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Topic: Eskimo language

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	Eskimo-Aleut. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		family of Native American languages consisting of Aleut (spoken on the Aleutian Islands and the Kodiak Peninsula) and Eskimo or Inuktitut (spoken in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Siberia).
		Eskimo and Aleut have enough similarities to justify the theory that they are descendants of a single ancestor language.
		Since the 18th cent., however, the Eskimos of Greenland, Canada, and Alaska have used an adaptation of the Roman alphabet, introduced by missionaries.
	www.bartleby.com /65/es/EskimoAl.html (290 words)

	Encyclopedia: Eskimo
		Eskimo or Esquimau is a term used for a group of people who inhabit the circumpolar region (excluding circumpolar Scandinavia and all but the easternmost portions of Russia).
		There are two main groups of Eskimos: the Inuit of northern Alaska, Canada and Greenland and the Yupik of western Alaska and the Russian Far East (the latter group is known as Siberian Yupik or Yuit).
		The Eskimos are related to the Aleuts and the Alutiiq from the Aleutian Islands in Alaska as well as the Sug'piak from the Kodiak Islands and as far as the Prince William Sound in South Central Alaska.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Eskimo (1692 words)

	Eskimo-Aleut languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eskimo-Aleut is a language family native to Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and parts of Siberia.
		It consists of the Eskimo languages, known as Inuit in the north of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, as Yup'ik in the west of Alaska, and as Yuit in Siberia, on the one side, and the single Aleut language on the other.
		According to Joseph Greenberg's highly controversial classification of the languages of Native North America, Eskimo-Aleut is one of the three main groups of Native languages spoken in the Americas, and represents a distinct wave of migration from Asia to the Americas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eskimo-Aleut_languages (287 words)

	East Asian Studies 210 Notes: Eskimo/Aleut
		The Eskimo are actually a vast group of related tribes who live in an area stretching from the Siberian Arctic across Canada to Greenland.
		Eskimo groups in Siberia call themselves Yupigyt, a term which means "authentic people" (from yuk, person) It has become more customary for ethnographers to refer to them as Siberian Yupik (instead of "Siberian Eskimo").
		The terms for bow and arrow in both language groups derive from a common source, but words relating to maritime hunting are entirely different in Eskimo and Aleut and thus must have developed separately, and after the move into the sea zone.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ea210/aleut.htm (1965 words)

	Eskimo. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In spite of regional differences, Eskimo groups are surprisingly uniform in language, physical type, and culture, and, as a group, are distinct in these traits from all neighbors.
		They speak dialects of the same language, Eskimo, which is a major branch of the Eskimo-Aleut family of languages.
		In the traditional Eskimo economy, the division of labor between the sexes was strict; men constructed homes and hunted, and women took care of the homes.
	www.bartleby.com /65/es/Eskimo.html (751 words)

	Encyclopedia of North American Indians - - Eskimo (Yupik/Inupiat/Inuit) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Yupik language includes five distinct sublanguages or dialects, of which three are represented in Alaska: Siberian Yupik, on St. Lawrence Island and the Siberian coast; Central Yupik, in southwestern Alaska; and Alutiiq, in the northern Pacific area (Kodiak Island and Prince William Sound).
		Eskimos believed that animals would give themselves voluntarily to the hunter who acted properly toward them, and the purpose of many ritual practices was in fact to show respect for and give thanks to the spirits of animals taken for food.
		Another Eskimo belief was that the spirits of whales, after spending time in the human community, returned to their home under the sea and reported on the human behaviors they had observed to the other whales; their reports, in turn, had an effect on the spring whale hunt.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_011300_eskimo.htm (2314 words)

	Alaskool - Many Tongues, Ancient Tales
		It is a single well-defined language with four dialects diverging from the main one: Egegik (Aglegmuit-Tarupiaq); Nunivak; Hooper Bay-Chevak, diverging in the direction of Pacific Gulf Yupik; and Unaliq in Norton Sound, diverging in the direction of Siberian Yupik or Naukanski in the Soviet Union.
		It is proposed that the Eskimo languages on the Siberian side represent relatively minor westward movement back to and into the Chukchi Peninsula from Alaska, and that Sirenikski represents the oldest wave of that movement, Siberian Yupik the second, and Naukanski the latest.
		The languages on the Soviet side, with the definite exception of Yakut and possible exception of some Chukchi, are now spoken by few or none under the age of 20.
	www.alaskool.org /language/manytongues/ManyTongues.html (3421 words)

	Counting Eskimo Words for Snow
		The Eskimo language used for this article is Central Alaskan Yupik which is spoken by about 13,000 people in the coast and river areas of Southwestern Alaska from Norton Sound to Bristol Bay.
		Eskimo languages have such complex inflections that each single noun lexeme may have about 280 distinct inflected forms, while each verb lexeme may have over 1000.
		The Eskimo languages are the prototypical example of a polysynthetic language, wherein one word contains several elements of the situation.
	www.putlearningfirst.com /language/research/eskimo.html (718 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Eskimo-Aleut Languages
		Eskimo-Aleut Languages, family of at least six languages spoken across the Arctic from Siberia eastwards across Alaska and Canada to Greenland.
		The languages of the Inuit peoples constitute a subfamily of the Eskimo-Aleut language family.
		The native people, known as Aleuts, belong to the Eskimo-Aleut language family and are generally classified ethnologically as Native North Americans....
	au.encarta.msn.com /Eskimo-Aleut_Languages.html (124 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Eskimo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The history of the Eskimo goes back beyond the Columbian period as far at least as their first contact with the Scandinavians about the year 1000, almost simultaneously in Greenland and on the coast of Labrador or New England.
		In 1886 the Jesuits entered Alaska, establishing their first mission among the Indians at Nulato on the Yukon, and proceeding later to the Eskimo, among whom they have now a number of flourishing stations, the principal being those of Holy Cross (Koserefsky), St. Mary's (Akularak), and one at Nome.
		The Eskimo grammar and dictionary of Father Francis Barnum, S.J. (1901) ranks as standard.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05539a.htm (1586 words)

	Journal of American Indian Education-Arizona State University
		Eskimos began to realize what loss of indigenous culture entails: "There is a white part of me and a Native part of me. The white part has no childhood or parents.
		Rural Eskimo youngsters enter the white schoolroom at an age when they are steeped in traditional values and orientation, speaking only Eskimo, eating foods from the sea, and coded to the distinctive, permissive Eskimo child-rearing pattern.
		The school’s concept of family obedience appears alien to Eskimo children, for at home there are many survivals of the ceremonial house system where male inculcation was effected by all of the men in the community, leaving the home a place where the father could love without restraint.
	jaie.asu.edu /v17/V17S3ala.html (2404 words)

	Alaska Native Language Center -- Comparative Yupik and Inuit
		Four distinct Yupik (or Western Eskimo) languages are spoken along the shores of the Gulf of Alaska, in southwestern Alaska, and on the easternmost tip of Siberia.
		The Inuit (or Eastern Eskimo) language continuum is spoken in northern Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.
		Another Eskimo language, the virtually extinct Sirenikski of Siberia, is usually grouped with the Yupik languages although it may actually constitute a third distinct branch.
	www.uaf.edu /anlc/yupik_inuit.html (379 words)

	ÇÓßíãæ الحروف, ÇÓßíãæ النظام, ...
		Eskimo is spoken over a vast area extending from Greenland across Canada and Alaska, and into Siberia.
		The only language known to be related to Eskimo is the Aleut language of the Aleutian Islands.
		The Eskimos call themselves inuit, or "people." The word Eskimo comes from the language of the Cree Indians—their immediate neigh-bors to the south in the area of Hudson Bay—and means "eaters of raw flesh." Igloo and kayak are two Eskimo words that have entered the English language.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Arabic/Languages/Eskimo.htm (429 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		The Eskimo language was quickly infiltrated by unadapted Russian loanwords, bilingualism developed and the transition to Russian began.
		The Eskimo language and culture are disappearing from the Asian mainland and even the physical existence of the people is endangered.
		In the second half of the 19th century the Eskimo language was studied by N. Gondatti who is also the author of the first division of the linguistic area into three dialects.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/asiatic_eskimos.shtml (1913 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Whorf too concluded that the Eskimos were incapable of conceptualizing the general category -- "To an Eskimo," he said with unexplained assurance (Whorf 1940; in Carroll 1956, 216), "this all inclusive word [snow] would be almost unthinkable" -- though he was interested less in deprecating the Eskimo mentality than in exoticizing it.
		Like the Eskimos who have a dozen different words for different kinds of snow, the public is having to invent a variegated moral vocabulary for malfeasance in office.
		It is a stubborn myth that Eskimos have 20, 30 or even 50 names for snow....Well, Eskimos may not have 50 words for snow but the American portion of the English-speaking world does have 1,500 names for a depressingly central phenomenon of our culture: drugs.
	www-csli.stanford.edu /~nunberg/snow.html (2825 words)

	[No title]
		The language of the Copper Eskimo belongs to the Eskimo-Aleut family of the American Arctic-Paleosiberian Phylum.
		According to Jenness, the language was more closely related to that of the people living around the MacKenzie than it was to that of the people of Hudson Bay to the east.
		The Copper Eskimo were adaptable to both land and sea environments; exploitation of one or the other depended on the season of the year.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7838 (797 words)

	Additional Reading (from Eskimo-Aleut languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Aleuts speak two mutually intelligible dialects and are closely related to the Eskimo in language and culture.
		In such societies written language is the chief means of transmitting culture and the benefits of civilization...
		English is the national language of the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-75303?tocId=75303 (831 words)

	Language/eskimo words for snow
		Now, Boas' claim about language is an important tenet of modern linguistics, and one of his students, Edward Sapir, made important early contributions to the field.
		But the Eskimo languages are polysynthetic or "agglutinative" languages, meaning that words are formed by combining roots and affixes.
		Furthermore, it is hardly surprising that Eskimos have four roots for snow - the ability to describe snow conditions is pretty important to someone living in the Artic.
	tafkac.org /language/eskimo_words_for_snow.html (399 words)

	Eskimo-Aleut languages -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Aleut is a single language with two surviving dialects.
		Eskimo consists of two divisions: Yupik, spoken in Siberia and southwestern Alaska, and Inuit, spoken in northern Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.
		The Slavic languages are a group of related languages within the Indo-European family.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9109813 (734 words)

	iahessay
		Language only can offer substantial communication within the culture it defines if it is meaningful, interpreted and understood by a given community.
		Language is the aid humans use to express how they view the external world in its entirety.
		The Eskimo language is a dialect spoken by coastal native people from the east of Siberia to Greenland.
	www.msu.edu /~joneslar/iahessay.htm (1150 words)

	The Eskimo-Aleut language of Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		I decided to investigate this particular language family because even though I know some about the Eskimo language of Inuktitut, I do not know anything about the Aleut and Yupik languages derived from this language family.
		Which Eskimo dialect you speak also seems to have an impact on the number of words used for snow as does the fact that Eskimo is polysynthetic.
		In her article, the author mentions that there are two Eskimo languages (Yupik and Inuktitut) which are spoken from Greenland to Siberia.
	www.unh.edu /linguistics/courses/790CS/annotations/HW2/Aleut.Malena.HW2.htm (575 words)

	Language - 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We speak a language that is unique to our culture and although there are some differences in the way it is spoken from one region to the next, it is possible for individuals to understand each other from the coast of Russia to Greenland.
		Our language can also be adapted to the work place and used as a powerful tool for helping to build our new political, economic and social systems through self-government.
		It has been said that our language is powerful and it must be used to give many great thoughts to the world.
	www.virtualmuseum.ca /Exhibitions/Inuit_Haida/inuit/English/Our_culture/language/language.html (208 words)

	Language Log: No word for robins
		The Comparative Eskimo Dictionary lists two or three terms in several of the Eskimo languages that would cover small birds such as thrushes, with rather indeterminate species denotation (when you hunt in the Arctic you aren't necessarily all that interested in the exact species classification of an uneatable thrush or sparrow weighing about two ounces).
		And with the astounding word-compounding techniques that Eskimo languages have, they could build a word for "red-breasted small brown bird" in a second.
		That's the key thing about the Eskimo languages that laypeople don't grasp: they don't need a whole lot of basic unrelated roots for different sorts of thing (snow or robins or anything else), because they can manufacture them on the fly in an instant.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001647.html (635 words)

	Language Log: Bleached conditionals
		If it did, I would carefully explain that there seem to be only a handful of roots that really are snow roots in the languages of the Yup'iks and Inuits, maybe four or five, not very different from the number found in English (snow, sleet, slush, blizzard).
		All that matters to journalists is that they continue to have the snowbound simile in question at their disposal for constant use whenever a line or two needs to be filled up with linguistic babble.
		(Sure, there is no such language, and you have never seen any data, but never mind, you are just supposed to know that it's true.) It's meant to be publicly known, in the common ground.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000049.html (755 words)

	Interesting Thing of the Day: Snow Crusts
		Eskimo languages are notoriously complex, and it takes someone with serious training and experience to be able to tease apart which utterances even count as distinct words.
		Eskimo languages make it much harder to spot derivatives like these, and once you do find them, you’re back to making an arbitrary decision as to whether they should appear as separate entries in your snow dictionary.
		For a very thorough discussion of how the Eskimo “snow” debate started and what its implications are for the way different language categorize the world, read Lecture 08: Language, culture, and thought from Linguistics 001: Introduction to Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania.
	itotd.com /articles/257 (1116 words)

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