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	Ruska, Ernst on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By applying the discovery that electron waves are 100,000 times shorter than those of light, Ruska built a microscope that used a beam of electrons to produce a greatly magnified image.
		Ruska taught for many years at the Technical Univ. of West Berlin.
		Germany's Ernst Ruska Center and FEI Join in Partnership Program.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/R/Ruska-E1r.asp (229 words)

	Ernst Ruska Biography / Biography of Ernst Ruska Microbiology and Immunology Biography
		Ruska was born in Heidelberg, Germany, on December 25, 1906.
		Ruska subsequently worked with the Siemens Company to produce for the commercial market an electron microscope with a resolution to one hundred angstroms (by contrast, modern electron microscopes have a resolution to one angstrom, or one ten-billionth of a meter).
		Ruska's microscope--called a transmission microscope--captures on a fluorescent screen an image made by a focused beam of electrons passing through a thin slice of metalized material.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-ernst-ruska-wmi (869 words)

	Ruska, Ernst
		Ruska studied at the Technical University of Munich during 1925-27 and then enrolled at the Technical University in Berlin.
		Ruska joined Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG as a research engineer in 1937, and in 1939 the company brought out its first commercial electron microscope, which was based on his inventions.
		Ruska did research at Siemens until 1955 and then served as director of the Institute for Electron Microscopy of the Fritz Haber Institute from 1955 to 1972.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/514_6.html (256 words)

	TU Berlin - The shoulders on which we stand - Festschrift zur 125-Jahr-Feier der TU Berlin
		Ernst Ruska was born in Heidelberg on 25 December 1906.
		In late 1933, Ruska joined the "Fernseh AG" television company in Berlin, where he was to develop tubes for receiving and transmitting images.
		In his lifetime, Ruska was awarded four honorary doctorates, a number of academies and scientific associations made him their honorary member and he received other numerous prizes, culminating in the highest honour possible - the 1986 Nobel Prize for physics.
	www.tu-berlin.de /presse/125jahre/festschrift/ruska_e.htm (603 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Cassirer Ernst
		Cassirer, Ernst (1874-1945), German philosopher and educator, born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), and educated at the universities of Berlin,...
		The German philosopher Ernst Cassirer refined the concepts of the intellectual-logical and the intuitive-imaginative aspects of myth in his...
		Ernst, Max (1891-1976), French artist of German birth, who was a seminal figure in both Dada and Surrealism.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Cassirer_Ernst.html (90 words)

	Ernst Ruska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ernst Ruska was born on December 25,1906 in Heidelberg to parents Professor Julius Ruska and his wife Elisabeth.
		In 1933, Ruska was able to put into use an electron microscope, that for the first time gave better definition than a light microscope.
		From this institute Ruska worked with both German and foreign scientists, and about two hundred scientific papers were published before the end of 1944.
	www.qerhs.k12.nf.ca /projects/physics/ruska.html (636 words)

	Ruska, Ernst -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Born in Heidelberg, Germany, Ruska was a corecipient of the 1986 Nobel prize in physics for his invention of the electron microscope.
		German sculptor Ernst Barlach was an outstanding sculptor of the expressionist movement (a movement in which the artist's personal emotions are presented through distortion and exaggeration).
		Autobiographies of Ernst Ruska and Gerd Binnig of Germany and Heinrich Rohrer of Switzerland.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9064460 (697 words)

	Ernst Ruska Biography / Biography of Ernst Ruska History of Invention Biography
		Prior to Ruska's invention of the electron microscope in 1931, the field of microscopy was limitedby the inability of existing microscopes to see features smaller than the wavelength of visible light.
		Ruska subsequently worked with the Siemens Company to produce for the commercial market an electronmicroscope with a resolution to onehundred angstroms (by contrast, modern electron microscopes have are solution to one angstrom, or one ten-billionth of a meter).
		In addition to the Nobel Prize, Ruska's work washonored with the Senckenberg Prize of the University of Frankfurt am Main in 1939, the Lasker Award in 1960, and the Duddell Medal and Prize of the Institute of Physics in London in 1975, among other awards.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-ernst-ruska-woi (605 words)

	Gerd Binnig - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gerd Binnig (born on July 20th, 1947) is a German-born physicist who shared with Heinrich Rohrer half of the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics for their invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
		Ernst Ruska won the other half of the prize.
		Binnig graduated from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt and received a doctorate from the University of Frankfurt in 1978.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Gerd_Binnig (328 words)

	Ernst Ruska Prize (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This prize was instituted by the "Ernst Ruska Preis Förderverein" (ERPV), an organization established by the European manufacturers of electron microscopes (Philips and Leo).
		Candidates will be evaluated by a jury, the members of which are selected by the "Ernst Ruska Preis Förderverein" and the EMS.
		An additional objective of the Ernst Ruska Prize is to support scientists at a stage of their career at which the award will have a maximal impact on their future.
	www.eurmicsoc.org /ruska.html (412 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Max Ernst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ernst, Max (1891-1976), German-born French artist, who was a seminal figure in both Dada and surrealism.
		Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947), German physicist and Nobel laureate, who was the originator of the quantum theory.
		In 1900 the German physicist Max Planck proposed the then sensational idea that energy is not infinitely divisible but is always given off in set...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Max_Ernst.html (114 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Troeltsch Ernst
		Troeltsch, Ernst (1865-1923), German Protestant theologian and scholar, whose historical and sociological approach to the philosophy of religion...
		Ernst Troeltsch made the first attempt to characterize historicism in a more objective way.
		Scholarly definitions of “sect” and “cult” began with the work of the 19th century German sociologist Max Weber and his colleague, the theologian Ernst...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Troeltsch_Ernst.html (100 words)

	Siemens-Archiv (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When he was still only a student, Ernst Ruska discovered the principle of electron microscopy when he established that electron beams can be focused like light in a lens.
		When Borries left the laboratory in 1948, Ruska succeeded him as its director, and continued to contribute substantially to the improvement of the microscope in subsequent years.
		Ernst Ruska, who had received many awards for his pioneering work, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986.
	w4.siemens.de /archiv/en/persoenlichkeiten/wissenschaftler/ruska.html (159 words)

	Ernst Ruska
		Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (December 25, 1906, Heidelberg - May 25, 1988, Berlin) was a German physicist.
		In 1931 he built the first electron microscope, and in 1986 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/er/Ernst_Ruska.html (55 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Haushofer Karl Ernst
		Haushofer, Karl Ernst (1869-1946), German army officer, geographer, and prominent advocate of the geopolitical basis for the Nazi ideology of...
		The theorists and planners of National Socialism included General Karl Ernst Haushofer, a German geographer who exercised much influence in German...
		Baer, Karl Ernst von (1792-1876), Estonian naturalist and embryologist, discoverer of the mammalian ovum, and one of the founders of the modern...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Haushofer_Karl_Ernst.html (89 words)

	Il Portale di Rai Educational
		Ernst Ruska nasce il 25 dicembre 1906 a Heidelberg, in Germania in un ambiente famigliare decisamente orientato verso gli studi scientifici.
		Dopo i primi tentativi nel 1933 Ruska realizza un microscopico elettronico le cui capacità sono chiaramente superiori a quelle dei microscopi convenzionali.
		Ernst Ruska muore due anni dopo, per un tumore improvviso, nel maggio del 1986.
	www.educational.rai.it /mat/ri/noruska.asp (660 words)

	ernst.ruska.de
		We started in 1937, and in 1938 we had completed two prototypes with condenser and polepieces for objective and projective as well as airlocks for specimens and photoplates.
		One of these instruments was immediately used for first biological investigations by Helmut Ruska and several medical collaborators.
		(H. Ruska was released from Professor Siebeck for our work at Siemens.) Unfortunately, for reasons of time I cannot give here a survey of this fruitful publication period.
	ernst.ruska.de /daten_e/library/documents/999.nobellecture/lecture.html (5416 words)

	Ernst Ruska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dr. Ruska was awarded the nobel prize in 1986 for his invention of the electron microscope.
		Dr. Ruska was a native of Germany and received his schooling at the Technical University of Berlin.
		In his life time Dr. Ruska recieved many awards for his development, and improvements on the electron microscope.
	oz.plymouth.edu /~biology/history/ruska.html (119 words)

	Zur Frühgeschichte des Elektronenmikroskops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Reinhold Rüdenberg, in den 30er Jahren Leiter der Forschungsabteilung der Siemens-Schuckert- Werke in Berlin oder Bodo von Borries, Ruskas Schwager und langjährigem Kollegen.
		Ruska habe aber den Anteil anderer an seinen Leistungen nie geleugnet.
		Even before this lecture Ruska's work of May 1931 had been shown to one of Rudenberg's associates, Steenbeck, who years later wrote to suggest that the Rudenberg patents might have plagiarised or been influenced by Ruska's results of that time.
	www.gnt-verlag.de /programm/02/einleitung.shtml (1105 words)

	Articles - Electron microscope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ruska was also aware that magnetic fields could manipulate electrons, possibly focusing them as optical lenses do light.
		Ruska had deduced that an electron microscope would be much more powerful than an ordinary optical microscope, because he knew that magnification increased with shorter reflective waves.
		In 1932 Ruska and a collaborator, German physicist Max Knoll, under whom he obtained his doctorate, built the first crude electron microscope.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Electron_microscope (1099 words)

	Ernst Ruska - netlexikon
		Ruska studierte 1925 Elektrotechnik in München, ab 1927 an der TH Berlin und promovierte im August 1933 "Über ein magnetisches Objektiv für das Elektronenmikroskop".
		Ruska gilt als einer der Wegbereiter der Elektronenmikroskopie.
		Ruska vervollkommnete seine Erfindung mit dem Ingenieur Bodo von Borries, sodass es 1938/39 serienmäßig hergestellt werden konnte.
	www.lexikon-definition.de /Ernst-Ruska.html (293 words)

	Ernst Ruska-Centrum :: Ernst Ruska-Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ernst Ruska-Centrum für Mikroskopie und Spektroskopie mit Elekronen
		All document files and content on this server ("the data") are copyright Ernst Ruska-Centrum für Mikroskopie und Spektroskopie mit Elekronen (ER-C) 2004 or made available under licence.
		Illustrations and short extracts of documents may be reproduced if the source is acknowledged, authors give permission and the publisher (Ernst Ruska-Centrum für Mikroskopie und Spektroskopie mit Elekronen and/or third parties and their products and services) is notified.
	www.er-c.org /information.htm (582 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Ernst Mayr
		Mayr, Ernst (1904-2005), American evolutionary biologist known for his contributions to systematics, the study of evolutionary relationships among...
		Further investigation into population genetics and such fields as paleontology, taxonomy, biogeography, and the biochemistry of genes eventually led...
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	encarta.msn.com /Ernst_Mayr.html (115 words)

	Ernst Ruska Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Looking For ernst ruska - Find ernst ruska and more at Lycos Search.
		Concurrently, Ruska served at the institute and as professor at the Technical University of Berlin, from 1957 until his retirement in 1972.
		In 1986, he won half of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his many achievements in electron optics; Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer won a quarter each for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.
	www.localcolorartists.com /encyclopedia/Ernst_Ruska (307 words)

	Ernst Ruska, Hans Börsch: Auf dem Weg in die Nano-Dimension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ernst Ruska, Hans Börsch: Auf dem Weg in die Nano-Dimension
		Ernst Ruska und Hans Börsch: auf dem Weg in die Nano-Dimension
		Nach dem Krieg wirkte Ruska am späteren Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft in Dahlem, wo er mit seinen Mitarbeitern ein Elektronenmikroskop mit einer Grenzauflösung von zwei Atomdurchmessern entwickelte.
	www.tu-berlin.de /presse/doku/200jahre/ausstellung/2.etage/flure/nr.18/nr18.2.3.htm (119 words)

	Ernst Ruska - Autobiography
		I was born on 25 December 1906 in Heidelberg as the fifth of seven children of Professor Julius Ruska and his wife Elisbeth (née Merx).
		Helmut Ruska, and his colleagues worked on its application, particularly in the medical and biological fields.
		In order to promote its usage in different scientific areas as quickly as possible we suggested to Siemens that they set up a visiting institute for research work to be carried out using electron microscopy.
	nobelprize.org /physics/laureates/1986/ruska-autobio.html (907 words)

	Ernst Ruska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ernst Ruska, 81, engineer and physicist who shared a belated Nobel Prize for Physics...
		Germany's Ernst Ruska Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons purchased FEI's 300kV scanning/ transmission electron microscope.
		Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (Heidelberg, 25 de diciembre de 1906- Berlín, 25 de mayo de 1988) fue un físico alemán.
	enciclopedia.cc /Ernst_Ruska (280 words)

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