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Topic: Error-correction

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Error correction and detection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Error correction and detection schemes find use in implementations of reliable data transfer over noisy transmission links, data storage media (including dynamic RAM, compact discs), and other applications where the integrity of data is important. While the use of error correction and detection schemes are not limited only to sender-receiver systems, in discussing a particular scheme, it will be advantageous for us to use the terminology of a "sender" and a "receiver" for simplicity. Information theory tells us that whatever be the probability of error in transmission or storage, it is possible to construct error-correcting codes in which the likelihood of failure is arbitrarily low, although this requires adding increasing amounts of redundant data to the original, which might not be practical when the error probability is very high. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Error-correction   (1864 words)

Reed-Solomon error correction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Reed-Solomon error correction is a coding scheme which works by first constructing a polynomial from the data symbols to be transmitted and then sending an over-sampled plot of the polynomial instead of the original symbols themselves. A Reed-Solomon code is twice as powerful at erasure correction than at error correction, and any combination of errors and erasures can be corrected as long as the equation 2E + S ≤ (n−k) is satisfied, where E is the number of errors and S is the number of erasures in the block. In the same sense that one can correct a curve by interpolating past a gap, a Reed-Solomon code can bridge a series of errors in a block of data to recover the coefficients of the polynomial that drew the original curve. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reed-Solomon_code   (1114 words)

Forward error correction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In telecommunication, forward error correction (FEC) is a system of error control for data transmission wherein the receiving device has the capability to detect and correct fewer than a predetermined number or fraction of bits or symbols corrupted by transmission errors. The most recent (early 1990s) development in error correction is turbo coding, a scheme that combines two or more relatively simple convolutional codes and an interleaver to produce a block code that can perform to within a fraction of a decibel of the Shannon limit. This has been standard practice in satellite and deep space communications since Voyager 2 first used the technique in its 1986 encounter with Uranus. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Forward_error_correction   (547 words)

Error Correction Codes There's an error correction code that separates the bits holding the original value (data bits) from the error correction bits (check bits), and the difference between the calculated and actual error correction bits is the position of the bit that's wrong. Error correction codes are a way to represent a set of symbols so that if any 1 bit of the representation is accidentally flipped, you can still tell which symbol it was. The finished code, 011101011000101, is sent to the remote side, which recomputes the error code bits from the symbol bits, and compares that to the error code bits actually received. burtleburtle.net /bob/math/errorcor.html   (905 words)

Biological vs. quantum error correction mechanisms Error correction mechanisms are common in biology and widely thought of as endemic to that realm to the exclusion of the quantum. We would conclude that the error correction mechanisms found in biological organisms are pre-dated by their occurrence in quantum sources and the maintenance of error correction mechanisms in the machinery below the biological even permits them to function and to exist. We would say that error correction mechanisms cannot be used as an example of a life feature that shows a level of organization not found in the physical. www.mightymall.com /1st3seconds/errorcm.html   (842 words)

Error correction Error correction is normally configured correctly by Windows 2000 when you install a modem. Forced EC Requires that the modems use the V.42 error correction method or terminate the connection when V.42 cannot be used. Error correction detects and corrects corruption during transmission. www.microsoft.com /windows/windows2000/en/advanced/help/sag_MODEconcepts_115.htm   (206 words)

ECC Technologies, Inc. ECC FAQs Error correction is needed to ensure the accuracy and integrity of data and, in some cases, to create fault-tolerance (where components can fail with no loss of performance or data). Error correction can be used to extend the battery life of portable computers and other battery-powered electronic devices by allowing a significant decrease in the DRAM refresh rate. Error correction is currently being used to make high capacity storage devices such as magnetic and optical disk and tape reliable. members.aol.com /mnecctek/faqs.html   (1761 words)

Interventions: Error Correction & Word Drill Techniques Word supply is the simplest error-correction to use, so it can be ideal for student tutors or parents to use. Below are several error-correction techniques and one procedure for vocabulary drill-and-practice that teachers, tutors, or parents can use with This cue is given directly after a reading error and alerts the student to the fact that she or she has misread the word. www.interventioncentral.org /htmdocs/interventions/rdngfluency/errcorrect.shtml   (960 words)

EE4253 Hamming Code Correction of such errors requires more information, since the position of the bad bit must be identified if it is to be corrected. Similarly, if a family of codewords is chosen such that the minimum distance between valid codewords is at least 3, then single bit error correction is possible. It may now be observed that if an error occurs in any of the seven bits, that error will affect different combinations of the three parity bits depending on the bit position. www.ee.unb.ca /tervo/ee4253/hamming.htm   (1094 words)

Diagnostic Error Codes An error was reported by the drive during the Write command (to cause the auto-relocation) or the Read Verify command (to verify the relocation happened). This error is most likely an internal malfunction of the drive and not related to the condition of the cables etc. Retest and replace the drive if the error repeats. This may be due to an internal error or to a failed connection which did not allow the interrupt command to be sent to the drive properly. support.wdc.com /techinfo/general/errorcodes.asp   (1794 words)

Modem Error Correction Protocols Error correction is the ability of the modem to make a transmission be resent if it detects that there might be an error. CSP (CompuCom Speed Protocol): is an error correction and data compression protocol available on CompuCom DIS modems. V-Series: This is a Hayes proprietary error correction protocol that has become extinct. home.fuse.net /Walts_Place/modemerrorcorrection.htm   (166 words)

Error detection coding Error detection coding is designed to permit the detection of errors. As can be seen, the addition of a parity bit has reduced the uncorrected error rate by three orders of magnitude. So, the probability of a transmission with an error is www-dept.cs.ucl.ac.uk /staff/S.Bhatti/D51-notes/node32.html   (662 words)

CQC Intro's : Quantum Error Correction Third, the probability of failure of the quantum error correction falls exponentially with the redundancy, in the limit of large redundancy, as long as the error rate is below a given level [4,5]. During the correction procedure, the entanglement between the system and its environment is transferred to an entanglement between the measuring apparatus and the environment. First, completely general error processes can be corrected, including relaxation and entanglement with the environment, and to do this it is sufficient merely to be able to correct for spin flips (sigma_x Pauli spin operator) and sign flips (sigma_z Pauli spin operator) [2,3,4,5]. www.qubit.org /oldsite/intros/QEC.html   (1300 words)

Technical Reference Infobase: Error Correction Error correction is the method by which modems verify that the information sent to them has been undamaged during the transfer. As with data compression protocols, for an error correction protocol to be used, it must be supported by both modems in the connection. Though error correction may slow down data transfer on noisy lines, it does provide greater reliability. www.modems.com /glossary/glos3.html   (109 words)

Brainstorms: Error Correction Runs Deep For example, the "need" of error correction, the multitude of ways that "errors" are avoided, the limited applicability of the parity code concept to mutifunctional RNAs (along with the myriad ways by which the parity is broken) all point to a pretty different mode of design, an entirely different "personality". In addition to looking at the ‘source’ or cause of error correction, it is also interesting to look at the result or effect of error correction on the processes of evolutionary change. If as you seem to suggest error correction is part of GSH and if error correction reduces evolution then it seems that it's not Darwinian mechanisms but GSH that suffers from problems explaining the facts of evolution. www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000170.html   (2054 words)

Error Nuker: Find and fix Windows registry problems Error Nuker is a powerful utility that will scan the Windows Registry to identify errors and ways to optimize the performance of the Windows Registry. After the scan is complete, Error Nuker will show you a full list of errors with details, broken down by types and let you fix individual invalid entries or all invalid entries of a certain type. Error Nuker is different — its number one priority is safety. www.ErrorNuker.com   (560 words)

BBC British Council teaching English - Methodology - Error Correction 1 When it comes to error correction we are dealing with one individual's reaction to a student's piece of writing or utterance. To be sure about the type of error produced by a student we need to know where the student's interlanguage is (the language used by a student in the process of learning a second language). Correct errors by writing the correct forms in their place. www.teachingenglish.org.uk /think/methodology/error_correct.shtml   (914 words)

Hamming Codes The transmitting station must append information to the data in the form of error correction bits, but the increase in frame length may be modest relative to the cost of re transmission. Forward Error Correction (FEC), the ability of receiving station to correct a transmission error, can increase the throughput of a data link operating in a noisy environment. The number of parity or error check bits required is given by the Hamming rule, and is a function of the number of bits of information transmitted. www2.rad.com /networks/1994/err_con/hamming.htm   (777 words)

Realization of quantum error correction : Nature We verify error correction by comparing the corrected final state to the uncorrected state and to the initial state. In principle, the approach enables a quantum state to be maintained by means of repeated error correction, an important step towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation using trapped ions. Errors are induced simultaneously in all qubits at various rates. www.nature.com /nature/journal/v432/n7017/abs/nature03074.html;jsessionid=EC9F18407FD26E0A587AB6C545F64551   (305 words)

Forward error correction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The most recent (early 1990s) development in error correction is turbo coding, a scheme that combines two or more relatively simple convolutional codes and an interleaver to produce a block code that can perform to within a fraction of a decibel of the Shannon limit. The maximum fraction of errors that can corrected is determined in advance by the design of the code, so different forward error correcting codes are suitable for different conditions. FEC could be said to work by "averaging noise"; since each data bit affects many transmitted symbols, the corruption of some symbols by noise usually allows the original user data to be extracted from the other, uncorrupted received symbols that also depend on the same user data. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Forward_error_correction   (779 words)

ERROR CORRECTION If an error is detected in STARS, the correction will normally require that the agency prepare and submit to the Comptroller General's Office both: (a) a transaction reversal of the incorrect transaction, and (b) a corrected transaction. Errors discovered through the reconciliation process must be promptly corrected in the agency's accounting records and/or in STARS as appropriate. Errors within each category have common characteristics and are correctable in the same fashion. www.cg.state.sc.us /info/error/detect.htm   (805 words)

Principles of Error Correction When considering the problem of limiting the effects of errors in information processing, the first task is to establish the properties of the physical systems that are available for representing and computing with information. Once an error set is fixed, determining whether it is ``correctable'' can be cast in terms of the idea of ``detectable'' errors. The nature of the errors, that is, the error model. www.eskimo.com /~knill/qip/ecprhtml/node5.html   (303 words)

Audio Compact Disk - Writing and Reading the data Error detection and correction codes are fundamental to the operation of any digital storage system. In practice some errors are so large that they cannot be corrected by the error-detection and correction algorithms. Unless these errors are handled by some other means, they can result in audible clicks in the audio output. www.ee.washington.edu /conselec/CE/kuhn/cdaudio2/95x7.htm   (2671 words)

Forward Error-Correction Coding This structure enables a receiving system to detect and possibly correct errors caused by corruption from the channel and the receiver. Convolutional coding is generally more robust when faced with random errors or white noise; however, any decoding errors occurring in the convolutional decoder are likely to occur in bursts. Thus, any bursty errors resulting from the convolutional decoder could be effectively corrected by the algebraic decoder. www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/winter2002/04.html   (2177 words)

Memory Error Detection and Correction Unfortunately, while parity allows for the detection of single bit errors, it does not provide a means of determining which bit is in error, which would be necessary to correct the error. Since memory errors are rare if the system is operating correctly, the vast majority of errors will be single-bit errors, and will be detected. If the syndrome is non-zero, it can be used to index a table to determine which bits are in error, or that the error is uncorrectable. www.brouhaha.com /~eric/computers/ecc.html   (1160 words)

Salon.com Due to an editing error in the article "Putting Mary Poppins Under Surveillance" (July 17, 2003), a sentence was omitted from the end of the ninth paragraph. Due to an editing error in "Benny Elon's Long, Strange Trip," published May 13, 2003, tourism minister Benny Elon was twice referred to as the foreign minister. Due to an editing error, "iTunes -- The "i" Doesn't Stand For Innovation," published June 18, 2003, incorrectly stated that the Red Hot Chili Peppers covered the song "Ball of Confusion." In fact, the band covered "Higher Ground." Salon regrets the error. www.salon.com /letters/corrections/2003   (1809 words)

A Fundamental Introduction to the Compact Disc Player Two years later, in 1950 Richard W. Hamming publishes significant work on error correction and detection codes. However, quantization error becomes quite significant when a low-level signal approaches the level of the LSB, then the quantizing error actually becomes the signal, and therefore is an audible component of the output. As stated previously, the primary job of the noise shaper is to alter the frequency spectrum of the error signals so as to move most of the quantization error out of the audible frequency range. www.tc.umn.edu /~erick205/Papers/paper.html   (5473 words)

Error patterns disable transfer of learning Because these errors were not corrected early, and were inadvertently repeated over and over (i.e., practiced), many error patterns are actually learned, habitual and automatic and are then much harder to eradicate. It explains why adaptation to change takes so long; why performance slows and errors increase during the transition; why people initially appear to improve and then forget their learning under pressure; and why they keep falling back to old ways under conventional, i.e., currently available, methods of coaching, teaching, training, therapy and personal development. Trainers, teachers, instructors and coaches try to get it right the first time but invariably end up spending a lot of time trying to correct errors, misconceptions, non-compliance, technique faults and bad habits that somehow develop. www.personalbest.com.au   (870 words)

Quantum Error Correction An important consequence of invariance under a change of basis of error operators is that the set of errors correctable by a particular code and decoding procedure is linearly closed. As a result of this observation, the problem of finding good ways of correcting all errors up to a maximum weight reduces to that of constructing codes with sufficiently high minimum distance. This detectability condition applied to the original error set constitutes a second characterization of correctability, given in the next theorem: www.eskimo.com /~knill/qip/ecprhtml/node18.html   (610 words)

(Konstantinidis S.) Error-Correction, and Finite-Delay Decodability In addition we show that, in a certain sense, the class of rational channels can be used to model various error combinations. Using the same tools, we also obtain simple polynomial-time algorithms for deciding whether a given regular language is thin and whether a given regular code has decoding delay d, for given d, and for computing the minimum decoding delay of a given regular code. www.jucs.org /jucs_8_2/error_correction_and_finite   (240 words)

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