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Topic: Espionage and Sedition Acts

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Espionage Act

Sedition Act of 1918

Alien and Sedition Acts

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	The Free Expression Policy Project
		Espionage and Sedition Act prosecutions and war fever during World War I were followed by the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids of 1919 and the early 1920s.
		The Sedition Act was repealed in 1920; the Espionage Act is still in effect.
		The decision established the "actual malice" standard for defamation claims by public officials; disapproved the 1798 Sedition Act; and announced the "profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open," and may well include "vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials."15
	www.fepproject.org /factsheets/politicalspeech.html (5675 words)

	Espionage Act of 1917 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Espionage Act of 1917 made it a crime, punishable by a $10,000 fine and 20 years in jail, for a person to convey antipathy with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies.
		During and after World War I the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were used in prosecutions that would be considered constitutionally unacceptable in the U.S. even in the political climate after the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York's World Trade Center.
		While much of the laws were repealed in 1921, major portions of the Espionage Act remain part of U.S. law (18 USC 793, 794) and form the legal basis for most classified information.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Espionage_and_Sedition_Acts (370 words)

	Espionage history (1917-1918)
		Espionage history: During World War I, those who dared to speak against the war were fined and imprisoned under the Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917-1918).
		The Sedition Act of 1918 (also called the Sedition Amendment to the Espionage Act) was even more draconian, imposing heavy penalties on anyone convicted of using “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the Constitution, the government, the military, or the flag.
		Of course, the government got to decide what constituted a “clear and present danger,” and both the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 were wielded like blunt instruments against anyone who dared to disagree with the government.
	ncnc.essortment.com /espionagehistor_rago.htm (872 words)

	The 1920's
		Restrictive laws such as the Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed in order to silence opposition.
		What was the result of the Espionage Acts during World War I? Eugene V. Debs, arrested and convicted for opposing the war, 10 years.
		Charles Schenck was arrested for violating the Espionage Act, passed by Congress in 1914.
	www.socialstudieshelp.com /USRA_1920s.htm (1553 words)

	American Experience \| Emma Goldman \| People & Events \| PBS
		The act was, on the whole, inoffensive -- even to radicals -- and most of it remains on the books today.
		In 1918, it was used to send labor leader and former presidential candidate Eugene Debs to jail for a decade, because of a speech he delivered.
		The Sedition Act did even more than the Espionage Act to restrict what could be sent through the U.S. mails.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/goldman/peopleevents/e_redscare.html (982 words)

	APUS - Unit 10 Notes - Civil Liberties in WWI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The espionage Act provided for a fine up to $10,000 and a prison term of twenty years for anyone who interfered with the draft or encouraged disloyalty.
		For this he was arrested and convicted for violating the Sedition Act, and was sentenced to ten years in prison.
		In defending his case, his lawyers contended that the act was in violation of the First Amendment right of freedom of speech and press, and therefore unconstitutional.
	home.comcast.net /~mruland/APUS/UnitNotes/unit10/CivilLiberties.htm (828 words)

	Protest, Rebellion, Commitment: Then and Now - Grover Furr
		In addition to the Espionage and Sedition Acts, between 1917 and 1920 many states passed laws against "criminal syndicalism," which, according to Eldridge T. Dowell's authoritative study, normally meant commission of any crime "as a means of accomplishing change in industrial ownership or effecting any political change", as in the California statue.
		Thus the drive against "espionage" and "sedition" was, overwhelmingly, an employer-sponsored drive against striking and organizing workers, the most effective workers' organizations of the day, and anyone who spoke up in support or even sympathy with them or their views.
		The former two acts, while used against espionage as well, were mainly used against domestic dissent, especially against the militant labor movement and those who opposed the war as an imperialist war in the interest of capital.
	www.pmicomputers.com /articles/4-26article2.htm (2895 words)

	301ppr-PRP
		The Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918, respectively, were President Wilson's means of ensuring National Security during a time of war.
		The Sedition Act of 1918 "prohibited disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive remarks about the form of government, flag or uniform of the United States.
		It even prohibited the opposition to the purchase of war bonds." (2) This Sedition Act resembles the act passed by the Federalists in 1798, though the motivation is significantly different.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~ina22/301/301ppr-alien_sedition_act.htm (928 words)

	debs-paper_revision
		Sedition has been made illegal twice, between July 14, 1798 and the beginning of Jefferson's presidency in1801 by the Sedition Act of 1798, and between May 16, 1918 and March 3, 1921 when an amendment to the Espionage Act of June 15, 1917 was in effect, sometimes called the Sedition Act.
		The targets of the Sedition Act of 1798 were the critics of John Adams.
		He was again jailed in 1918 for violating the Espionage and Sedition Act for speech against the US involvement in World War I. The use of injunctions against labor violated their right to a jury trial.
	cimabue1.home.mindspring.com /debs-paper_revision.htm (2577 words)

	Civil Liberties: How the Courts Will Respond
		During the "quasi-war" with France in 1798, the Adams administration secured passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which expanded the President's authority to incarcerate and deport aliens and criminalized speech that was perceived to be overly critical of the President or Congress.
		Prosecutions under the Sedition Act of 1798 ultimately produced a backlash in favor of a broader conception of free speech.
		Criminal prosecutions under the Espionage and Sedition Acts during World War I inspired the creation of the American Civil Liberties Union and probably contributed to the Supreme Court's inauguration of modern First Amendment doctrine just a decade later.
	hnn.us /articles/426.html (2032 words)

	(Media Law and Ethics: How to brief a case - Prof. Lenert)
		Charles Schenck, a socialist, was convicted of violating the 1917 Espionage Act and the1918 Sedition Amendment because he published pamphlets protesting the US war efforts during World War I and urging others to resist the draft.
		He argued that the First Amendment guaranteed his right to protest the war and the draft, and the Espionage and Sedition Acts violated the Constitution.
		No, the U.S. Supreme Court held that Acts were Constitutional and their enforcement against Schenk did not violate the First Amendment.
	qcpages.qc.cuny.edu /mediastudies/m357/howto.htm (467 words)

	Opposition to WWI
		What was the result of the Espionage Acts during World War I? Over 6,000 arrests.
		The court ruled against Schenck saying that the Espionage Act did not violate the first amendment and that in times of war the government may place reasonable limitations on freedom of speech.
		Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes outlined the courts opinion by explaining that when a "clear and present danger" existed such as shouting fire in a crowded theater, freedom of speech may be limited.
	www.socialstudieshelp.com /Lesson_73_Notes.htm (823 words)

	S/R 28: Taking Liberties with the Constitution (Hellinger)
		Adams’ Sedition Act was the model for laws aimed at the Industrial Workers of the World (“Wobblies”).
		Palmer reacted with a campaign to enforce the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 to persecute radicals and left-wing organizations.
		The Smith Act, passed in 1940 but hardly used until then, was the basis for convictions of members of the Communist and Socialist Parties on charges they advocated the violent overthrow of the government.
	www.greens.org /s-r/28/28-02.html (2067 words)

	Glossary S - Digital History Center - America: A Narrative History, 6th Edition
		U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the wartime Espionage and Sedition Acts; in the opinion he wrote for the case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes set the now-familiar “clear and present danger’’ standard.
		Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) In replacing and extending the provisions of the Bland-Allison Act of 1878, it increased the amount of silver periodically bought for coinage.
		Stamp Act (1765) Parliament required that revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter, documents, dice, and playing cards; the Stamp Act Congress met to formulate a response, and the act was repealed the following year.
	www.wwnorton.com /america6/glossary/s.htm (1233 words)

	Freedom Under Attack
		World War I brought Woodrow Wilson's use of the Espionage and Sedition Acts to censor the foreign-language press and bar it from publishing anti-war sentiments.
		About 2,000 people were prosecuted under the act, including Charles Schenck, who served 10 years in prison for distributing pamphlets claiming that the military draft was illegal.
		Dissent has been squelched under the USA Patriot Act, which overrides existing privacy laws to authorize FBI visits to libraries and bookstores to investigate the reading habits of citizens, while the librarians and bookstore owners are barred from revealing the search.
	www.commondreams.org /views03/0402-08.htm (815 words)

	Woodrow Wilson
		This remarkable act made it virtually illegal to criticize the war or the government in any way.
		The Sedition Bill of 1918 was introduced to Congress at the urging of Wilson's U.S. Attorney General, A. Mitchel Palmer.
		United States, Schenck, a socialist, was convicted of violating the Espionage Act by distributing anti-war literature.
	www.chicora.org /woodrow_wilson.htm (1377 words)

	Warblogging.com: Your Liberties and Mine — Read in the White House (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A newspaper editor was convicted under the Espionage Act for asking whether Wall Street dragged us into World War I and questioning the legality of the draft.
		"Under the 1918 Sedition Act, it became a crime to print, speak, write or publish any words that heaped contempt or scorn upon government or used scurrilous or abusive language to damage the reputation of the government or to disparage its military uniforms.
		The Espionage Act, the Alien & Sedition Acts, the Civil War era suspension of habeus corpus were all eventually rolled back because the populace had opportunity to tell their government that they would not stand.
	www.warblogging.com /archives/000479.php (1839 words)

	SPYETHIC
		Burton, Shirley J "The Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918: Sectional Interpertations in the United States District Courts of Illinois." Illinois historical journal.
		Espionage and Treason : a Study of the Proxenia in Political and Military Intelligence Gathering in Classical Greece Amsterdam : J.C. Gieben, 1986.
		Proceedings involving treason, espionage, etc. Hearing before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,...
	www.aloha.net /~stroble/espion_biblio.html (1240 words)

	Espionage and Sedition Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		reenacted by Act of Mar. 3, 1921, ch.
		1918 AMENDMENTS TO §3 OF THE ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917
		Any such employee shall be dismissed by the head of the department in which the employee may be engaged, and any such official shall be dismissed by the authority having power to appoint a successor to the dismissed official."
	www.dangerouscitizen.com /Articles/525.aspx (409 words)

	[No title]
		The McCarren Act and criminalizing membership in the Communist--requiring party members to register with the government, and the double bind: party membership a crime; perjury a crime.
		In America [Communists] are miserable merchants of unwanted ideas; their wares remain unsold....Neither prejudice nor hate nor senseless fear should be the basis of this solemn act.
		Free speech should not be sacrificed on anything less than plain and objective proof of danger that the evil advocated is imminent.
	history.binghamton.edu /hist356/lec21.html (280 words)

	[No title]
		18 Civil Liberties 11 The Espionage and Sedition Acts were largely stimulated by fears of ________and _______.
		18 Civil Liberties 19 The Espionage and Sedition Acts that were passed in 1917 and 1918 placed restrictions on publications that advocated ___________.
		18 Civil Liberties 79 Passage of the Sedition Act of 1798 was secured by the __________.
	www.sbac.edu /~estesor/documents/APAGCh.18CivilLibertiesCards.doc (2629 words)

	High School Conference
		Background Materials Read about this year's topic, including information on the Palmer Raids and the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917-1919.
		The questions were sharp and perceptive - and when it all was over the students - acting as the “House of Representatives” - were asked to vote.
		I commented then that I was disappointed to note that no Westport students were there, and I was disappointed once again to see that there had been no response to this invitation either on the part of the Staples Social Studies Department, and that no Westport students were present.
	www.cfarfreedom.org /hsconf.shtml (785 words)

	## PATRIOT ACT COMPARED TO THE SEDITION ACT WW1 :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Espionage and Sedition Acts are paralleled by the Patriot Act.
		The Patriot Act laughs in the face of all...
		was similar legislation to the Patriot Act enacted during ww1 and ww2, such as the sedition act of 1917 which was later repealed...
	www.hafin.nl /patriotactcomparedtotheseditionactww1-12795 (301 words)

	Armed Females of America - Pro-Gun Women on Full Auto
		More than 2,000 people were prosecuted under the aforementioned statutes, and 1,055 were convicted under the Espionage and Sedition Acts.
		The sheeple applauded when the USA PATRIOT Act was passed without public hearing or debate, and few spoke up when it was revealed that the law provided gigantic loopholes for the executive branch to circumvent the Constitution.
		Those who spoke up throughout history have been prosecuted and silenced by force, and the misguided and misinformed who dragged themselves to the polls year after year after year, barely bothered to cast a look at the mangled Bill of Rights these politicians have left in their wake.
	www.armedfemalesofamerica.com /hardtobelieve.htm (997 words)

	Jewish Post of New York Online - News - Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The First Amendment reads: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
		In 1798 the Congress and the administration of John Adams enacted and enforced the Alien and Sedition Acts in order to control criticism of the government.
		Woodrow Wilson and his Congress would pass the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918 that effectively outlawed criticism of U.S. government leaders and war policies.
	www.jewishpost.com /jp0410/jpn0410a.htm (997 words)

	Untitled Document
		To improve the lives of immigrant factory workers and inner-city residents, the federal government intervened and instituted progressive legislation and programs that would regulate industry and provide more sanitation for the citizens of the United States.
		During World War I, the government used the Espionage and Sedition Acts to punish people who criticized the government through speech, publication, or other means.
		The act forced businesses to truthfully label the contents, expiration dates, etc. of food and drugs.
	www.eiu.edu /~history/undergrad/constitution/progressivism_business_regulation.htm (705 words)

	A Rich Man's War and a Poor Man's Fight -- Book Review by George C. Leef
		At the time, however, the Wilson administration was so concerned about opposition to U.S. entry into the raging European conflict that it pushed through Congress the Espionage and Sedition Acts, which were vigorously used against people who spoke out against the war.
		Neither the effusive pro-war rhetoric of Wilson and his allies nor the crackdown on civil liberties was, however, able to extinguish the sentiment among many Americans that the war was a horrible blunder.
		The Wilson administration, frantic to shut down criticism, quickly passed the Sedition Act to make it illegal for people to denounce the war.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig3/leef2.html (1421 words)

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