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Topic: Ernst Haeckel

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	Ernst Haeckel
		Haeckel, E. Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century.
		Haeckel was influenced both by the German idealistic tradition and by the works of Darwin.
		In fact, Haeckel is one of many thinkers who believed that all species were historical entities (lineages) but did not share Darwin's enthusiasm for natural selection as the main mechanism for generating the diversity of the biological world.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/haeckel.html (697 words)

	Ernst Haeckel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Haeckel was a zoologist, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor of comparative anatomy.
		Haeckel introduced the concept of "heterochrony", which is the change in timing of embryonic development over the course of evolution.
		Haeckel was also known for his "biogenic theory", in which he suggested that the development of races paralleled the development of individuals.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Ernst_Haeckel (894 words)

	Haeckel and Monism.
		Haeckel's views on these topics are not valid deductions from evolution theory, and they contradict Haeckel's own acceptance of the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would wish they should do unto you," and his criticism of Christianity for cruelty to animals.
		Haeckel notoriously faked some of his drawings to make human embryos look more like fish and monkeys - a faking which he flippantly admitted in 1908, and which seriously damaged his standing in the eyes of many scientists.
		Haeckel expounded what he called the "Law of Substance" - "the eternal persistence of matter and energy, their unvarying constancy throughout the entire universe." He regarded matter and energy as "two inseparable attributes of the one underlying substance" which he identified with God.
	members.aol.com /Pantheism0/haeckel.htm (2364 words)

	Cabinet Magazine Online - Ernst Haeckel and the Microbial Baroque
		Haeckel's florid conflation of aestheticism with empiricism made him a lesser scientist in some ways—leading him, on occasion, to fudge his illustrations for the sake of a beautiful argument.
		Haeckel dismissed the embryo controversy by claiming that "all diagrammatic figures are ‘inaccurate'"10 and of course, however disingenuous as a defense, in a way this was perfectly correct—there is no such thing as an objective transcript of scientific observation.
		Haeckel's project seems to be skewed in the first place and maybe not for good purpose." Nozkowski echoes Jennings's feeling that Haeckel's sin is that "he finds what he expects to find.
	www.cabinetmagazine.org /issues/7/ernsthaeckel.php (3053 words)

	HAECKEL'S FRAUDULENT CHARTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But it was Ernst Haeckel* (1834) that elevated it to the supposed status of a "law" and proclaimed the theory as widely as he could.
		He also noted that, in another book by Haeckel, the Anthropogenie, two figures of human embryos in the blastula stage were shown with the allantois clearly visible, yet the allantois never appears in the blastula stage of growth.
		His concluded by denouncing Haeckel as a fraud, and henceforth as eliminated from the ranks of scientific research as a worker.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/17rec03.htm (1732 words)

	Haekel, Ernst (1834-1919) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
		Haeckel's contributions to zoological science were a mixture of sound research and speculations often with insufficient evidence (including use of forged drawings).
		Nevertheless, other ideas of Haeckel are still accepted, one of them being his view that the origin of life lies in the chemical and physical factors of the environment, theory shown to be likely by works of Miller and Urey (1953).
		Haeckel's greatest discovery was the observation that early embryos of different species resembled each other, and one of his most important theories was the recapitulation doctrine, which maintains that the development of the individual organism obeys the same laws as the development of the whole animal species.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /biography/Haekel.html (975 words)

	Rocky Road: Ernst Haeckel
		Born in 1834, Haeckel was both an early and ardent proponent of Darwinism.
		It's hard to say what Haeckel actually would have thought had he seen the consequences of the Third Reich, and in all fairness, his sentiments were commonplace around the turn of the 20th century.
		Haeckel thought radiolarians were multi-cellular animals, and he misinterpreted their nuclei and the symbiotic algae that some of them carried.
	www.strangescience.net /haeckel.htm (810 words)

	University Art Gallery
		Haeckel was early on far more attracted to the study of the natural world, especially zoology and comparative studies of microscopic anatomy.
		Ernst Haeckel presented his preliminary findings on the topic of radiolaria in 1860, at the thirty-fifth congress of the Society of German Naturalists and Physicians in Knigsberg.
		In 1862, at the age of twenty-eight, Haeckel was appointed associate professor at the University of Jena.
	www.umassd.edu /cvpa/universityartgallery/ernsthaeckel.html (818 words)

	Rudolf Steiner and Ernst Haeckel
		Haeckel was quite quotable, and has left as a legacy to biology such words as phylum, phylogeny and ecology - "oekologie" which he created from the Greek root oikos to refer to the relationship of an animal to its organic and inorganic environment.
		Haeckel's own statement, "politics is applied biology" shows that Haeckel himself was not unaware of the possibilities, or averse in principle to such an application of his ideas.
		Haeckel is praised for being a modern thinker - for the processes of his thought and for his general direction, and not for any specific results.
	www.defendingsteiner.com /articles/rs-haeckel.php (4723 words)

	Biography of Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, 1834-1919. From: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, 1910-1911.
		HAECKEL ERNST HEINRICH (1834-), German biologist, was born at Potsdam on the 16th of February 1834.
		As a consequence of these views Haeckel was led to deny the immortality of the soul, the freedom of the will, and the existence of a personal God.
		Haeckel's literary output was enormous, and at the time of the celebration of his sixtieth birthday at Jena in 1894 he had produced 42 works with 13,000 pages, besides numerous scientific memoirs.
	www.gennet.org /facts/haeckel.html (1123 words)

	The Biogenetic Law of Ernst Haeckel
		Ernst Haeckel's Biogenetic Law, also called the theory of recapitulation, was put forth in 1866.
		Haeckel stated his theory as "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny." Ontogeny is the embryological development process of a species; phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
		In addition, when we know the evolutionary history of a species, there is definitely some correspondence with the ontology: for instance, whales, which evolved from land mammals with legs, have embryonic legs that develop, then recede into the vestigial organs they are in adult whales.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/The_Biogenetic_Law_of_Ernst_Haeckel (305 words)

	Ernst Haeckel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Haeckel was a physician and later a professor of comparative anatomy.
		Haeckel's observations on the link between ontogeny (development of form) and phylogeny (evolutionary descent) have been named the "recapitulation theory", summed up in the phrase, "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny".
		Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory, and he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for His work on radiolaria, most of the speculative concepts that he championed are now seen as incorrect.
	ernst-haeckel.iqnaut.net (372 words)

	Beauty Beyond Belief - nineteenth centurty scientist and artist Ernst Haeckel Natural History - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nineteenth-century German morphologist, embryologist, natural philosopher, and artist Ernst Haeckel must surely be counted as one of the most influential and controversial figures in the history of evolutionary biology.
		Haeckel coined several scientific terms in use today, including ecology and phylogeny, but among students of biology, he is principally known as the author of the biogenetic law.
		Haeckel thought that if you could watch a vertebrate embryo develop, you would see it pass through the adult forms of its ancestors in the order in which they evolved.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_10_107/ai_53378972 (796 words)

	travelsrilanka - Ernst Haeckel at Weligama - Sri Lanka
		Ernst Haeckel was born on 16 February 1834 near Berlin, and studied medicine at the universities of Berlin, Wurzburg and Vienna.
		As the Encyclopaedia Britannica states: “Haeckel occupies no position in the history of philosophy, and in the formulation of his ideas he was somewhat unscrupulous in his use of scientific facts.” Thus the once respected professor is now largely discredited.
		Haeckel’s time at Weligama was too short for any connected series of zoological studies, but his observations did confirm that the creatures of the different oceans are not so dissimilar as the terrestrial fauna of the different continents.
	www.travelsrilanka.com /index.cfm?PAGE=725 (1201 words)

	Haeckel's embryos - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Haeckel's 1866 work featured comparative embryological data put into graphical form, in which he compared the embryos of a teleost fish, salamander, tortoise, chicken, pig, cow, rabbit and human.
		Haeckel had in fact substituted dog embryos for human embryos in his work and diagrams, and it was for this reason that Haeckel came under censure at his alma mater.
		Thus was born the favorite creationist example of "lies in the textbooks" and the general fallacy of evolutionary biology.
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=Haeckel's_embryos (358 words)

	Ernst Haeckel
		Haeckel was an accomplished scientist whose ultimate fidelity was not always to empiricism.
		His observations of nature led to the discovery of almost 4,000 species of radiolarian, and his iconic visual forms, such as the evolutionary tree, helped to make complex information accessible and graphically intuitive, both to other scientists and to the public.
		Haeckel named the species in the center of the painting Desmonema Annasethe, after his first wife, Anna Sethe, who had died years earlier.
	www.slate.com /id/2124625/slideshow/2124679/entry/2124669/fs/0 (146 words)

	Free Essay Ernst Heinrich Haeckel Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Haeckel did not have many patients in his practice, but was much more comfortable with the low amount of patients.
		Haeckel then moved on to study under Carl Gegenbauer in Jena for three years before becoming a professor of anatomy in 1862.
		Haeckel was discredited in the begging of the 20th century when biologists began to show that there is no one-to-one correspondence between phylogeny and ontogeny.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=25815 (502 words)

	Wells and Haeckel's Embryos
		Haeckel's theory is encapsulated in his memorable aphorism, "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," also called the biogenetic law.
		As might be guessed from the title, Haeckel is a prominent character in the book, and his theories and their consequences in the field are dissected in detail and without mercy.
		Haeckel's work was discredited in the 19 th century, and has not been relevant to biology since the rediscovery of Mendel's laws of genetics.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/wells/haeckel.html (4844 words)

	Ernst Haeckel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Haeckel's speculative ideas and possible fudging of data or diagrams, plus the lack of empirical support for many of his ideas, have tarnished his scientific credentials; however, Ernst Haeckel remained a very popular figure in Germany and was considered a hero by many of his countrymen.
		In the U.S. Mount Haeckel, a 13,418-ft (4,090 m) summit in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, overlooking the Evolution Basin, and another Mount Haeckel, a 2,941-m (9,649-ft) summit in New Zealand, are named in honor of Ernst Haeckel, as is the asteroid 12323 Häckel.
		Haeckel's literary output was extensive, working as a professor at the University of Jena for 47 years, and even at the time of the celebration of his sixtieth birthday at Jena in 1894, Haeckel had produced 42 works with nearly 13,000 pages, besides numerous scientific memoirs and illustrations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ernst_Haeckel (1958 words)

	Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Ernst Haeckel was born in Potsdam, Germany, on February 16, 1834, to Carl and Charlotte (Sethe) Haeckel.
		It was also at Würzburg that Haeckel's philosophical views began to develop, confronted as he was by mechanistic and materialistic views of life developed by Rudolf Virchow and Carl Vogt and expressed by young scientists and physicians with whom he came into contact.
		Haeckel determined to reinterpret all of morphology (study and comparison of animal forms) in terms of the theory of evolution, which meant the linking of animal species phylogenetically through "geneological" trees.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ernst-heinrich-haeckel (829 words)

	Fraud rediscovered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Haeckel’s German peers (notably, in 1874, Wilhelm His Sr, professor of anatomy at the University of Leipzig) were aware of this fraud and extracted a modest confession from him, in which he blamed the draughtsman for blundering—without acknowledging that he himself was the draughtsman!
		Haeckel further blurred differences by neglecting to name the species in most cases, as if one representative was accurate for an entire group of animals’.
		It was Haeckel who popularised the idea with his catchy phrase ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’; (meaning that the development of the human embryo in the womb is a rerun of the steps in man’s alleged evolutionary rise from a primitive creature).
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v20/i2/fraud.asp (1620 words)

	Introduction
		Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) is both a hero and a villain in the biological community.
		Much of Haeckel's developmental work is now considered invalid, and some historians of science have provided reasonable evidence to suggest that he fudged his drawings to fit his preconceived views about development and evolution.
		Haeckel and von Baer were not the only embryologists in nineteenth-century science, but you wouldn't know that from reading Wells.
	www.ncseweb.org /icons/icon4haeckel.html (3907 words)

	Ernst Haeckel - Biography
		Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) was the German scientist who coined the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" and the terms "Darwinism" and "ecology." He was first to postulate a "missing link" between ape and man and was proven correct when Java man was found in 1891.
		Haeckel was commonly referred to as "the Darwin of Germany."
		Haeckel traveled far and wide, from Sicily to Ceylon, to the North Sea, and beyond.
	www.mblwhoilibrary.org /haeckel/intro.html (314 words)

	Haeckel
		Ernst Haeckel was convicted of fraud for this in 1874.
		Claim #2: Ernst Haeckel was convicted of fraud for this in 1874.
		Haeckel's inaccuracies damage his credibility, but they do not invalidate the mass of published evidence for Darwinian evolution.
	www.antievolution.org /topics/law/ar_hb2548/Haeckels_embryos.htm (1770 words)

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