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Topic: Esperanto alphabet

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	esperanto - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Esperanto is also credited as being the foundation for later competing projects, such as Interlingua and Occidental, but these languages also lag far behind Esperanto in numbers of speakers.
		Esperanto is not an official language of any country, although there were plans at the beginning of the 20th century to establish Neutral Moresnet as the world's first Esperanto state, and the shortlived artificial island micronation of Rose Island used Esperanto as its official language in 1968.
		Esperanto is primarily agglutinative (Wells 1989 calculates an index of agglutinativity of 0.9999, higher than any non-constructed language), with all grammatical function suffixes appearing at the ends of words, and a mix of prefixes and suffixes with lexical meanings.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/esperanto (3371 words)

	Ido language - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ido, unlike Esperanto, does not assume the male gender as the default for family relationship words, and thus does not, for example, derive the word for "sister" by adding a feminine suffix to the word for "brother", as standard Esperanto does.
		Ido has the same typical five-vowel system (a, e, i, o, u have their IPA values) as Esperanto, and most of the same consonants, omitting two consonant phonemes used by Esperanto, /x/ and /dZ/.
		The pronouns of Ido were revised to make them more acoustically distinct than those of Esperanto (all of whose pronouns end in i; the first person plural pronouns mi and ni may be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Ido (1431 words)

	Esperanto orthography -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Esperanto is written in a Roman-based (A character set that includes letters and is used to write a language) alphabet of twenty-eight letters, upper and lower case.
		Esperanto versions of (A telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals)) international Morse code and (A point system of writing in which patterns of raised dots represent letters and numerals) Braille include the six diacritic letters.
		The entire Esperanto alphabet is part of the (Click link for more info and facts about Latin-3) Latin-3 and (Click link for more info and facts about Unicode) Unicode character sets, and is included in (Click link for more info and facts about WGL4) WGL4.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/es/esperanto_orthography.htm (3244 words)

	Esperanto Sample Lesson One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Many letters of the Esperanto alphabet are the same as letters in the English alphabet.
		Esperanto words are made from roots that have a meaning.
		In Esperanto, the verb does not depend on whether the subject is singular or plural.
	www.esperanto-usa.org /sample-lesson.html (616 words)

	A Key to the Inter-National Language Esperanto
		The six letters unique to Esperanto, ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ and ŭ, were introduced so that every sound could be represented by just one letter (unlike combinations such as "ch" in "church" or "sh" as in "shoe").
		Esperanto words consist of an assembly of parts put together in a logical fashion.
		The very last part of a complete Esperanto word is the grammatical ending, for example, one of the endings used above to create verbs.
	www.esperanto-chicago.org /key.htm (1091 words)

	Esperanto - Introduction, Examples and Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Esperanto is an international language, invented in 1887 by Ludwig Zamenhof.
		All Esperanto verbs end in 'as' in the present tense ('is' for past tense and 'os' for future).
		Esperanto develops a large part of its vocabulary from the addition of suffixes: frato (brother), fratino (sister), fratineto (little sister).
	www.optimnem.co.uk /articles/esperanto.htm (300 words)

	The alphabet and sounds of Esperanto
		Esperanto words are divided into syllables in the usual way, centered around vowels (and diphthongs).
		For instance, in Esperanto, the word morgaux has two syllables, not three, and is pronounced mór-gow, not mor-gáh-oo (the accent mark denotes on which syllable the accent goes); the two vowels constituting a diphthong should never be separated into different syllables.
		In Esperanto, a few flaps (say, between one and three) of the tongue is sufficient; there should always be a trill, but it shouldn't be too long (as in some instances of Spanish pronunciation).
	www.alcyone.com /max/lang/esperanto/alphabet.html (698 words)

	Ido - ArtPolitic Encyclopedia of Politics : Information Portal
		Esperanto's alphabet uses six non-Latin letters, three of which are not found in any existing language; as a result, Esperanto in typing and in internet e-mail and newsgroups frequently resorts to any of several schemes to represent these special letters.
		Ido imposes consistent rules on the use of endings to tranform a word from one meaning or part of speech to another, thus simplifying the amount of vocabulary memorization that is necessary.
		Ido, unlike Esperanto, does not assume the male gender as the default, and thus does not, for example, define a sister as a female-brother, as Esperanto does.
	www.artpolitic.org /infopedia/id/Ido.html (1012 words)

	Esperanto language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Esperanto is an international auxiliary language devised in 1887 by Dr. Ludovic Lazar Zamenhof (1859-1917), a Jewish Eye Doctor, under the pseudonym of "Doktoro Esperanto".
		Zamenhof's first work on Esperanto, the "Unua Libro" (First Book) published in 1887, contained 920 roots from which tens of thousands of words could be formed, together with the "Fundamenta Gramatiko" (Grammatical Foundations), which consisted of 16 basic grammatical rules.
		The majority of Esperanto roots are based on Latin, though some vocabulary is taken from modern Romance languages, and from English, German, Polish and Russian.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/esperanto.htm (469 words)

	Sensupersigna Esperanto
		As for the alphabet, he considered that it was illogical that single sounds were represented by different spellings, and that single letters had different sounds.
		While in current Esperanto x-system sx is to be regarded as one letter, sj in these proposals is in fact the juxtaposition of two different letters, it must come after si and before sk in alphabetical sorting.
		The Esperanto alphabet is reflex of the sounds of the language.
	www.nautilus.com.br /~ensjo/misc/sensupersigna.html (2124 words)

	U-breve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Belarusian language was normally written with the Łacinka alphabet from the 16th to late 19th centuries.
		"Ŭ" is a semivowel in the Esperanto alphabet, which was devised in the late 19th century.
		Esperanto's creator, Ludwik Zamenhof, was born in Białystok in the vicinity of Belarus.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/U/U-breve.htm (381 words)

	Comments About the Alphabet
		Problem is that W has this sound primarily in English and some Romance languages (it is rare in the latter); in the Germanic languages and those Slavic languages that are written with Latin letters, W usually has the sound of V (or, at the ends of words, sometimes F).
		The Esperanto R is very unlike the English R (which in turn is different from the French R, which in turn is different from the German R, which...).
		The sixteen rules of Esperanto allow the accent to fall on the last vowel in one special case -- when the final O of a noun has been dropped.
	www.webcom.com /~donh/ecourse/ealfa1.html (2146 words)

	Learn Esperanto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Twenty-two of these are the same as standard English letters (no Q,W,Y and X in Esperanto).
		Esperanto uses a set of word roots mostly from Romance languages and makes extensive use of prefixes and suffixes which can be added on to word roots to create new meaning.
		The next to last syllable of each word is always stressed, and every word is spelled as it is heard and pronounced as it looks.
	www.magicnet.mn /~altan/esperanto1.htm (307 words)

	Sherlockian.Net: Esperanto
		The grammar of Esperanto falls within the bounds of sixteen short rules.
		Because by intention Esperanto contains none of the “linguistic overhead” of national languages (absolutely no irregularities, no conjugation of verbs, no declension of nouns, no grammatical gender, and no inflection), a speaker of a European language can learn to read Esperanto in three to six months.
		Esperanto may be represented by iso-8859-3”; character set, or as it is sometimes called Latin-3”;.
	www.sherlockian.net /canon/esperanto.html (552 words)

	The Other Side forums - suitable for mature readers! -> Esperanto? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Esperanto is an artificial language created in the 19th century (I think - I'll need to check that one out).
		The language Esperanto was devised in 1887 in Poland, by Dr. L.
		In general, the sounds in Esperanto are easily distinguished, with none of the subtle vowel shadings of English and other languages.
	www.matazone.co.uk /forums/index.php?showtopic=7824 (1439 words)

	Soc.culture.esperanto Frequently Asked Questions (Oftaj Demandoj) FAQ
		Of course, unlike these other languages, Esperanto is not the primary language for its speakers, although there _are_ native speakers (`denaskaj parolantoj') of Esperanto who learned to speak it (along with the local language) from their parents.
		Esperanto's circumflexed characters are covered by the incipient `wide character' standards (Unicode and ISO 10646), so Esperantists will not be left out if and when those standards are widely adopted and implemented.
		Although Esperanto is a planned language, it has developed well beyond the point at which some authoritative person or group can dictate language practice, however great the temptation may be to `tinker' with the language.
	www.non.com /news.answers/esperanto-faq.html (4474 words)

	Esperanto Access: Introduction and New Items (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Esperanto has been represented on the internet for at least as long as the internet has been public.
		Esperanto, like many other languages, is included in the Unicode standard which is becoming dominant in certain parts of the net (notable, web pages created in non-English-speaking countries); those using recent versions of Windows (late versions of 95 and later) will automatically have Unicode fonts with Esperanto characters in their machines.
		The most common system is to place a letter 'x' after the Esperanto letter that should carry a supersign; this is permissible and desirable because 'x' is not a letter of the Esperanto alphabet, and so no confusion will arise.
	www.webcom.com /~donh/eaccess/eaccess.new.html (809 words)

	A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
		Through Esperanto, the labor in the acquirement of these languages may be reduced in the same proportion in which the pleasure and thoroughness of such acquirement are increased.
		For this reason, the grammatical constructions of Esperanto are here explained as consistently as possible in accordance with the usage of national languages, especially those in the school curriculum, and precise names are assigned to them.
		The diphthongs in Esperanto contain an i or u sound as the second element, but in order to avoid confusion with combinations of vowels not forming diphthongs (as in naiva, like English naïve, etc.), they are written with j and ŭ instead.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext05/esper10h.htm (12175 words)

	Esperanto: A Language for the Global Village by Sylvan Zaft: Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Just as the Italian alphabet does without five letters which the English alphabet includes (j, k, w, x and y), so the Esperanto alphabet does without four letters that the English alphabet has.
		Esperanto, of course, does not fully meet that requirement, but then only a language with very few sounds would.
		Esperanto is not unique in placing the stress on the next-to-the-last syllable.
	members.aol.com /SylvanZ/gv5.htm (2289 words)

	Esperanto orthography - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		The alphabet has a nearly one-to-one correspondance of letter to sound; the only significant exceptions being the sequence kz, which is frequently pronounced [gz], as in ekzemple; and borrowed words such as ŭato that use initial ŭ for [w], which is normally an allophone of v.
		The six Esperanto accented characters are included in the international form of Morse code.
		The transliteration of Esperanto into ASCII is a topic known to cause flame wars and little constructive discussion, and the reduction of such behaviour is sometimes indicated as one of the main reasons to use Unicode and the proper accented letters.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Esperanto_alphabet (1643 words)

	Esperanto: Grammar
		Every word in Esperanto is pronounced just as it is spelt, with each letter corresponding to a single sound.
		X is not one of the 28 letters of the Esperanto alphabet, but some people do use it to indicate a circumflex or breve on the preceding letter (cx=^c, gx=^g, hx=^h, jx=^j, sx=^s, ux=ù).
		This is only a temporary measure used on the Net: the true Esperanto letters will be used when Unicode WWW browsers become widespread.
	www.travlang.com /languages/esperanto/gramatiko.html (460 words)

	Esperanto alphabet
		The Esperanto alphabet is an extention of the Roman alphabet.
		The Esperanto alphabet also is missing some letters.
		Below is all of the letters of the esperanto alphabet:
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/es/Esperanto_alphabet.html (75 words)

	The Republican Speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It's rather a personal reflection on Esperanto, my alibi comes from the date of creation of the Republican Speech 75 years, in my uchronia, prior to that of Esperanto, in our world).
		It is primarily based on Esperanto words (after the phonological and grammatical changes explained above).
		Although many purely Anglo-Saxon roots of Esperanto are replaced by wide spread Germanic roots in Republican.
	www.sden.org /jdr/rep-univ/arub/soci/lrep.htm (626 words)

	Ido
		For reasons of grammatical simplicity, Ido generally doesn't impose rules of grammatical agreement between grammatical categories within a sentence, since these are redundant.
		Ido allows the use of this feature in ambiguous situations where the object of a sentence doesn't follow the subject, but in all other situations the accusative case was eliminated as redundant.
		Ido, unlike Esperanto, doesn't assume the male gender as the default, and thus doesn't, for example, define a sister as a female-brother, as Esperanto does.
	www.freearchive.info /id/ido.html (1275 words)

	The Esperanto Alphabet
		This last pronunciation is the correct one for Esperanto.
		The names of the letters are formed by adding -o to the consonants, and letting the vowels stand as their own names, so the alphabet is recited a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo.
		Sometimes, it can be a bit tricky to write Esperanto words with typewriters, computers, and other machines which do not have its six unique letters.
	www.steve-and-pattie.com /esperantujo/alphabet.html (818 words)

	Pri la Lingvo Esperanto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An Esperanto FAQ is found at http://www.esperanto.net/veb/faq.html, maintained by Yves Bellefeuille.
		An FAQ on the (English-speaking) beginners' Esperanto e-mail list is found at http://www.splange.freeserve.co.uk/esp/eblfaq.html maintained by John Arundel.
		Esperanto: A Language for the Global Village A simple and methodical explanation of Esperanto for adults.
	www.aoshop.com /esperanto/indekso.htm (332 words)

	Esperanto-Beginner-L FAQ
		The Esperanto Beginner's List is for English-speakers who are learning Esperanto and want to practice the language, ask questions or meet other beginners.
		Try to write first in Esperanto, then add an English translation or summary or explanation at the end if you are unsure of your Esperanto message or if you want to add what you did not know how to express in Esperanto.
		This book has English information about Esperanto and the language problem, an extensive section for teaching beginning Esperanto that goes beyond what you will learn in the free email course, a selection of readings in Esperanto, and a great beginner's Esperanto-English dictionary covering the words used in the lessons and readings.
	www.splange.freeserve.co.uk /esp/eblfaq.html (1455 words)

	Supersigned characters
		The Esperanto alphabet contains 6 letters with supersigns (ĉ, ĝ, ŝ, ĵ, ĥ, ŭ) which are absent in the English alphabet and in the alphabets of most other languages.
		To avoid any possibility of ambiguity, other people modify the workaround by replacing 'h' by the letter 'x', which is not part of the Esperanto alphabet.
		They were extracted from an e-mail which I sent several months ago to an Esperanto group, and part of it is in Esperanto with an English translation.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~wies301/Supersigned_characters.html (1177 words)

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