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Topic: Erythroxylon coca

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	Coca - LoveToKnow Watches
		Coca is still held.in superstitious veneration among the Peruvians, and is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore, if masticated and thrown upon them.
		The preparations of coca leaves are incompatible with certain drugs which might often be prescribed in combination with them, such as salts of mercury, menthol and mineral acids, which latter decompose cocaine into benzoic acid and ecgonine.
		The injection of coca leaves has a very remarkable effect upon the higher tracts of the nervous system - an effect curiously contrary to that produced by their chief ingredient upon the peripheral parts of the nervous apparatus.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Coca (1052 words)

	Coca - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The coca plant was so central to the worldview of the Yunga and Aymara tribes of South America that distance was often measured in units called "cocada", which signified the number of mouthfuls of coca that one would chew while walking from one point to another.
		Coca was historically employed as an offering to the Sun, or to produce smoke at the great sacrifices; and the priests, it was believed, must chew it during the performance of religious ceremonies, otherwise the gods would not be propitiated.
		Coca is still held in superstitious veneration among the Peruvians, and is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore, if masticated (chewed) and thrown upon them.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Coca (1073 words)

	Coca
		Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a plant of the natural order Erythroxylaceae[?], the leaves of which are used as a stimulant in the western countries of South America (see Cocomama).
		It resembles a flthorn[?] bush, and grows to a height of 6 or 8 ft. The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a lively green tint, are thin, opaque, oval, more or less tapering at the extremities.
		Coca is still held in superstitious veneration among the Peruvians, and is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore, if masticated and thrown upon them.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Coca.html (727 words)

	Coca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a plant which is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes.
		Even today, chewing coca leaves is a common sight in indigenous communities across the central Andean region, particularly in places like the mountains of Bolivia, where the cultivation and consumption of coca is as much a part of the national culture as wine is to France or Guinness is to Ireland.
		The parmacologically active ingredient of coca is the alkaloid cocaine which is found in the amount of about 0.2% in fresh leaves.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Coca (785 words)

	botanical.com - A Modern Herbal \| Coca, Bolivian - Herb Profile and Information
		Coca leaves deteriorate very quickly in a damp atmosphere, and for this reason the alkaloid is extracted from the leaves in South America before exportation.
		Coca leaves are used as a cerebral and muscle stimulant, especially during convalescence, to relieve nausea, vomiting and pains of the stomach without upsetting the digestion.
		Tincture of Coca, B.P.C., 1/2 to 1 fluid drachm.
	www.botanical.com /botanical/mgmh/c/cocobo78.html (564 words)

	Coca Leaves of the coca plant ...
		Since the 1980s, the cultivation of coca has become controversial because it is used for the manufacture of the illegal drug cocaine cocaine.
		Coca was employed as an offering to the Sun Sun, or to produce smoke at the great sacrifices; and the priests, it was believed, must chew it during the performance of religious ceremonies, otherwise the gods would not be propitiated.
		The parmacologically active ingredient of coca is the alkaloid alkaloid cocaine cocaine which is found in the amount of about 0.2% in fresh leaves.
	www.biodatabase.de /coca (691 words)

	Notes on Coca, Erythroxylon coca and E
		Coca fields may be found in jungle clearings along with yuca (cassava root), pineapple, and chilies.
		One, in the mornings, if any coca remained from the night before, men would consume it before going off to work (fishing, felling trees, mining) and, two, as a social ritual in afternoons and evenings, when work is done and people of the village come together to prepare coca and talk.
		A hectare of coca in 1987 yielded $6400 to a peasant in
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/landau/cocaine.htm (1992 words)

	Erythroxylum coca Lam (PIM 215)
		The tradition of chewing of coca leaves is deeply fixed among the Andes Indians, farmers and miners, who use it to arouse physical energy, and to fight against pain, hunger and thirst.
		One of the reported uses of the coca leaves is as an ingredient in the composition of soft drinks, cocaine being previously removed.
		When coca leaves are chewed there is absorption from the mucous membranes of the mouth and from the gastrointestinal tract.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/plant/erythrox/erythrox.htm (2548 words)

	Coca culture
		In Peru coca is grown between 700 and 2300 m; and in the East Indies from 350 to 800 m.
		Coca cannot be effectively cultivated in regions which experience long dry spells, and does best when there is a certain temperate humidity in the air air for most or all of the year.
		The Coca of Peru is expected to live for forty years, and this figure seems to hold around the world, though in some places - Java, inparticular - the Coca plantations were razed and re-planted every eight years.
	users.lycaeum.org /~mulga/coca.html (1332 words)

	Untitled Document
		Coca species can grow to about 18 feet high in the wild, however when cultivated they are kept to a height of four to six feet.
		Coca possesses an ovate leaf that is thin, membranous, flat, and opaque.
		Coca has been cultivated for centuries and was an essential component of life for the people in the northern Andes region; initially priests used the leaves of the plant for the purpose of inducing trances in ancient Incan civilizations.
	www.phytomedical.com /Plant/Cocaine.asp (2744 words)

	[No title]
		The place of origin of the coca shrub (Erythroxylon coca) has not been definitely determined, but it is probable that it was cultivated on the eastern slopes of the Andes, long before the formation of the Inca Empire, under conditions similar to those existing today in the Yungas region of Bolivia.
		Coca really has a disagreeable taste, which, I believe, is the reason it has not been used industrially for the preparation of gaseous beverages and digestive elixirs.
		The use of coca is not always related to altitude, since there are people, like the Ecuadoreans, who do not chew coca although they live at great altitudes, while in Bolivia there are groups in the Amazon region who chew coca although they live at an altitude of only 200 metres.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/ru/bulletin/bulletin_1952-01-01_2_page004.html?print=yes (2454 words)

	COCA LEAVES (Qosqo, Cusco, Cuzco - Peru)
		Coca leaves (Erythroxylon coca) have played a very important role in development of the Inkan Civilization, being closely tied to its Government Administration, Economy and Religion.
		The other faction argued that coca leaves were very important for the interests of the Colony because only chewing them the "Indians" could withstand the inhumane exploitation conditions to which they were submitted with such heavy work.
		Coca leaves contain 14 alkaloids, from which the most popular and broadly used is just one: the cocaine; the other ones are wasted or simply ignored.
	www.qosqo.com /qosqo/coca.htm (1005 words)

	Cocaine is derived from the shrub Erythroxylon
		Coca is widely spread from Ecuador to Bolivia and northwest Argentina in the Andes; it occurs at 1500 to 6000 feet altitude in moist montane tropical forests on the Eastern Andean slopes and in the wet inter-Andean valleys.
		Gold artifacts from Tiwanaku indicate the use of coca as early as fourteenth century AD.It is certain that the chewing and cultivation of the coca plant is very ancient and may have begun on the Eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian or Peruvian Andes.
		The use of coca is restricted to the male members of the tribe; similarly only men may tend the coca fields although agricultural labor is the work of the women.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2001/straughan/2.htm (677 words)

	COCA - LoveToKnow Article on COCA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It has been estimated that coca is used by about 8,ooo,ooo of the human race, being consumed in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Rio Negro.
		Coca was used by the Peruvian Indians in.
		Coca is still held in superstitious veneration among the Peruvians, and is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore, if masticated and thrown upon.
	www.1911ency.org /C/CO/COCA.htm (1032 words)

	Coca Chewing
		On days when we measured work outputs after coca chewing, subjects had chewed coca for at least 15 minutes but no longer than 30 minutes before the start of the first measurement, and, when feasible, a second observation of the same subject was made about 45 minutes after the start of chewing.
		For weeding the mean per-minute caloric expenditure of the subjects not chewing coca was 5.0, and the rate of weeding was 42.2 seconds per square yard; the average caloric expenditure for those who did chew was 3.9, and the rate of weeding was 62.4 seconds per square yard.
		We recognize that the practice of coca chewing is a complex and highly variable behavior which occurs in the context of social, economic, and psychological as well as ecological and energetics conditions, and that all of these relevant conditions need to be considered in a satisfactory explanation of the behavior.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /anthro/faculty/johnson/coca.html (972 words)

	SOUTH AMERICA: The Business of Legal Coca
		The legal marketing of coca leaf seems to be a risky enterprise, given the current trends in the impoverished Andes: the traditional uses of the plant are on the decline among the younger generations, and illegal cultivation is on the rise.
		Coca (Erythroxylon coca) has nutritional properties comparable to milk and beef, according to some medical studies, and indigenous peoples in the Andes have been chewing coca leaves for thousands of years for medicinal and religious purposes.
		The promise to remove coca from this fllist and to push back the U.S. policy of "zero coca", that is, the forced eradication of coca crops, was central to Morales's presidential campaign, and he won the December elections outright with 53.7 percent of the votes.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=31952 (1448 words)

	Flower of erythroxylon coca
		Intially coca use and cultivation was denounced, especially by the Catholic Church, for its destructive influence on the native populations.
		Coca was banned as an agent of idolatry and sorcery, "strengthening the wicked in their delusions, and asserted by every competent judge to possess no true virtues; but, on the contrary, to cause the deaths of innumerable Indians, while it ruins the health of the few who survive."
		But the invaders were impressed at coca's efficacy as a stimulant: "The herb is so nutritious and invigorating that the Indians labour whole days without anything else." The Spanish needed native labour in their silver-mines.
	www.speedballing.com /cocaleaves.html (260 words)

	FREUD'S MAGICAL DRUG
		Coca (Erythroxylum coca), the source of the alkaloid cocaine, is a small tree native to moist tropical montane regions of Peru, Bolivia, and, possibly, Ecuador.
		Coca was held in such high esteem because the alkaloid of this plant was able to combat fatigue and to mask hunger, the later by inhibiting nerve impulses that convey hunger pangs.
		Thus, in 1551 the Bishop of Cuzco banned coca use because it was an evil agent of the Devil, and decreed punishment by death (burning) for users of those in possession of the leaves.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Erythroxylum (1599 words)

	CHAPTER II THE COCA LEAVES: SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS
		The Coca shrub (Erythroxylon Coca) is a plant originally from the Andes mountain range.
		I have seen many habitual coca consumers, who for reason beyond their control, such as an incapacitating accident, have been forced to remain several months in a hospital without possibilities to continue their habit, which had to be interrupted suddenly, show no signs of withdrawal symptoms.
		Coca is self-regulating preventing overdosing, it does not strike the pleasure centers of the hypothalamus nor cause the resulting compulsive search of pleasure as we will see in the analysis of dependence.
	www.drugtext.org /library/books/hurtado/chapter2.htm (2911 words)

	template
		Coca shrubs grow wild in much of South America, growing to heights of 12 to 18 feet, although cultivated plants are usually kept at about 6 feet.
		Coca has been used for ages as a food substitute, a stimulant, a medicine, as an aphrodisiac, a means to stay warm, and as a measure of distance.
		Coca was also used a measurement of distance or the time it took to chew a quid of coca, the equivalent of about forty minutes of two level miles.
	www2.truman.edu /~marc/webpages/andean2k/cocaine/history.html (1157 words)

	CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy
		Cocaine hydrochloride, which is cocaine in its powdered form, is primarily produced from the leaves of one of two species of erythroxylon plants -- erythroxylon coca or erythroxylon novogranatense --that are found principally in Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia.
		Coca paste is almost invariably converted into powder cocaine in the producing country before being exported to the United States.
		This is accomplished by, first, dissolving coca paste in hydrochloric acid and water, and then adding potassium salt, which causes undesirable substances to separate from the mixture.
	www.usdoj.gov /oig/special/9712/appb.htm (956 words)

	[No title]
		' Garcilasso de la Vega, writing of the plant, says that it is called cuca by the Indians, coca by the Spaniards; and Father Blas Valera states that the leaves are called cuca both by Indians and Spaniards (The Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, 1609–1617; trans.
		Internally their action is similar to that of opium, though some-what less narcotic, and causing a dilatation of the pupil of the eye instead of a contraction.
		The injection of coca leaves has a very remarkable effect upon the higher tracts of the nervous system—an effect curiously contrary to that produced by their chief ingredient upon the peripheral parts of the nervous apparatus.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=16484 (1080 words)

	Report to Congress - Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy - Feb 1995
		The use of coca leaves was associated historically with the religious ceremonies of the Incas and reserved specifically for nobility.
		Coca plants grown at higher altitudes contain a higher percentage of the cocaine alkaloid than those grown at lower altitudes and are consequently more potent.
		Coca leaves typically are mixed with an alkaline substance (such as lime) and chewed into a wad that is retained in the mouth between gum and cheek and sucked of its juices.
	www.ussc.gov /crack/chap2.htm (5892 words)

	El brío de la coca
		Y lo que sabe muy bien todo vendedor de coca es que hay muy poca gente que sepa algo de cocaína, y menos aún que la haya tomado pura laguna vez.
		Erythroxylon coca, conocido como "huanaco" de Bolivia, puede alcanzar hasta cuatro metros de altura si no se cuida, lo más común es que se pode para que se mantenga entre uno y tres metros, extienda sus ramas y produzca más hojas.
		Erythroxylon novogranatense conocida como "trujillo" de Perú y Colombia; sus hojas son más pequeñas y su contenido en cocaína es menor por la presencia de otros alcaloides.
	www.mind-surf.net /drogas/coca.htm (1337 words)

	http://www.xs4all.nl/~mlap/sub/coca1.html
		Cocaine is the active alkaloid that is extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca (Lam.), which contain between 0.5 and 1 % cocaine History E. coca comes from the high Andes region in South America, where chewing the leaves has been going on since time immemorial.
		The word 'coca' comes from the Aymara Indians of Bolivia, who were conquered by the Inca in the tenth century, and means 'plant'.
		Coca was praised in publications by travelers for its stimulating effects and its effectiveness in coping with difficulties of breathing at a high altitude.
	www.umsl.edu /~rkeel/coca1.html (1810 words)

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