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	Ernst Boris Chain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sir Ernst Boris Chain (June 19, 1906 – August 12, 1979) was a German-born British biochemist, and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin.
		After the Nazis came to power, Chain knew that he, being a Jew, would no longer be safe in Germany.
		Chain and Florey went on to discover penicillin's theraputic action and its chemical composition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain (372 words)

	Chain, Ernst Boris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1949 Chain was invited to the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome; he stayed there as professor until 1961, when he returned to the UK as professor of biochemistry at Imperial College, London.
		In collaboration with Florey, Chain isolated and identified the antibacterial factor in the mould.
		Chain also studied snake venoms and found that the neurotoxic effect of these venoms is caused by their destroying an essential intracellular respiratory coenzyme.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Chain/1.html (213 words)

	chain - definition by dict.die.net
		Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers.
		Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel's side, to which the standing rigging is fastened.
		Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered.
	dict.die.net /chain (998 words)

	Ernst Boris Chain - Encyclopedia, History and Biography
		Sir Ernst Boris Chain (June 19, 1906 - August 12, 1979) was a German-born British biochemist, and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin.
		Chain was born in Berlin In 1930, he received his degree in chemistry from Friedrich Wilhelm University.
		Chain and Florey went on to discover penicillin's theraputic action and its chemical structure.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ernst_Boris_Chain (228 words)

	Ernst Boris Chain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chain graduated in chemistry and physiology from the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin and then engaged in research at the Institute of Pathology, Charité Hospital, Berlin (1930-33).
		Chain served as the director of the International Research Centre for Chemical Microbiology, Superior Institute of Health, Rome, from 1948 until 1961.
		In addition to his work on antibiotics, Chain studied snake venoms; the spreading factor, an enzyme that facilitates the dispersal of fluids in tissue; and insulin.
	www.alenasites.com /ernstchain (198 words)

	Howard Florey and Ernst Chain: Pharmaceutical Achievers - Antibiotics in Action
		Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain, the scientists who followed up most successfully on Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin, each brought scientific knowledge and talent to the effort that filled out the other's contribution, but the two were mismatched in terms of their personalities.
		Chain took the position but quickly alienated himself from the rest of the department, partly through his endless complaints about the low quality of laboratory equipment in comparison with the situations he had known in Germany.
		With Chain aboard, one of the projects pursued at the school was the crystallization of lysozyme and the characterization of its substrate—the location on bacteria to which it usually attaches.
	www.chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/readings/flocha.htm (2669 words)

	Ernst Boris Chain Biography / Biography of Ernst Boris Chain Main Biography
		Ernst Boris Chain (1906-1979) was instrumental in the creation of penicillin, the first antibiotic drug.
		Ernst Boris Chain was instrumental in the creation of penicillin, the first antibiotic drug.
		Chain was born in Berlin on June 19, 1906 to Michael Chain and Margarete Eisner Chain.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-ernst-boris-chain (252 words)

	Howard Walter Florey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston, OM, FRS, (September 24, 1898 – February 21, 1968) was a pharmacologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the extraction of penicillin.
		Born in Adelaide, South Australia, Florey was a brilliant student (and junior sportsman) who studied medicine at the University of Adelaide from 1917 to 1921.
		In 1938, working with Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley, he read Alexander Fleming's paper discussing the antibacterial effects of Penicillium notatum mould.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Howard_Walter_Florey (449 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		(chain) (ch[amacr]n) a collection of objects linked together in linear fashion, or end to end, as the assemblage of atoms or radicals in a chemical compound, or an assemblage of individual bacterial cells.
		H chain, heavy chain, any of the larger polypeptide chains of antibody molecules, two identical heavy chains occurring (with two identical light chains) in each immunoglobulin monomer.
		open chain, a series of atoms united in a straight line; compounds of this series are related to methane and are also called fatty, aliphatic, acyclic, or paraffin compounds.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_c_23zPzhtm (2370 words)

	Chain, Sir Ernst Boris -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		With Ernst Boris Chain, Australian pathologist Howard Florey is credited with isolating and purifying penicillin (discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming) for general clinical use.
		Florey, Chain, and Fleming were awarded the Nobel prize for physiology or medicine in 1945.
		The Exumas are a chain of islands in the Bahamas.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9022245?tocId=9022245 (749 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ernst Boris Chain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining.
		Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey (September 24, 1898 - February 21, 1968) was a pharmacologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the extraction of penicillin.
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin OM (May 12, 1910–July 29, 1994) was a British scientist, born Dorothy Mary Crowfoot in Cairo.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ernst-Boris-Chain (1143 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ernst Boris Chain (Biochemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		In 1933 he left Germany and went to England, where he conducted research at Cambridge from 1933 to 1935 and at Oxford from 1935; he lectured (1936–48) in chemical pathology at Oxford.
		For his work on penicillin, Chain shared with Sir Alexander Fleming and Sir Howard Florey the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Ernst Boris Chain
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Chain-Er.html (198 words)

	Ernst B. Chain - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ernst Boris Chain was born on June 19, 1906, in Berlin, his father, Dr. Michael Chain, being a chemist and industrialist.
		Since 1948 his research topics have included carbohydrate-amino acid relationship in nervous tissue, a study of the mode of action of insulin, fermentation technology, 6-aminopenicillanic acid and penicillinase-stable penicillins, lysergic acid production in submerged culture, and the isolation of new fungal metabolites.
		He was in 1946 awarded the Silver Berzelius Medal of the Swedish Medical Society, the Pasteur Medal of the Institut Pasteur and of the Societé de Chimie Biologique, and a prize from the Harmsworth Memorial Fund.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1945/chain-bio.html (569 words)

	Chain
		Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a
		Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or
		Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of
	dictionary-x.com /Chain.html (1028 words)

	W3Dictionary.com - Online Dictionary - Definition of CHAIN
		chain of mountains, chains, chemical chain, concatenation, Ernst Boris Chain, iron, irons, mountain chain, mountain range, range, range of mountains, Sir Ernst Boris Chain, strand, string
		chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas.
		bind securely, as with a chain; as, to chain a bulldog.
	www.w3dictionary.com /chain (756 words)

	June 19 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Other important chain reactions are the combustion of carbon monoxide and of hydrocarbons.
		When it seemed that almost all reactions were chain reactions, one might believe the simpler mechanisms previously thought of were exceptions.
		Gustave-Émile Haug was a French geologist and paleontologist known for his contributions to the theory of geosynclines (trenches that accumulate thousands of metres of sediment and later become crumpled and uplifted into mountain chains).
	www.todayinsci.com /6/6_19.htm (2606 words)

	AIM25: Wellcome Library: Chain, Sir Ernst Boris (1906-1979)
		The surviving biographical material provides documentation of the arrangements for Chain to live and work in Britain, later honours and awards and his musical interests, and family correspondence, photographs and press-cuttings.
		There is much material on Chain's lectures, addresses and broadcasts, and on his extensive travel on visits and conferences, which includes a substantial number of unpublished talks.
		An exceptional feature of the Chain papers is the documentation of the large number of Israel and Jewish organisations with which he was associated, especially the Weizmann Institute of Science, where he was a governor for many years and had at one time considered taking up an appointment.
	www.aim25.ac.uk /cats/20/851.htm (684 words)

	24 Oct Nobel History
		Dr. Ernst Boris Chain, a chemist, took part in the final stage of these investigations, and during 1938 the two researchers jointly decided to investigate other antibacterial substances which are formed by micro-organisms, and in that connection they fortunately thought first of penicillin.
		The work was planned by Chain and Florey, who, however, owing to the vastness of the task, associated with themselves a number of enthusiastic co-workers, among whom mention should be made especially of Abraham, Fletcher, Gardner, Heatley, Jennings, Orr-Ewing, Sanders and Lady Florey.
		And therefore there is no doubt at the present time that the discovery of penicillin and its curative properties in the case of various infection diseases for which this year's Nobel Prize is awarded, is of the greatest importance for medical science.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/history/nobel/nob1024.html (2402 words)

	Chain, Sir Ernst Boris -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		With Howard Walter Florey he isolated and purified penicillin and performed the first clinical trials of the antibiotic.
		For their pioneering work, Chain, Florey, and Alexander Fleming shared a 1945 Nobel Prize.
		In addition to his work on antibiotics, Chain studied snake venoms, the spreading factor (an enzyme that aids the dispersal of fluids in tissue), and insulin.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9360240 (722 words)

	The Ultimate Ernst Boris Chain - American History Information Guide and Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ernst Boris Chain was born on June 19, 1906, in Berlin.
		Later he worked on the isolation and elucidation of the chemical structure of penicillin and other natural antibiotics.
		Professor Chain is author or co-author of many scientific papers and contributor to important monographs on penicillin and antibiotics.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Ernst_Chain (297 words)

	penicillin discovered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		… Australian pathologist who, with Ernst Boris Chain, isolated and purified penicillin (discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming) for general clinical use.
		With Ernst Boris Chain, Australian pathologist Howard Florey is credited with isolating and purifying penicillin (discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming …;
		… The Discovery of Penicillin Together, Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey discovered penicillin and its curative effect on infectious diseases.
	www.rosintonfmc.com /penicillin-discovered.html (367 words)

	Re: did Alexander Flemming invent penicilin?
		In 1945, Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, and Howard Walter Florey jointly received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
		Chain and Florey isolated penicillin in its pure form 11 years after Fleming's initial discovery.
		Although Fleming was the actually discoverer of penicillin, without Florey and Chain, penicillin might have remained a substance of no practical importance.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2000-10/970521786.Me.r.html (156 words)

	The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Chain, Ernst Boris (1906-1979)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		German-born British biochemist who, in collaboration with Howard Florey, first isolated and purified penicillin and demonstrated its therapeutic properties.
		Chain, Florey, and Alexander Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine - Chain and Florey for their joint work in isolating penicillin and demonstrating its clinical use against infection, and Fleming for his initial discovery of the Penicillium notatum mould.
		Chain also received many other honours for his work, including...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:99915931&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (168 words)

	Guide C
		Chain was born in Berlin where his Russian-born father, an industrial chemist, had settled.
		In 1933 Chain became one of the many refugees from Nazi Germany, finding refuge in Britain, first in Cambridge at the Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry and then, in 1935, in Oxford at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology.
		The early biographical period is sparsely documented, there is no first-hand documentation of the penicillin research at Oxford, and there are sporadic gaps in the correspondence files.
	www.bath.ac.uk /ncuacs/guidec.htm (10799 words)

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