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Topic: Eruption column

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	ERUPTION HISTORY
		There is a tendency for eruptions to occur in clusters, and the probablility of eruption declines from 0.02 to 0.01 after 6 years of repose (Rose et al., 1978).
		Fuego eruptions are vertical explosions from its summit crater.
		The eruptions are usually ranked as VEI of 2 or 3 (Simkin et al., 1981), and usually include glowing avalanches which descend the barrancas surrounding the cone.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/fuego/eruption2.html (718 words)

	Eruption column - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A common occurrence in explosive eruptions is for column collapse to occur.
		Column collapse is one of the most common and dangerous volcanic hazards in a plinian eruption.
		Eruption plumes are not usually visible on weather radar and may be obscured by cloud or night.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eruption_column (1280 words)

	Mount St. Helens in 1980, by the USGS
		Eruption clouds are composed of silicate particles and are therefore detectable by radar.
		Column heights were measured with the Portland radar and have been corrected for curvature of the Earth and for beam width; the latter correction involved subtraction of one-half beam width.
		The height of the eruption column exceeded 14 km (relative to sea level) for most of the eruption, 9 hr, and the maximum reflectivity level observed for the column varied from 2 to 4 during the eruption.
	www.creationism.org /sthelens/USGS1250/USGS1250k323-333.htm (4560 words)

	Augustine - Activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		column to about 3,000 m and a pyroclastic flowA dense, hot, chaotic avalanche of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly away from an explosive eruption column, down the flanks of the volcano (synonymous with 'ash flow').
		clearing eruptions in late 1963 ash was dispersed in a northeasterly direction and preserved in the varved sediments of Skilak Lake, 210 km distant (Rymer and Sims, 1976).
		Detterman thought that the initial eruption was a nuee ardente eruption directed toward the southeast and originating at the base of the 1935 summit tholoid.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /volcanoes/activity.php?eruptionid=367 (540 words)

	Chronological account of 1996 Vatnajökull eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The eruption was preceded by an unusual sequence of earthquakes, beginning on September 29 at 10:48 with a magnitude 5.4 (Ms) event at the northern rim of the Bárðarbunga caldera.
		This eruption is the forth largest in Iceland during this century and is estimated to have produced 0.6-0.7 km3 of tephra or 0.4 km3 of solid rock.
		Eruption in Grímsvötn 1983; course of events and chemical studies of the tephra.
	www.hi.is /~mmh/gos/chrono2.html (2159 words)

	Deadliest Eruptions (continue) - PDC
		The Volcanic Explosivity of the eruption was 7.
		This eruption of Ruiz was the second mostly deadly of the century (Mount Pelee in Martinique was first, killing 29,000 people in its 1902 eruption).
		The April 1982- January 1983 eruption destroyed the 1918 lava dome and produced a new cinder cone in a new crater.
	www.pdc.org /iweb/volcano_deadliest2.jsp (1075 words)

	How Volcanoes Work - Dynamics of a Plinian Eruption
		Eruptions are fed from a magma column that exists directly above a magma chamber.
		Gas release is confined to the diameter of the magma column, and the eruption velocity is controlled mainly by the gas content.
		In general the eruptive column has three parts: (1) the gas thrust region in the lower column, driven by gas expansion, (2) the convective thrust region in the upper column, driven by the constant release of thermal energy from internal ash, and (3) the umbrella region at the top of the eruption column.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /volcano (616 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary:
		The eruption column rose to at least 18 km above sea level where the volcanic ash and gas were blown west to form a fan-shaped eruption cloud.
		Eruption clouds may drift for thousands of kilometers downwind and often become increasingly spread out over a larger area with increasing distance from an erupting vent (note fan-shaped eruption cloud in photographs at left).
		Eruption cloud is often used interchangeably with plume or ash cloud.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/EruptionCloud.html (188 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Plinian eruption
		Plinian eruptions are large explosive events that form enormous dark columns of tephra and gas high into the stratosphere (>11 km).
		Such eruptions are named for Pliny the Younger, who carefully described the disastrous eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D. This eruption generated a huge column of tephra into the sky, pyroclastic flows and surges, and extensive ash fall.
		The massive 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora volcano, Indonesia, is thought to have caused the 1816 "Year without a Summer" in the northeastern U.S., Canada, and western Europe.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/PlinianEruption.html (221 words)

	GVN News
		The present eruption is a continuation of a remarkable series of seismic and magmatic events in the Vatnajokull area that began in 1995: July 1995: A glacier flood from a subglacial geothermal area on Loki Ridge (Eastern Cauldron) NW of Grimsvotn.
		From seismometers it is evident that the eruption continues and in 09 news it was reported that the eruption had broken through the glacier and the eruption column is in the order of 5 km.
		Eruption column is 15000 feet, and now the eruption fissure is 10 km long and has extended through the glacier at 2 sites, the second site is 10 km to the north of the opening that opened at 05 this morning.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/eco/616/bardab96/bardab2.html (1385 words)

	The Minoan Eruption
		The eruption was followed by collapse of the magma chamber that enlarged an existing caldera.
		The height of the plinian eruption column is estimated 36-39 km (Pyle, 1990).
		The first phase of the eruption is a typical pumice fall-out deposit from an estimated 36 km high eruption column.
	www.decadevolcano.net /santorini/minoaneruption.htm (2277 words)

	Lake Taupo, New Zealand
		The first eruption, known as the Oruanui eruption, ejected an estimated 800 cubic kilometres of material and caused several hundred square kilometres of surrounding land to collapse and form the caldera.
		The most recent eruption, which occurred in 181AD, is believed to have ejected 100 cubic kilometres of material, of which 30 cubic kilometres was ejected in the space of a few minutes.
		It is believed that the eruption column was 50 kilometres high, twice as high as the eruption column from Mount St. Helens in 1980.
	www.lake-taupo.com (248 words)

	Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Phreatomagmatic - eruption resulting from the ejection of magmatic gases and steam produced by the conversion of groundwater to steam by ascending magma, mixed with water, fine ash with or without accretionary lapilli and variably-sized volcanic bombs fragmented from the pre-existing rock formations, and fresh magmatic ejecta.
		The eruption forms a high eruption column with a radially spreading ring-shaped horizontal cloud at the base due to peeling of the crater lip or deflection in the rise of later ejections caused by the pressure of falling pyroclastic materials.
		Peleean - eruption caused by the release of large quantities of gas from an extremely viscous magma that hurls out ash and other pyroclastic materials and is characterized by the presence of nuee ardente or glowing avalanche consisting of hot gases made dense by a suspended load of pyroclastic material.
	www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph /VolEruption.htm (334 words)

	[No title]
		Typical example of the eruption column demonstration, taken from the 4th floor of Lathrop Hall, on the Colgate University campus.
		During an eruption, the exsolution and expansion of gas causes ascent velocity of the magma to increase.
		At the simplest level, the eruption column demonstration illustrates gas-driven eruptions, dispelling the common misconception that there is some kind of fire or hot explosive involved in volcanic eruptions.
	classes.colgate.edu /kharpp/Depth_Charge/default.htm (2353 words)

	Thera Expedition - The Minoan Eruption
		The first phase of the eruption was Plinian in style, ejecting pumice and ash from a vent probably located in the center of a volcanic island within the Thera caldera.
		C. The third major phase of the explosive eruption created hot mixtures of volcanic ash, pumice and gas, called pyroclastic flows, that moved down the slopes of the volcano at hurricane speeds.
		This pumice and ash layers from this phase are 55 m thick at the caldera rim, and contain blocks from the volcanic island up to 10 m in diameter.
	www.uri.edu /endeavor/thera/eruption.html (313 words)

	Deadliest Eruptions - PDC
		He described the earthquakes before the eruption, the eruption column, air fall, the effects of the eruption on people, pyroclastic flows, and even tsunami.
		It is estimated that at times during the eruption the column of ash was 32 km (20 miles) tall.
		In 1929, the volcano eruption produced 0.38 cubic kilometers (0.1 cubic miles) of ash falls and 0.14 cubic kilometers (0.03 cubic miles) of pumice flows in one day, killing 2 and injuring 4.
	www.pdc.org /iweb/volcano_deadliest1.jsp (1191 words)

	[No title]
		of the volcano's eruptions are phreatic due to the interaction between hot magma beneath the solid crust and the water in the crater lake.
		The last known eruption of Poás was in 1996, and since this time the volcano has been in a state of constant fumarolic and seismic activity.
		An explosion from the crater lake ejected a 1 km column of water, ash, and mud which covered a large area of the volcano's flank with mud.
	people.colgate.edu /tvandervort/Eruption_history.htm (838 words)

	MT. PINATUBO - Glossary of Terms
		During volcanic eruptions, these very fine fragments render the eruption columns a characteristic deep brown to lead gray color.
		ERUPTION CLOUD - a gaseous cloud of volcanic ash and other pyroclastic fragments that is formed by volcanic explosion.
		PF may result from the collapse of tall eruption columns or from spillover of ejected materials from erupting vents.
	park.org /Philippines/pinatubo/page7.html (677 words)

	Igneous Rocks
		If eruption column collapses a pyroclastic flow may occur, wherein gas and tephra rush down the flanks of the volcano at high speed.
		Stocks may have been feeders for volcanic eruptions, but because large amounts of erosion are required to expose a stock or batholith, the associated volcanic rocks are rarely exposed.
		Eruptions of magma in Iceland are mostly basaltic.
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol111/igneous.htm (2459 words)

	Thera Expedition - Kolumbo Volcano
		An explosive eruption from 1649-1650 AD produced a submarine caldera 3 km in diameter and 500 m deep.
		This magma erupted explosively due to the release of dissolved gases in the magma and interaction of the magma with seawater.
		An eruption column was formed over the vent and broke through the surface of the sea.
	www.uri.edu /endeavor/thera/kolumbo.html (205 words)

	Redoubt - Activity
		Lava is from the Italian word for stream, which is derived from the verb lavare--to wash. domeA steep-sided mass of viscous (doughy) lava extruded from a volcanic vent (often circular in plane view) and spiny, rounded, or flat on top.
		Early on February 15, the dome was destroyed in an explosive eruption that again sent a large debris flow down the Drift River and blanketed the lower Kenai Peninsula with ash.
		From Miller and Choet (1994): "The eruption produced about 20 significant tephraAny type of rock fragment that is forcibly ejected from the volcano during an eruption.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /volcanoes/activity.php?eruptionid=442 (1347 words)

	ALRItkwVes01IntroBurial.html
		The eruption began at about noon on 24 August of AD 79, its paroxysmal phase lasted until the next day but waning, small-scale activity may have continued for some time (at Pinatubo, in 1991, declining activity continued for more than 2 months).
		During the Plinian phase of the eruption, there was little effect outside the fallout zone to the south of the volcano.
		Several factors probably contributed to the change: (A) the vent probably widened thus distributing the eruptive pressure over a wider area; (b) the mass eruption rate (the amount of molten stone coming out) increased and the weight of the Plinian column increased proportionately; and (c) the volatility (gas content) of the magma was being exhausted.
	www.mmdtkw.org /ALRItkwVes01IntroBurial.html (2105 words)

	[No title]
		Explosive eruptions of volcanoes are controlled by a small number of processes, that may be predominant in particular types of eruptions, but most explosive eruptions have some of each component.
		Explosive energy, derived from outgassing or evaporation of external water propels magma into an eruptive column, that behaves very much like a water fountain with a fluid with the viscosity of honey (that may actually be frothy and fragmented).
		As eruption systems convect, they tend to entrain air from the atmosphere that is immediately heated when it comes in contact with the magmatic gases and solids.
	topex.ucsd.edu /es10/lectures/lecture07/lecture07.html (651 words)

	1980 Eruption to 2000
		Its most recent series of eruptions began in 1980 when a large landslide and powerful explosive eruption created a large crater, and ended 6 years later after more than a dozen extrusions of lava built a dome in the crater.
		Larger, longer lasting eruptions have occurred in the volcano's past and are likely to occur in the future.
		During the first few minutes of this eruption, parts of the blast cloud surged over the newly formed crater rim and down the west, south, and east sides of the volcano.
	glaciercaves.com /html/msh198_1.HTM (1292 words)

	Eruption of 1631 of Vesuvius
		The column collapses when there is too much material erupted and not enough air to mix with it, so the material is denser than the air and flows along the flank of the volcano as pyroclastic flows.
		The decline of the eruption starts after the 2-3 pm of 17 and during the late afternoon there is again a sustained eruption column with little ash.
		At the end of the eruption the cone of Vesuvius is lowered of a third of its original height.
	vulcan.fis.uniroma3.it /vesuvio/1631_engtext.html (3239 words)

	Follow Up
		The eruption column generated produced tephra-fall over much of the southern half of the island, and although observations were difficult due to darkness, the rapid obscuration of the stars at Old Towne, together with intense thunder and lightning indicated significant column growth within minutes of the start of the explosive episode.
		The tephra plume was encountered by an aircraft at a height of 37,000 ft (11.3 km) which gives a minimum estimate for the eruption column height.
		These data indicate that the lithic clasts may have been the result of an initial vulcanian blast at the onset of the eruption whereas the pumice is derived from the subplinian eruption column generated by a sustained eruption from gas-rich magma within the conduit.
	www.cet.edu /clc/post/summary.html (933 words)

	19 May 1915 Eruption of Lassen Peak
		The characteristics of the eruption that occurred late on the afternoon of 22 May 1915 are discussed in Eppler (1987), and a more expanded treatment of the eruptions of May 1915 and a discussion of the lahars that they generated may be found in Eppler (1984).
		Several factors complicate this evaluation: the larger eruption of 22 May covered essentially the same area as was affected on 19 May; the 19 May pyroclastic deposits were relatively thin and were immediately covered by a volumetrically larger lahar; and all the deposits have been subjected to 70 years of erosion and modification.
		The data on the 19 May eruption that are presently available do not allow the determination of the exact genetic mechanism for the eruption of 19-20 May, and for the subsequent emplacement of the pyroclastic deposit at UL85-285.
	barsoom.msss.com /earth/lassen/lassen2.html (5889 words)

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