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Topic: Erosion prediction

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	Erosion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Erosion is the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock, and so forth) by the agents of wind, water, ice, movement in response to gravity, or living organisms (in the case of bioerosion).
		Splash erosion is the detachment and airborne movement of small soil particles caused by the impact of raindrops on soils.
		In the earliest stage of stream erosion the erosive activity is dominately vertical, the valleys have a typical V cross-section, and the stream gradient is relatively steep.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Erosion (1299 words)

	Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
		EROSION prediction is the most widely used and most effective tool for soil conservation planning and design in the United States.
		Erosion processes in WEPP are limited to sheet and rill erosion and to erosion occurring in channels where detachment is due to hydraulic shear.
		Interrill erosion is estimated as a function of interrill slope and of the square of rainfall intensity, modified by surface cover and crop canopy.
	www.ciesin.org /docs/002-215/002-215.html (4173 words)

	SH01 Erosion Prediction of Ungauged Basins (PUBs):
		The objective of this symposium is to review recent developments in methods for evaluating remote sensing, GIS and data assimilation techniques for estimating runoff and erosion in ungauged basins in the past, present and future.
		In many parts of the world, runoff and erosion rates are not monitored, and it is therefore difficult to quantify.
		To obtain information on climate, soils, topography and vegetation as well as precipitation, discharge, evaporation, erosion and soil moisture is a challenging problem and yet a practical problem for many developing countries.
	www.cig.ensmp.fr /~iahs/sapporo/HS01long.htm (349 words)

	Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
		Soil erosion is a complex phenomenon governed by a large number of factors, such as rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope, land use, and conservation measures.
		The quantification of soil erosion is an expression of soil erosion rates, which is given in units of mass or volume per unit area per unit time.
		Pinacle erosion is the result of deep vetrical rills, which leave islands in the bed of a gully, possibly due to an imbalance of excessive sodium and complete deflocculation in these formations.
	www.ciesin.org /docs/002-413/002-413.html (1889 words)

	Arizona Rangelands: Rangeland Science and Management: Ecology of Rangelands: Water and Drought: Erosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It is clear that soil erosion due to water and wind have had a major impact on all land types in the United States, particularly cropland (Fig.
		Erosion does occur on irrigated land, urban and highway construction sites and along stream banks, but the levels experienced on rain-fed cropland are much greater (Crosson, 1984).
		The problem of erosion is serious because of its impact on current and potential productivity, yet the number of variables which contribute to the process make estimation difficult.
	ag.arizona.edu /agnic/az/erosion.html (865 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Recent Corps and non-Corps case histories that illustrate the potentially hazardous impacts of excessive erosion in discharge channels are included as are the various factors controlling erosion and other responses to emergency spillway overflow.
		A major controlling factor of erosion in spillway discharge channels lined by sedimentary strata appears to be the interrelated effect of stratigraphic discontinuity and channel gradient change(s).
		Erosion of the material underlying unlined channels is the most serious of spillway flow impacts, since channel floor degradation can undermine spillway structures and threaten reservoir integrity.
	www.wes.army.mil /REMR/bib/0280.bib (461 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The WEPP represents a new erosion prediction technology based on concepts of sto- chastic weather generation, fundamental and modern hydrologic and erosion sci- ence soil physics, plant science, and hydraulics.
		Model predictions (dependent variables) that served as indicators of model sensitivity to random changes in model inputs include soil erosion vari- ables (sediment detachment and delivery) and hydrologic variables (runoff vol- ume and peak runoff).
		The erosion predictions are applicable to "field sized" areas or conservation treatment units.
	www3.bae.ncsu.edu /models/wepp_473.txt (1516 words)

	State Water Resources Research Institute Program
		Although it is widely known that most soil erosion in the NWRR is related to rain on frozen or thawing soils, understanding of the soil freezing and thawing dynamics and the associated impacts on winter runoff and erosion is extremely limited.
		The high soil erosion rate in the NWRR is a result of a combination of winter precipitation, intermittent freezing and thawing of soils, steep land slopes, and management practices that often leave the soil pulverized and unprotected during the rainy season (Papendick et al., 1983).
		Predicting the hazard of rain on frozen ground in the Palouse, paper presented at the Pacific NW Region ASAE Meeting, Twin Falls, ID, Oct. 11, 1974.
	water.usgs.gov /wrri/00grants/WAwheat.html (3958 words)

	ARS Project: Soil Erosion Prediction Technology for Improved Conservation Planning and Environmental Protection ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Erosion prediction technology is used by the USDA to administer billions of dollars in federal agricultural programs with United States farmers and landowners.
		Erosion prediction model and interface software was developed, tested, and released by the USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory (NSERL) in West Lafayette, Indiana in cooperation with Purdue University, the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the USDA Forest Service (FS).
		Erosion prediction model and interface software has been continuously developed, tested, and released by the NSERL in cooperation with Purdue University, the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the FS.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=405112&showpars=true&fy=2003 (1765 words)

	USDA CONSERVATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT/Bulletin
		Water erosion is the main degradation process, while human pressure, the reduction of plant cover, and the nature of the parent material are the main causes of soil erosion (Lopez Bermudez and Albaladejo, 1990).
		The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) is a computer model to predict water-induced soil erosion, storm run-off, root zone soil water, evapotranspiration, plant growth, and snow melt on cropland, rangeland, and forest land watersheds (USDA, 1989).
		In terms of erosion, perhaps the most important factor related to plant growth is the amount of biomass produced by the crop.
	www.alcorn.edu /agnetalcorn/cfactor/bulletin.htm (6502 words)

	Geoindicators: Soil and sediment erosion
		BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Erosion, the detachment of particles of soil and surficial sediments and rocks, occurs by hydrological (fluvial) processes of sheet erosion, rilling and gully erosion, and through mass wasting and the action of wind [see sediment geochemistry and stratigraphy; stream sediment storage and load; wind erosion].
		Erosion, both fluvial and eolian (wind) is generally greatest in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil is poorly developed and vegetation provides relatively little protection.
		Estimates of erosion are essential to issues of land and water management, including sediment transport and storage in lowlands, reservoirs, estuaries, and irrigation and hydropower systems.
	www.gcrio.org /geo/soil.html (1012 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Erosion Prediction 1629 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Erosion models can be used for either engineering design or conservation purposes, and hence the chapter is intended for both audiences.
		Erosion prediction models are used for erosion assessment and inventory work to track temporal changes in erosion rates over large areas.
		Erosion models are also used for engineering purposes, such as predicting rates of sediment loading to reservoirs.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=165725 (227 words)

	Laboratório de Fisica e Tecnologia de plasma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A mathematical analysis and diagrams are provided for predicting the best conditions for an arc heater to work with the minimum erosion level.
		The minimum erosion is shown to depend on the temperature attained by the electrode and on the degree of influence of the gas velocity on the electrode temperature.
		It is predicted that the erosion decreases with increasing the arc velocity, than stabilizes at a given minimum level and then increases as one increases the value of the arc velocity.
	www.ifi.unicamp.br /gftp/publicacoes/erosion3.htm (159 words)

	Wind Erosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The mission of the Wind Erosion Research Unit is to increase our understanding of wind erosion processes; develop reliable predictive tools; develop control practices; and disseminate information and technology for sustaining agriculture, protecting the environment, and conserving natural resources.
		Continue to develop commonality between WEPS 1.0 and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) which is a similar software system designed to predict the loss of soil and the degradation of soil quality due to water erosion.
		The reduction in wind erosion potential is mainly achieved by retaining higher levels of both soil roughness and aggregation in the integrated tillage system compared to the conventional multi-pass system.
	www.usgmrl.ksu.edu /progress_report/1999_Report/weru.html (1938 words)

	[No title]
		This is sheet erosion and represents the transport of soil from their point of origin.
		The rainfall factor is an average number of EI units in a year, or the EI for an individual storm if the equation is to be used for prediction of one storm's erosion.
		K is the erosion rate ratioed to the experimental plot.
	www.mines.edu /Academic/envsci/courses/esgn520/Hydusle.doc (1270 words)

	FOTG-Section I - References - Wind Erosion Prediction Guide \| New Mexico NRCS
		Geologic wind erosion is a part of the land forming process.
		Wind erosion is accelerated by human activities which disturb the protective cover on the soil surface.
		This guide is designed to provide an understanding of the wind erosion process, to provide a consistent methodology to estimate wind erosion, and provide an understanding of how conservation practices reduce wind erosion.
	www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov /technical/fotg/section-1/references/weq-prediction-guide.html (227 words)

	Directory - Science: Earth Sciences: Geology: Geomorphology: Soil Erosion
		Soil Erosion Network of GCTE (Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems) · Objectives of the Soil Erosion Network are to design and undertake experimental and monitoring programmes of soil erosion and to refine and adapt soil erosion models for use in studies of environmental and climate change.
		Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) · The WEPP-model, developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is a process-based, distributed model for soil erosion prediction.
		Applications of Caesium-137 in Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Studies · Discusses the use of Caesium-137, an element of radioactive fallout, as a tracer to study the rates and patterns of soil erosion and deposition.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=226493 (533 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Soil erosion and the consequent siltation of waterways have long been major environmental concerns on military installations.
		While these models are helpful in predicting average annual soil erosion over relatively homogeneous parcels of land, they provide little insight into the landscape processes governing soil erosion, and are incapable of predicting erosion on complex terrain.
		Average erosion rates have been determined and assigned to entire hillslopes and watersheds, thus providing no information regarding the sources and sinks of eroded materials.
	www.cecer.army.mil /techreports/war_terr/war_terr-03.htm (1226 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture (1993)
		As with water erosion, the widespread availability of personal computers and new research has led to results that can be used to adopt flexible, process-based technologies to assess and plan conservation practices for wind erosion control.
		As the new wind erosion prediction technology becomes operational, considerable work will need to be done to develop the data bases required for its implementation over the wide range of environmental conditions that occur in the United States and worldwide.
		Despite the advances that have been made in estimating and predicting erosion by wind and water, many questions related to data sources, methods of data collection and extrapolation, and data accuracy and reliability remain unanswered.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309049334/html/350.html (679 words)

	Agricultural Research: WEPP - erosion prediction for the next millenium - Water Erosion Prediction Project
		Imagine a day when farmers and ranchers can sit at their desks, click an icon on their computers, and estimate wind and water erosion that could be expected from each of the ways that they might manage their land.
		Imagine, too, that they could just as easily estimate the effect of their land-use decision on the movement of topsoil, water, and chemicals from their farms and ranches into the air or as surface runoff, tile drainage, or groundwater leaching.
		And implementing the new erosion prediction technology in the WEPP model comes at a time when other problems are being approached similarly.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3741/is_n4_v45/ai_19547865 (872 words)

	Mirago : Science: Earth Sciences: Geology: Geomorphology: Soil Erosion
		Applications of Caesium-137 in Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Studies - Discusses the use of Caesium-137, an element of radioactive fallout, as a tracer to study the rates and patterns of soil erosion and deposition.
		Soil Erosion Network of GCTE (Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems) - Objectives of the Soil Erosion Network are to design and undertake experimental and monitoring programmes of soil erosion and to refine and adapt soil erosion models for use in studies of environmental and climate change.
		Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) - The WEPP-model, developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is a process-based, distributed model for soil erosion prediction.
	www.miragorobot.com /scripts/dir.aspx?cat=Top/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geology/Geomorphology/Soil_Erosion (630 words)

	BLM-NSTC Resource Notes Issue 46 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The problem of erosion is further exacerbated by loss of organic matter in the topsoil that tends to hold the soil particles together.
		If overgrazing and drought continue, the bare patches expand, and erosion becomes a significant problem as rain and nutrients are carried away from the patches to be deposited in nearby surface depressions.
		Development and application of soil erosion prediction methodologies is therefore of utmost importance.
	www.blm.gov /nstc/resourcenotes/rn46.html (1279 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 117 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Terming erosion as one of the most devastating natural hazards, they said the rivers and estuaries devour 10 thousand hectares of land every year.
		Though it is extremely expensive to protect land from river erosion, we have to look for some cheaper alternative measures, as we cannot afford losing land any longer in a country with the highest density of population, said Water Resources Minister Hafiz Uddin Ahmad.
		River erosion is a nightmare for millions of people in the country, said Warpo Director General H S Mozaddad Faruque.
	www.thedailystar.net /2004/09/19/d40919060351.htm (335 words)

	GTOS :: TEMS database
		There are several causes for soil loss: sheet and rill erosion and gullying (caused by water, wind erosion, mineralisation of peat soils, mechanical erosion, etc.).
		For sheet and rill erosion, the model with the greatest acceptance and use, especially within the U.S., is the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE).
		The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model is a process-based, distributed parameter, continuous simulation, erosion prediction model for use on personal computers for hillslope and watershed applications.
	www.fao.org /gtos/tems/variable_show.jsp?VARIABLE_ID=65 (515 words)

	Agricultural Research: WEPP: spilling the secrets of water erosion - Water Erosion Prediction Project - Cover Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Soil erosion is indeed a persistent and serious research problem and, with its myriad complexities and variables, one that is terribly difficult for scientists to accurately measure.
		This new generation of soil-erosion prediction technology is now available thanks to over 10 years of ARS research.
		Rill erosion is caused by runoff water flowing over the soil, while interrill erosion results from raindrop impact and splash.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3741/is_n4_v45/ai_19547866 (1433 words)

	Soil Erosion : Processes, Prediction, Measurement, and Control
		Soil erosion has been responsible for billions of dollars of damage during the past thirty years, in the United States alone.
		Soil Erosion provides complete coverage of the physical causes, processes, and effects of this environmental problem from its origins to planning for future conservation and remediation.
		Coverage includes the primary factors that influence soil erosion, various types of erosion, erosion-prediction technology, erosion measurements, erosion and sediment control, and conservation of the land.
	www.literacyconnections.com /0_0471383694.html (249 words)

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