrence centenary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence, one of the great pioneers of
		August that year, the University of California gave him the former Civil Engineering Test Facility on the Berkeley campus to house a huge magnet he had aquired to convert for use in a much bigger cyclotron.
		In 1939, Lawrence was awarded the Nobel prize for his invention and development of the cyclotron.
	hepweb.rl.ac.uk /ppUKpics/POW/pr_010815.html (229 words)

	More Information for the exhibit on Ernest Lawrence and the Cyclotron, from the American Institute of Physics History ...
		Article on Lawrence and his Laboratory based on 1981 article by J. Heilbron, Robert W. Seidel, and Bruce R. Wheaton.
		Lawrence's personal papers are archived at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.
		Seidel, Robert W. "The origins of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory." In Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly, eds.
	www.aip.org /history/lawrence/info.htm (514 words)

	Ernest Orlando Lawrence Winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence Winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence - Biography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar)
		Ernest Orlando Lawrence Biography from Encyclopedia Britannica (submitted by www.britannica.com)
	www.almaz.com /nobel/physics/1939a.html (126 words)

	Federal Bureau of Investigation - Freedom of Information Privacy Act
		He accepted a certificate of membership in the USSR Academy of Scientists on August 12, 1943, with the permission of General Leslie Groves, Manhattan Engineering District.
		Lawrence was the inventor of the cyclotron and was considered as a noted authority on nuclear energy.
		Lawrence attended the Geneva conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy where he gave a talk.
	foia.fbi.gov /foiaindex/ernestlawrence.htm (123 words)

	The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The U.S. Department of Energy invites nominations for the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Awards, among the oldest and most prestigious science and technology awards given by the U.S. Government.
		The award program seeks to encourage excellence in nuclear science and technology; inspire people of all ages through the examples of Ernest Orlando Lawrence and the Lawrence Award laureates; and highlight for the general public the accomplishments of the U.S. scientific community.
		The award honors scientists and engineers, at mid-career and showing promise for the future, for exceptional contributions in research and development supporting the Department of Energy and its mission to advance the national, economic, and energy security of the United States.
	www.aai.org /Funding/2005/LawrenceAward.htm (162 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Lawrence, Ernest Orlando @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		LAWRENCE, ERNEST ORLANDO [Lawrence, Ernest Orlando] 1901-58, American physicist, b.
		Affiliated with the Univ. of California from 1928 onward, he became a professor in 1930 and director of its radiation laboratory in 1936.
		Our archive contains millions of documents from thousands of sources and goes back over 23 years.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:LawrencE&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (148 words)

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