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Topic: Errors and residuals in statistics

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	[No title]
		residual adjusted by dividing it by an estimate of its standard deviation.
		The residuals are not the true, and unobservable, errors, but rather are estimates, based on the observable data, of the errors.
		The fact that the variances of the residuals differ, even though the variances of the true errors are all equal to each other, is the principal reason for the need for Studentization.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Studentized_residual (307 words)

	error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An error is a deviation from a correct value caused by a malfunction in a system or a functional unit.
		Errors in this sense are not judged as "good" or "bad", although an error may make an organism either more or less adapted to its environment.
		An error is judged by the official scorer when a runner advances a base because of a fielding mistake, and perfect play would have prevented the advancement, and the mistake was physical.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Error.html (419 words)

	[No title]
		In statistics, the concepts of error and residual are easily confused with each other.
		Error is a misnomer; an error is the amount by which an observation differs from its expected value; the latter being based on the whole population from which the statistical unit was chosen randomly.
		The sum of the errors need not be zero; the errors are independent random variables if the individuals are chosen from the population independently.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics (417 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Statistical hypothesis testing is formalized as making a decision between rejecting or not rejecting a null hypothesis, on the basis of a set of observations.
		The mean squared error of an estimator of a parameter is the expected value of the square of the difference between the estimator and the parameter.
		A residual plot for a regression is a plot of the residuals from the regression against the explanatory variable.
	www.stat.berkeley.edu /users/stark/SticiGui/Text/gloss.htm (13841 words)

	Residual Income (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In complex analysis, the residue is a complex number which describes the behavior of path integrals of a meromorphic function around a singularity.
		Residues are not the same as residuals; see errors and residuals in statistics.
		In order to evaluate real integrals, the residue theorem is used in the following manner: the integrand is extended to the complex plane and its residues are computed (which is usually easy), and a part of the real axis is extended to a closed curve by attaching a half-circle in the upper or lower half-plane.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/156/residual-income.html (725 words)

	SDA Help File for Analysis Programs
		The Chi-square statistic is used to assess the statistical significance of the observed relationship between the row and the column variables in the table.
		Note that the calculations for standard errors in cluster samples require that the coefficient of variation of the sample size in each cell, CV(x), be under 0.20; otherwise, the computed standard errors are probably too small, and they are flagged in the table with an asterisk.
		The standard error for the Pearson correlation is based on Fisher's Z, and it is calculated as the average distance of the upward and the downward confidence band for one standard error (based on the retransformation of Fisher's Z into Pearson's R).
	sda.berkeley.edu:7502 /HELPDOCS12/helpan.htm (13445 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Human factors engineering is often applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of error.
		Errors in a system can also be latent design errors that may go unnoticed for years, until the right set of circumstances arises that cause them to become active.
		A soft error is a deviation from a correct value which does not necessarily imply a malfunction.
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Error (518 words)

	Statistics Courses
		Nonlinear regression: asymptotic theory, Bates-Watts curvatures, bootstrap, errors in the predictors, exponential family nonlinear models, leverage and super leverage, model assessment, parameter plots, partially nonlinear models, projected residuals, transform-both-sides methodology, Wald versus likelihood inference.
		Applications to the development of dynamic statistical graphs and the representation and use of functional data, such as mean function in a nonlinear regression log likelihoods and prior densities function in a nonlinear regression log likelihoods and prior densities in Bayesian analysis.
		Almost all statistics graduates will work in settings in which at least a part of their work involve consulting to statistics users in other subject areas.
	www.stat.umn.edu /Courses/StatisticsCourses.html (1558 words)

	Statistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Descriptive statistics; histograms; measures of location and dispersion; elementary probability theory; random variables; binomial and normal distributions; interval estimation and hypothesis testing; simple linear regression and correlation; and applications of the chi-square distribution.
		The use of statistics in psychological research includes: elementary probability theory; descriptive statistics, including histograms, graphing, and measures of central tendency and dispersion; correlational techniques; binomial and normal distributions; and inferential statistics, including hypothesis testing, interval estimation, and analysis of variance.
		Statistical methods are introduced in terms of problems that arise in manufacturing and their applications to the control of manufacturing processes.
	www.utsa.edu /ucat/UGCatalog02-04/Chapter2/STA.htm (887 words)

	Error - TheBestLinks.com - Biology, Bit, Baseball, Design, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An error is a bound on the precision and accuracy of the result of a measurement.
		Statistical error is caused by random (and therefore inherently unpredictable) fluctuations in the measurement apparatus, whereas systematic error is caused by an unknown but nonrandom fluctuation.
		If the cause of the systematic error can be identified, then it can usually be eliminated.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Error.html (492 words)

	Articles - Error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A syntax error is an ungrammatical or nonsensical statement in a program; one that cannot be parsed by the language implementation.
		A logic error is a mistake in the algorithm used, which causes erroneous results or undesired operation.
		An error may also be an exception, a condition which arises during program execution due to an unexpected event.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Error?mySession=8c651c430da34e0331cd151b58fe4cd1 (656 words)

	eBMJ -- Statistics at Square One: Correlation asnd regression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For instance, a regression line might be drawn relating the chronological age of some children to their bone age, and it might be a straight line between, say, the ages of 5 and 10 years, but to project it up to the age of 30 would clearly lead to error.
		It is a common error to confuse correlation and causation.
		Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /collections/statsbk/11.shtml (2927 words)

	University of Massachusetts Lowell Mathematical Sciences - Degree Programs (Graduate Certificate)
		Statistical modeling (linear regression analysis) includes systematic procedures for collecting and analyzing data in order to "predict" a response variable based on one or more "predictor" variables.
		Statistical methods are the tools for designing quality into a product or service, as well as for monitoring, maintaining and constantly improving that quality.
		Simple linear regression, confidence regions, the general linear statistical model, the generalized likelihood ratio test, multiple linear regression, testing for homoscedasticity, initial data transformations, confidence ellipsoids, testing hypotheses about regression parameters, analysis of residuals, residual plots, variance stabilization, polynomial regression and analysis of variance.
	www.uml.edu /Dept/Math/programs/stat_cert.htm (895 words)

	Westgard QC, Z-Stats 14: Estimating analytical errors using regression statistics
		This statistic should be included as part of the regression calculations for any comparison of methods experiment to provide an estimate of the random error between methods.
		This type of error whose magnitude increases as the concentration of analyte increases is often caused by poor standardization or calibration.
		Random error is assumed to be uniform over the range of the data studied, i.e., there is an assumption of homoscedasticity, which means the variance of y is assumed to be the same for each value of x.
	www.westgard.com /lesson44.htm (2501 words)

	Error
		Engineers often seek to design systems in such a way as to mitigate or preferably avoid the effects of error.
		Human factors engineering is often applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of error by making systems more forgiving or error tolerant.
		Those who recognize the role of language usage in everyday social class distinctions feel that linguistics should be descriptive rather than prescriptive to avoid reinforcing dominant class value judgments about what linguistic forms should and should not be used.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Error (544 words)

	Statistics.com: Encyclopedia of Biostatistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Statistical analysts in the pharmaceutical industry, insurance companies, HMO’s, hospitals, medical schools, government regulators, public health agencies and the health care and health services sector generally should have access to this classic encyclopedia, which has just been updated with 182 new and 300 revised articles.
		Building on the widely acclaimed First Edition, the distinguished editorial team has commissioned new material and revised existing articles to ensure that the coverage of key topics is completely up to date and comprehensive.
		Statistical Methods in Medical Research (J) Teaching statistics to medical students
	www.statistics.com /content/encyclopedia/bioencyclopedia.html (322 words)

	Statistics 511
		Grading errors on homeworks should be brought to the attention of your TA within 2 weeks of the date on which it was returned.
		Your failure to pick up your homework does not extend this deadline, unless the cause was a lengthy medical or family emergency, in which case you need to contact Prof.
		The F and t-tests for the statistical significance of the regression relationship.
	www.stat.psu.edu /~naomi/stat511/basic/basicinfo.html (738 words)

	The Math Forum - Math Library - Statistics
		The statistical tables, plots, and random numbers comprise the electronic equivalent of a book full of statistical tables: cumulative distribution functions, quantile functions, density functions, plots of cdfs and densities, and random number generators for a large class of univariate probability distributions.
		An open statistical library for C. Similar to other statistics packages in function, Apophenia does not commit the user to an ad hoc language or environment, but rather keeps data in a database.
		A book that discusses conceptual and pragmatic issues in the assessment of statistical knowledge and reasoning skills among students at the college and precollege (K12) levels, and the use of assessments to improve instruction.
	mathforum.org /library/topics/statistics (2776 words)

	TI-83 Plus Instructions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The four menu key for doing statistics are the STAT PLOT key, the STAT key, the VARS key, and the DISTR key.
		Two variable statistics: To obtain the descriptive statistics for two variables, start the same way as for one variable.
		statistic, the p-value, and the number of degrees of freedom.
	www.georgetown.edu /faculty/engler/Statistics/TI83.html (2389 words)

	[No title]
		RESIDUALS STATISTICS FOR OBSERVATORY CODES 2005 JUNE 30 It is intended that this listing be revised monthly after the preparation of each batch of Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs).
		A total of 258871 residuals blocks were examined, including all the numbered orbits (from orbits that are complete through the latest published observations) and unnumbered objects with perturbed orbits published in or after the 1999 June 22 batch of MPCs.
		Residual blocks for individual objects are available through the on-line MPES.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /iau/special/residuals.txt (259 words)

	GOES INR Performance Statistics Help Document
		The primary purpose of the INR statistics plots is to provide a means of monitoring and trending INR performance as it relates to the defined specifications.
		The "Weekly Residual" plots depict all of the imager/sounder star and imager visible/IR landmark navigation errors for the entire week of interest.
		A residual is defined as the difference between the observed and predicted locations of a landmark or star measurement within the instrument field-of-view.
	www.oso.noaa.gov /goes/inrstat/inr_help.htm (267 words)

	Glossary of research economics
		This decomposition is used to structure an F test to test the hypothesis that the between-class variation is large relative to the within-class variation, which implies that the classification is meaningful, i.e., that there is a significant variation in the dependent variable between classes.
		If one runs a test of statistical significance on enough randomly selected subsets of the patient base, one would find some subsets in which statistically significant differences were apparently distinguished by the treatment.
		It is a statistic for testing whether dependent variable y is heteroskedastic as a function of regressors X. If it is, that suggests use of GLS or SUR estimation in place of OLS.
	econterms.com /econtent.html (14743 words)

	MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
		This paper originally appeared in Kotz-Johnson (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Volume 5, Copyright (c) 1985 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This HTML document derives from the original as follows: The original was scanned and converted to text by optical-character-recognition software, which was then edited using MS-WORD.
		While the data could contain random error, this early type of MDS required that the data be dissimilarities (not similarities), complete (no missing values), and symmetric (the dissimilarity of objects I and J had to equal that of objects J and 1).
		In the preceding equation, E is a matrix of errors (residuals) that in the least-squares optimization situation, we wish to minimize.
	forrest.psych.unc.edu /teaching/p208a/mds/mds.html (3286 words)

	Random Errors
		One of the most effective methods of controlling the effect of random errors is to "work from the whole to the part".
		The initial control over the whole area is established carefully, and then the rest of survey work is carried out within the control network, like the field exercise involving the mapping of the football oval on campus.
		where the top line represents the sum of the squares of the deviations of the observations from the mean, also known as the residuals.
	www.sli.unimelb.edu.au /planesurvey/prot/topic/top16-03.html (460 words)

	Error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An Oroville man facing two life terms in prison for child molestation was released from jail after a clerical error allowed him to post a significantly lower bail.
		SHERIDAN - Human error, not a mechanical one, was responsible for the blaze that destroyed much of the Grandview Inn and Suites.
		By Eric Pryne, The Seattle Times Oct. 13--Seventeen years ago, the old Metro Council made a last-minute decision to install rails in the bus tunnel it was building under downtown Seattle so the tube wouldn't need to be closed years later to be converted to light rail.
	www.infothis.com /find/Error (830 words)

	Interactive Statistical Calculation Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A related page: Time Series' Statistics calculates these statistics, and also the overall mean and variance, and the first and second partial autocorrelations.
		Find the required sample size or the statistical power when comparing the mean of a sample to a specific value.
		Sample Size Determination -- For several situations: ANOVA and 2-population economic sampling, correlation with acceptable absolute precision, estimating the mean or proportion with acceptable absolute or relative Precision, estimating the mean or proportion from finite populations, and testing the mean or proportion based on the Null and an Alternative.
	members.aol.com /johnp71/javastat.html (8648 words)

	Statistics Applets
		A scatterplot with a regression line are given and you are allowed to add an additional point to see the affect it has on the regression line and the correlation.
		You plot your own points with the mouse and a regression line with vertical error lines is made.
		You can draw marbles out of a bag and a chi-square test statistic is calculated on the premise that the colors are evenly distributed.
	www.math.hope.edu /swanson/statlabs/stat_applets.html (573 words)

	Modern Statistics and Econometrics from a Computational Point of View
		It will cover statistical and econometric techniques in finance that our research suggests will be useful in a working environment.
		The course will attempt to familiarize students with the basic ideas and issues that arise in statistical modeling, while especially emphasizing powerful computational techniques that have become available and have become practical in the past 15 to 20 years.
		Lecture 11 (11/22/99): Statistical Model Selection and the Evils of Data Mining: Proposed topics include computational techniques for determining the distribution of a variable that arises as the result of a large search, induced order statistics and multiple comparison theory.
	www.math.nyu.edu /faculty/chriss/CourseOutline.htm (747 words)

	STATISTICS 4
		Residual analysis is a good way to decide if a linear fit was a good choice.
		In a residual analysis, the differences for each data point between the true y-value and the predicted y-value as determined from the best-fit line are plotted for each x-value of the data points.
		If this analysis shows a bias (for example the residuals appear to be distributed in a specific pattern as x increases, as in above figure), another curve might be a better choice.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~martins/eda/stat_lec4.html (764 words)

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