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Topic: Esotropia

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Strabismus

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Ophthalmology

	Pediatric Ophthalmic Consultants: Esotropia
		Esotropia is a type of strabismus or eye misalignment.
		Accommodative esotropia is a form of strabismus due to a need for farsighted glasses (see the Accommodative Esotropia section for more information).
		Esotropia can occur after infancy and not be responsive to farsighted glasses, thereby not falling into the categories of congenital (infantile) or accommodative esotropia which are described elsewhere on this web site.
	www.pedseye.com /Esotropia.htm (828 words)

	About esotropia, types and treatment, eye turns in, cross-eyed, congenital strabismus, isotropia
		It is common for infants to appear as if they have esotropia, or inward turn of the eyes, because the bridge of the nose is not fully developed.
		True congenital esotropia is an inward turn of a large amount, and is present in very few children, but the infant will not grow out of this turn.
		The baby with infantile esotropia usually cross fixates, which means that he or she uses either eye to look in the opposite direction.
	www.strabismus.org /esotropia_eye_turns_in.html (1189 words)

	Esotropia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Esotropia is a form of (Abnormal alignment of one or both eyes) strabismus where one or both of the eyes turn inward (often called "lazy eye").
		Congenital esotropia, or infantile esotropia, is a variation that occurs very early in life, generally developing within the first three months of an infant's life.
		Children with congenital esotropia usually cross fixate, meaning that they use either eye to look in the opposite direction, and often show preference by fixating with the dominant eye.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/es/esotropia.htm (114 words)

	Encyclopedia - Esotropia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Esotropia is the most common form of strabismus in infants, a condition that refers to any misalignment of the eyes.
		Esotropia can also affect teenagers and adults, and it is usually related to systemic conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, strokes, or brain injuries.
		Accommodative esotropia can be treated successfully by correcting a refractive error with glasses, patching to force the use of the less-preferred eye, or other forms of therapy.
	www.visionrx.com /library/enc/enc_esotropia.asp (796 words)

	ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
		Accommodative esotropia is defined as a "convergent deviation of the eyes associated with activation of the accommodative reflex".
		Esotropia that is related to accommodative effort may be divided into three major categories: (1) refractive, (2) nonrefractive, and (3) partial or decompensated.
		Sometimes the esotropia may initially be eliminated with glasses but a nonaccommodative portion slowly becomes evident, in spite of the patient's wearing the maximal amount of hyperopic correction consistent with good vision.
	members.aol.com /scottolitsky/accommodative.htm (1410 words)

	Ophthalmology - Esotropia (Crossed Eyes) Fact Sheet
		Esotropia is a type of strabismus (eye misalignment) in which one or both eyes cross or turn inward.
		Infantile esotropia may initially seem intermittent or small, but quickly becomes a constant crossing of the eyes which is fairly large in magnitude.
		This type of esotropia can almost never be corrected with glasses alone, although if a child is extremely far sighted, glasses may be required in addition to surgery.
	www.utsouthwestern.edu /utsw/cda/dept28050/files/56108.html (496 words)

	CONGENITAL ESOTROPIA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A child born with a "later onset" congenital esotropia may have a better prognosis for the development of binocular vision than a child with a true "congenital" deviation as he/she would have had an early period of ocular alignment which could provide a stimulus for the early formation of binocular development.
		The primary goal of treatment in congenital esotropia is to reduce the deviation at distance and near to orthotropia, or as close to it as possible.
		In their study, eighty patients who had been treated for congenital esotropia were divided into two groups; those that had obtained monofixation syndrome and those that had not.
	www.members.aol.com /scottolitsky/congenital.htm (2012 words)

	Success Stories - Alternating esotropia, double vision, strabismus surgery and vision therapy
		I was diagnosed with strabismus (alternating esotropia) as an infant and underwent three surgeries at ages 2, 3, and 7 in years (1956, 1957, and 1961).
		Unfortunately, however, I was unaware of Vision Therapy and had eye surgery.
		As I now know (but did not understand until my late twenties/early thirties), I have strabismus; more specifically alternating esotropia.
	www.children-special-needs.org /vision_therapy/success_stories/alternating_esotropia.html (1305 words)

	American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
		Accommodative esotropia or refractive esotropia is eye crossing that is caused (partially or wholly) by focusing efforts of the eyes as they try to see clearly.
		Patients with refractive esotropia are typically farsighted (hyperopic).
		In general, surgery for refractive esotropia does not eliminate the need for glasses but rather fixes the amount of crossing that is “left-over” when the glasses are on.
	www.aapos.org /displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=59 (512 words)

	Ophthalmology Insights - Esotropia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Infantile esotropia may initially seem intermittent or small, but usually soon becomes a constant crossing of the eyes which is frequently fairly large in magnitude.
		The use of infantile esotropia is unknown, but it runs in families and there is a genetic predisposition.
		This type of esotropia can almost never be corrected with glasses alone, although if a child is extremely far sighted, glasses may be required in addition to surgery to straighten the eyes.
	www.swmed.edu /ophth/esotropia.htm (583 words)

	EyeHealth Northwest: Medical / Sergical Services
		Esotropia describes a misalignment of the eyes in which the eyes turn inward, toward the nose.
		Formerly called congenital esotropia, it is now known that most children with esotropia early in life are not actually born with it, but develop it within the first few months after birth.
		By definition, the term infantile esotropia is used to describe esotropia that is present before six months of age.
	www.ehnpc.com /physician-bock5.htm (713 words)

	Case Based Pediatrics Chapter
		Esotropia is an inward deviation of the eyes, and exotropia is an outward deviation.
		Accommodative esotropia is also frequent, where the patient is far-sighted (hyperopic) and the strain to focus causes the eyes to turn inward.
		Rarer entities are Duane syndrome (agenesis of the sixth nerve nucleus, accompanied by globe retraction on adduction) and Mobius syndrome (palsy of sixth, seventh, and twelfth cranial nerves).
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s17c03.html (1202 words)

	Accommodative Esotropia - Eye Care \| Park Nicollet Health Services
		Esotropia, also known as “crossed eyes,”; is a condition where one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose.
		Children with accommodative esotropia also have a significant risk for amblyopia, which is loss of vision in the crossed eye.
		Children with esotropia must wear their eyeglasses at all times, or the eye crossing may not be corrected and the potential to use the eyes together may be diminished.
	www.parknicollet.com /EyeCare/commonEyeConditions/accom-esotropia.cfm (642 words)

	Beneficial Effects of Alternate Occlusion on Binocular Motion Processing in Infantile Esotropia
		Full-time alternate occlusion for patients with infantile esotropia (crossed eyes) has been advocated as a means to prevent abnormal binocular interaction from occurring prior to the achievement of therapeutic realignment.
		Patients were selected with onset of esotropia prior to 4 months of age (without any significant accommodative component); had habitual alternate fixation in each eye; had at least 12 weeks of full-time alternate occlusion; and had more than 1 motion VEP test before and after, or during, alternate occlusion therapy.
		Surprisingly and unexpectedly, this study also indicated that there is a normal innate development from asymmetric motion to symmetric motion without the necessity of perfect alignment, unless one interferes with this normal development with either manifest strabismus, or unequal visual inputs in the two visual systems.
	www.ski.org /AJampolsky_lab/General/beneficial.html (727 words)

	AOJ 47:99-102 "Stereopsis in Congenital Esotropia" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Marshall M. Parks, M.D. Patients with onset of esotropia at birth or within the first few weeks of age were considered a century ago to be devoid of the potential to develop binocular vision.
		The average stereo acuity for the congenital esotropia patients was 400 seconds of arc, ranging from 100 to 3000.
		The average stereo acuity for the deteriorated accommodative esotropia patients was 200 seconds of arc, ranging from 40 to 3000.
	www.aoj.org /abstracts/47/47_99.html (404 words)

	Ophthalmic Hyperguide. Section: Pediatric Ophthalmology
		Congenital esotropia may be simulated by a number of conditions during the first year of life (Table).
		Patients with a constant and stable esotropia of at least 40 PD who present between 2 to 4 months of age are unlikely to improve spontaneously, providing another argument for earlier surgery.
		8 mm bimedial rectus recession in infantile esotropia of 80-90 prism dioptres.
	www.ophthalmic.hyperguides.com /tutorials/pediatric/congenital/tutorial.asp (2922 words)

	Esotropia: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment - Kellogg Eye Center
		Esotropia describes an inward turning eye and is the most common type of strabismus in infants.
		When a child is young, they can focus their eyes to adjust for the farsightedness but the focusing effort (accommodation) required to see clearly stimulates the eyes to cross.
		For example, in surgery for esotropia, the tight inner muscles may be removed from the wall of the eye and placed further back on the eye.
	www.kellogg.umich.edu /patientcare/conditions/esotropia.html (271 words)

	View Study [NEI Clinical Studies] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although the term congenital esotropia implies that the esotropia is present at birth, in many cases the esotropia actually develops sometime during the first few months of life.
		However, it is not clear how often congenital esotropia occurs and then resolves (at an earlier age such that surgery is not necessary) before surgery is required.
		Assuming that characteristics of congenital esotropia at 2 to 4 months of age can be identified to predict which cases will require surgery, then a trial will be warranted to determine whether performing earlier surgery enhances the development of binocular vision.
	www.nei.nih.gov /neitrials/viewStudyWeb.aspx?id=65 (652 words)

	Strabismus: Eye Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
		The causes of strabismus are varied and include an imbalance in the pull of muscles that control the position of the eyes or poor vision in one eye.
		Infantile Esotropia Infantile esotropia is inward turning of the eyes that develops before 6 months of age; it often runs in families and tends to be severe.
		Accommodative Esotropia Accommodative esotropia is inward turning of the eyes that develops between the ages of 6 months and 7 years, most often in 2- to 3-year-olds and is related to optical focusing (accommodation) of the eyes.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/ag/sec23/ch277/ch277c.html (866 words)

	Eye Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Esotropia is the most common form of strabismus.
		There are three types of esotropia: congenital, acquired, and psuedoesotropia.
		The most typical treatment of congenital esotropia is eye muscle surgery.
	www.cob.montevallo.edu /HammBA/esotrop.html (334 words)

	Review of Ophthalmology
		When taking the patient history, it’s a good idea to discuss the parents’ assessment of their child’s visual development, and bear in mind that a positive family history of esotropia is also important for assessing which infants may be at risk for high hyperopia.
		Although congenital esotropia is more common in infants, accommodative esotropia should be considered if the patient’s hyperopia exceeds +2.50 D.11 One note: I’ve sometimes elicited accommodative esotropia only after cycloplegia, when the patient exerts more accommodative effort; prior to cycloplegia, there may not be adequate fixation and accommodation.
		In one study, esotropia developed in 18 percent of infants with a first degree relative with esotropia.
	www.revophth.com /index.asp?page=1_13.htm (1880 words)

	Burdon, Mol Vis 2003; 9:710-714.
		Several lines of evidence indicate a genetic componenet of congenital esotropia, however, this is the first investigation of candidate genes for this disorder.
		Congenital esotropia is defined as a convergent deviation of the eyes occurring within the first 6 months of life [4], and is associated with poor potential for binocular single vision even if the eyes are aligned surgically from a young age.
		Recruitment of congenital esotropia cases, and where possible, their families, is ongoing in order to investigate the common polymorphisms detected on a larger data set, including triads and case-controls in addition to larger families.
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v9/a84 (3771 words)

	Controversy in the management of convergence excess esotropia -- Vivian et al. 86 (8): 923 -- British Journal of ...
		esotropia" is a term applied to a heterogeneous group of patients.
		Fifteen year outcome of surgery for the near angle in patients with accommodative esotropia and a high accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio.
		Prism adaptation for esotropia with a distance-near disparity.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/86/8/923 (4314 words)

	Prism Adaptation Study (PAS), The [NEI Clinical Studies]
		Acquired esotropia (crossed eyes that develop after a child reaches the age of 6 months) accounts for 25 percent of all patients with misaligned eyes.
		Surgery to correct esotropia is done primarily to attain functional use of the two eyes together.
		Of the patients who responded to the prisms, one-half were randomly selected to have surgery based on the amount of prism required to stabilize the deviation, and the other half had surgery based on the amount of esotropia originally measured.
	www.nei.nih.gov /neitrials/static/study20.asp (910 words)

	Logan's 4mo appt & Esotropia
		Esotropia is when the eyes don't align right, one or both will turn inward.
		I've read that congenital esotropia shows up in infants and is not fully correctable, and surgery is required because patching/glasses doesn't help it.
		Maybe they would be better able to differentiate between true esotropia and the bridge of his nose throwing people off.
	www.pahealthsystems.com /message38155.html (2231 words)

	Review of Optometry September 1999
		In the latter cases, the esotropia is larger at near fixation.
		You will also encounter esotropia cases that are non-accommodative and have an onset after 6 months of age.
		In basic esotropia the deviation at distance and near fixation are approximately equal.
	www.revoptom.com /archive/issue/ro09f8osc.htm (4111 words)

	ETSU study on esotropia (crossed eyes) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the ETSU study, Mohney found that children with accommodative esotropia accounted for more than 50 percent of the cases and were diagnosed 10 times more frequently than those with the congenital condition, which accounted for only 5.4 percent of the patients.
		Other types of esotropia, in addition to congenital and accommodative, were documented in the study.
		One form, a condition known as “acquired nonaccommodative esotropia,” accounted for approximately 10 percent of the study cases.
	www.etsu.edu /news/20010090.htm (491 words)

	OSL: Progressive Increase in the Quantity of Deviation in Congenital Esotropia
		It was the author’s clinical impression that many individuals with congenital esotropia demonstrated an increase in the quantity of deviation measured over time.
		The present study statistically examines the prevalence and quantity of increase in the amount of deviation measured for a consecutive series of patients with congenital esotropia prior to surgical alignment.
		However, in cases where the final surgical plan was based on the measurements made the day before surgery, 90% of the patients showed an initial surgical alignment to within 10 PD or orthotropia by 6 weeks postoperatively.
	www.slackinc.com /EYE/os/stor0796/ing.htm (346 words)

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