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	ESPALIER
		In the 17th Century, 'espalier' originally referred to the frame or trellis on which the plant was trained.
		Espaliered plants are used in today's landscape for both function and beauty.
		Often a stunted or deformed plant is appropriate for an informal espalier.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/hort/hil/hil-619.html (488 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Espalier
		Or, the tree may be trained to espalier form to frame a bench or to outline a tidy planting bed and offer a bit of shade and cooling to ornamental leafy summer herbs and vegetables such as fragrant and flavorful mint or spinach, lettuce or fancy leafed chard.
		Espalier pyracantha is used a lot for year-round greenery and fall color, she said.
		The foliage is offset by a smooth, smoke-gray bark and an inherent espalier habit.
	news.surfwax.com /gardening/files/Espalier_Gardening.html (665 words)

	Espaliers
		Espaliered plants are especially effective against blank walls where a special interest plant is desired to relieve the monotony often created when continuous shrub groupings are used.
		Espaliers can be made by attaching plants directly to masonry walls with anchoring devices such as masonry staples or concrete nails.
		Plants espaliered directly on a wall where air circulation around the branches is poor are especially prone to damage by diseases and insects.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_MG273 (2632 words)

	Untitled Document
		The secret of satisfactory results with espalier is to begin with a younger tree or shrub that has several well balanced limbs off the main trunk.
		Espalier has a great deal of ornamental value - few garden scenes are more stunning than a blooming apple tree growing against a brick wall - but it’s also an effective technique for producing an ample crop of fruit in a small space.
		A typical espalier is 6 to 8 feet tall, with three to four sets of horizontal branches.
	www.wilsonbrosnursery.com /AllAboutEspalier.html (1818 words)

	Laffodils Landscaping - Tree Espalier
		The purpose of an espalier is to be able to grow a tree in limited space.
		Performing the espalier yourself is part of the fun, although it takes work getting it set up as well as annual maintenance.
		An espaliered plant will allow you to do this, as it will grow verticle, and will spread along the structure, without encroaching on the path.
	www.laffodils.com /Tree_Espalier.html (676 words)

	Your selected article - Vegetable and flower gardening , greenhouse and horticulture methods in a northern climate (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The espalier tree is not allowed to grow as tall as normal trees, but it will produce a large crop of high quality fruit, in a very small space.
		It is said that the espalier tree came into being when a group of monks wanted fresh fruit in their monastery, but had very little room in which to plant trees.
		Espalier trees are not low maintenance, as you must keep up with pruning quite frequently, but for the avid gardener they are definitely a pleasure to have in any garden.
	www.northerngarden.ca /ResultList.asp?strArticleID=51 (761 words)

	Espalier
		Espalier is the art of training trees to branch in formal patterns usually along a wall, or on a trellis.
		A third benefit of growing fruit trees in an espalier form is that the open frame created permits excellent light infiltration, with all parts of the tree exposed to direct sunlight.
		By far the most desirable spot to establish an espalier on the prairies would be a south-facing wall that received full sun during the summer, but was shaded by an adjacent building in the winter when the sun is lower in the sky.
	gardenline.usask.ca /trees/espalier.html (3433 words)

	Espalier Provides Unique Gargen Accent
		Espalier (pronounced "es-PAL-ye") is any plant trained to grow in a flat plane against a wall, fence, or trellis.
		Espalier may also be used as a verb to describe the technique of training a plant to this flat plane.
		The practice of training plants in espalier fashion originally was used in the old world to conserve space in small orchards and gardens.
	ag.arizona.edu /gardening/news/azdailystar/espalier.html (337 words)

	Burke's Backyard > Fact Sheets > Espalier
		Espaliering means training a tree or shrub to grow against a flat surface.
		If you're espaliering against a wall or fence, remember that some materials (for example Colorbond or dark coloured bricks) can become very hot and will damage the branches of the espaliered plant.
		The easiest pattern to follow is a simple horizontal espalier (see diagram), where the plant is trained on three wires.
	www.burkesbackyard.com.au /1999/archives/25/in_the_garden/gardening_tips,_books,_techniques_and_tools/espalier (544 words)

	Want more fruit from less space? Espalier your trees! by Rev. J.D. Hooker Issue #79
		After originating in the semi-arid regions of the middle east, espaliering (is-`pal-yer-ing) became a commonly employed fruit tree growing method of the Greco-Roman world.
		When planting small orchards he spaces rows of trees trained in the fashion either six feet apart (as done in Europe) which is perfect spacing for a hand cart, or nine feet apart, which is ideal for driving a pickup between the rows during harvesting.
		Horizontal or palmette espaliers can readily be grown in rows with this same row spacing, and in fact are often grown that way in much of Europe.
	www.backwoodshome.com /articles2/hooker79.html (1028 words)

	How to Prune Established Espalier Trees \| eHow.com
		Espalier is a technique of pruning and shaping a woody plant, tree or shrub to grow in a single plane, such as against a wall or on a fence.
		Note that pinching encourages new growth, however, and it is not advisable to encourage new growth late in the fall since it may not have time to "harden," and may be susceptible to frost damage later in the year.
		Espaliers are perfect for growing large trees in a small space.
	www.ehow.com /how_15256_prune-established-espalier.html (371 words)

	espalier software
		Espalier is de naam van een geweldig nieuw softwareprogramma.
		Zoals deze in uw tuin de bomen steun geeft, zo wordt Espalier als softwareprogramma uw steun en toeverlaat bij de administratie.
		Espalier neemt u een hoop werk uit handen, zodat u tijd overhoudt om dat te doen waar u goed in bent, het aanleggen van tuinen.
	www.espalier.nl (228 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: ESPALIER, CARLOS
		Carlos Espalier, Alamo defender, was born in Texas in 1819.
		He was said to be a protégé of James Bowie.
		Espalier's aunt, Doña Guardia de Luz, was his heir and was granted lands for his service.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/EE/fes16.html (163 words)

	Trellis Espalier System for Supported Apple Trees, HYG-1427-95
		Trellis Espalier System for Supported Apple Trees, HYG-1427-95
		With the advent of size-controlling rootstocks for fruit trees and high density plantings, growers have developed a renewed interest in trellis supports for fruit trees.
		Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Ag.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/1000/1427.html (955 words)

	Espalier - training fruit trees Sunset - Find Articles
		Espaliered fruit trees begin fruiting at an early age, and pruning, pest control, and harvest are all within easy reach.
		Informal espaliers like the fig trees at left are trained along a single plane--as are formal ones--but their form is less structured.
		For a freestanding espalier, use a wooden trellis or build a structure--use galvanized wire (12 to 14 gauge) stretched between 4-by-4 posts.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1216/is_n2_v180/ai_6286265 (793 words)

	Pruning Trees, Shrubs & Vines
		The French word espalier refers both to a plant grown in a pattern on a flat plane and to the vertical support, such as a wire, trellis, wall, or fence, that it grows against.
		Espaliered plants typically consist of a single main stem, the leader, and several tiers of horizontal or near-horizontal branches, or arms.
		Espalier involves training—forcing branches to grow in the direction you want—as well as pruning.
	www.bbg.org /gar2/topics/sustainable/handbooks/pruningtrees/8_espalier.html (705 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Espalier
		Espalier is the horticultural technique of training trees through pruning and grafting in order to create formal two-dimensional patterns by the branches of the tree.
		An espalier collects almost as much sunlight as a regular tree, yet has far less mass.
		A Belgian fence is a form of espaliering that weaves a string of espaliers into a fence.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Espalier (279 words)

	Growing an Espalier fruit tree
		In order to be able to grow an Espalier, you must first know what it is. “A plant trained to grow flat against a wall or framework.
		And if your espalier is a fruit tree, follow any basic pruning instructions to force fruit growth as you would with any fruit tree.
		After that basic maintenance is a must, to make sure that your espalier remains the gardening wonder that it is. Also you will be amazed that if you are growing a fruit tree, how easy it will be to harvest the fruit from this short compact tree.
	ks.essortment.com /espalierfruits_rzeq.htm (850 words)

	Grow a Living Fence
		Espalier works well for fruit trees, so use the technique to grow apples for the whole family.
		Espalier (pronounced is-PAL-yer or is-PAL-yay) is the art of training plants, often fruit trees, to grow in a single plane.
		Espalier works especially well for small spaces and tight conditions, such as along a driveway or in a strip near a garage.
	www.gardenideas.com /trees/tree_fence.html (529 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Espalier is the horticultural technique of training trees through pruning and grafting in order to create formal "two-dimensional" or single plane patterns by the branches of the tree.
		The word espalier initially referred to the actual trellis on which the plant was trained to grow, but over time has come to be used to describe the technique.
		There are several types of espalier, including horizontal (branches grow horizontally out of one central trunk), palmette (branches grow in a fan shaped pattern), and cordon (the tree resembles a menorah).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=espalier (308 words)

	Growing an Espalier fruit tree
		In order to be able to grow an Espalier, you must first know what it is. “A plant trained to grow flat against a wall or framework.
		And if your espalier is a fruit tree, follow any basic pruning instructions to force fruit growth as you would with any fruit tree.
		After that basic maintenance is a must, to make sure that your espalier remains the gardening wonder that it is. Also you will be amazed that if you are growing a fruit tree, how easy it will be to harvest the fruit from this short compact tree.
	sdsd.essortment.com /espalierfruits_rzeq.htm (850 words)

	Espalier
		Espalier is the horticultural technique of training trees through careful pruning and grafting with the intent of creating formal two-dimensional patterns by the branches of the tree.
		Espalier was very popular in the Middle Ages in Europe to decorate solid walls by such trees planted near them.
		Even if it is not a particularly good exampleof Espalier, the wall can fool the eye into believe ing that is is. Esplaier plants should be planted about 6 to 10 inches away from the wall to allow adequate room for the roots to grow, air circulation and also to allow for pest control.
	www.mygarden.net.au /flex/espalier/122/1 (702 words)

	Gardening :: Espalier - The Art and Science of Training Your Tree
		Besides, performing the espalier yourself is part of the fun, although it does take some work getting it set up as well as annual maintenance.
		An espaliered plant will allow you to do this, as it will grow verticle, and will spread laterally along the structure, without encroaching on the path.
		Once all of the lateral branches are tied, you have started your very own espalier, for a fraction of the cost of purchasing one at a retail store.
	www.articlebiz.com /article/30734-1-espalier-the-art-and-science-of-training-your-tree (747 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for espalier
		espalier The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology...
		Her first published work was poetry, The Espalier (1925), but she became more generally known with two novels of gentle fantasy, Lolly Willowes (1926) and Mr.
		Usually less than 33 ft (10 m) tall, it is common in parks and gardens, often trained to ornamental flatttened shapes by espalier.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=espalier (250 words)

	June Report 2002 - Growing Fruit Trees in Small Spaces
		In Europe, espalier are widely used in orchards for commercial fruit production, and the practice is becoming more common in the United States.
		Espalier can be coaxed into many attractive and functional shapes, from a simple fan to an elaborate cordon or palmette.
		Apple or pear trees are the usual choice to espalier because they bear on fruiting spurs.
	www.wildbirds.org /info/espalier.htm (617 words)

	Espalier training of fruit trees is fun, but demanding
		In addition, an espaliered tree trained to a trellis makes an attractive divider between a vegetable and flower garden, or a screen to hide the compost pile.
		There are several espalier designs, many with fancy names, including the single vertical cordon, the single horizontal cordon, oblique palmette with fixed limbs, Baldassari Palmette, the Belgian fence, lepage espalier with three branches, the U double, the verrier candelabra and the drapeau marchand.
		Espalier training systems depend on a trellis, which may be quite elaborate.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /news/story.php?S_No=369&storyType=garden&cmd=pf (565 words)

	Espalier
		Espalier is a highly productive, ornamental style of pruning that dates to the 1400s or earlier.
		Espalier, a compact style of training fruit trees, originally referred to the framework upon which such trees were trained (Ital.
		Espaliered trees are normally grafted on "dwarfing" rootstocks and trained as young plants along wires or stakes.
	www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org /education/espalier.php (266 words)

	espalier - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		espalier, trellis or lattice used in horticulture for training a tree or vine flat against a wall, either for ornament or to fit it into a small space, allowing it to get a maximum of air and sun and bringing the fruit within easy reach for gathering.
		The plant, often an apple or pear tree, may be trained into various shapes, such as a fan or a fork.
		French art of espalier becoming a popular challenge for gardeners.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-espalier.html (309 words)

	History of Espalier
		This may be the oldest evidence of espalier according to Alan Edmunds, author of Espalier Fruit Trees: Their History and Culture (n.d.) Historians note that fruit trees in the 16th century were trained in France to grow next to walls to take advantage of the extra warmth of the wall.
		The French word “espalier” can be traced back to the Italian “spalliera,” referring to a support for the shoulder or back, likely referencing the shoulder-height trellis upon which the plants were trained.
		Espalier came to the United Kingdom in the 17th century as a method to grow temperate fruits in a colder climate.
	espaliersociety.org /history.html (171 words)

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