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	Esquipulas Peace Agreement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Esquipulas Peace Agreement was an initiative in the mid-1980s to settle the military conflicts that had plagued Central America for many years, and in some cases (notably Guatemala) for decades.
		The "Esquipulas II Accord" emerged from this and was signed in Guatemala City by the five presidents on August 7, 1987.
		Esquipulas II defined a number of measures to promote national reconciliation, an end to hostilities, democratization, free elections, the termination of all assistance to irregular forces, negotiations on arms controls, and assistance to refugees.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Esquipulas_Peace_Agreement (330 words)

	Esquipulas Peace Agreement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Esquipulas Peace Agreement was an initiative in the mid-1980s to settle the military conflicts which had plagued Central America for many years, in some cases — Guatemala — decades.
		During 1986-87, the "Esquipulas Process" was established, in which the Central American heads of state agreed on economic cooperation and a framework for peaceful conflict resolution.
		In subsequent years, Esquipulas laid the groundwork for the 1990 Oslo Accord (not to be confused with the 1993 Oslo Accords between the Israeli government and the PLO).
	esquipulas-peace-agreement.iqnaut.net (375 words)

	Central America: Editorial Urging U.S. Support for Esquipulas II
		While the Esquipulas Accord (also known as the Arias Plan) was being considered and implemented, the United States was considering sending additional aid to the Contras.
		The agreement signed in Guatemala City on August 7th sets forth a dozen major obligations to be implemented by each of the five governments simultaneously.
		Peace is not an end to differences but a way of dealing with them.
	www.pon.harvard.edu /hnp/centralamerica/ariaseditorial.shtml (962 words)

	Globalization, Sustainability & culture of Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These are (1) the “institutionalization” of the values, attitudes, knowledge, skills and abilities of peace, that is to embody the concept of peace in institutions, laws, organizations, projects, NGOs, constitutions, movements, books, etc. and the (2) “interiorization” of the values attitudes, knowledge, skills and abilities of peace, with all that this implies.
		The culture of negotiation, this is one of the paths towards a culture of peace if we institutionalize and interiorize the culture of the differences, the culture of the dialog, and the culture of the negotiation, then we are advancing.
		Peace is not a single event, but rather societies' goal should be to become impregnated with peace, and carry this peace with them wherever they go.
	www.jadejourneys.org /otheracti/index.htm (1079 words)

	APPENDIX: THE PEACE PROCESS AGREEMENTS (1997)
		The Agreement for the Resettlement of Populations Uprooted by the Armed Conflict
		The Agreement on the Establishment of the Commission for the Historical Clarification of Human Rights Violations and Acts of Violence which have caused Suffering to the Guatemalan People (also known as Historical Clarification Commission), is signed.
		Agreement on a timetable for the Implementation, Fulfilment and Verification of the Peace Agreements.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/intcam/guatemal/report/append.htm (517 words)

	History of Costa Rica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An era of peaceful democracy in Costa Rica began in 1899 with elections considered the first truly free and honest ones in the country's history.
		Subsequent agreements, supported by the United States, led to the Nicaraguan election of 1990 and the end of civil war in Nicaragua.
		Nicaragua and Costa Rica signed an agreement in September of 2002 to defer until 2005 presenting the dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for resolution.
	www.historyofnations.net /northamerica/costarica.html (1054 words)

	Guatemala: Chronology of the Peace Talks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Esquipulas II Accord describes a number of measures to promote national reconciliation, an end to hostilities, democratization, free elections, the termination of all assistance to irregular forces, negotiations on arms controls, and assistance to refugees.
		The Agreement on the Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples (31st March 1995) includes four chapters outlining wide-ranging commitments to recognize the identity of indigenous peoples, to eliminate discrimination against them and to guarantee their cultural, civil, political, social and economic rights.
		This agreement is greeted with enthusiasm by business associations, the international community, the legislature and the army, but labour, indigenous and campesino movements express dissatisfaction at both the process and content of the accord.
	www.c-r.org /our-work/accord/guatemala/chronology.php (3015 words)

	[No title]
		The Esquipulas Process Esquipulas is the most recent of a series of historical efforts to resolve interstate conflict and promote regional integration in Central America: the Central American Confederation, 1823-38; the Central American Court of Justice, 1907-17; a regional federation all but ratified in 1923; the Central American Common Market from 1960 onward.
		In Nicaragua, the peace process had produced some striking precedents: an internationally supervised election and a peaceful transfer of power, the transformation of a revolutionary government into a reasonably loyal opposition; a procedure for disarming and reintegrating insurgents into civilian life.
		The Esquipulas Structure Three principles determined the structure for implementing the agreement (Hopmann, 1988): simultaneity (eliminating the 'who goes first' problem - a thorny one with respect to Contra demobilization and elections); calendarization ('who does what by which dates'); and transparency ('how we know that they are doing it').
	spot.colorado.edu /~wehr/40RD10.TXT (6893 words)

	[No title]
		Although no agreement was made on these fundamental issues, the government initiated a unilateral autonomy process in the country and established a technical cease fire with a small group of MISURA combatants who later became known as KISAN for peace.
		Thus determined in its struggle for peace with historical justice, YATAMA promotes this reconciliation effort within the framework of the Central American peace process and the basic accords entered into between the Organization and the Government of Nicaragua during the first round of talks ending on February 2, 1988.
		V. On the basis of the agreement for the creation and functioning of the Conciliation Commission composed of the Moravian Church and CEPAD, and on the basis of point V of the basic accords concerning the same, YATAMA hereby ratifies the mandate of the Commission for the reconciliation process.
	www.halcyon.com /pub/FWDP/Americas/yatpeace.txt (4409 words)

	PRESS RELEASE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He injected dynamism to the peace negotiations process, and this included a meeting that he had with the commanders of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity a few weeks after he became the head of the Executive branch of the government.
		Subsequently, the agreement about their reincorporation was signed in Madrid; the agreement for the constitutional reform was signed in Stockholm and the cease fire agreement was signed in Olso.
		The peace process in Guatemala was discussed in Central American Presidential Summit held in the Guatemalan village of Esquipulas in August 1987, during the Cerezo Administration.
	www.guate.net /inpeace/press.html (767 words)

	Ethnic Studies Report: Vol. XVII, No. 2, July 1999
		The Philippines: The 1996 Peace Agreement for the Southern Philippines:
		The 1996 Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) officially ended the 24-year old struggle waged by the MNLF for independence and later for autonomy.
		Phase II of the Agreement envisions the consolidation and expansion of the ARMM beyond the present four provinces, subject to "approval" by the resident population of the provinces affected through a popular vote.
	www.ices.lk /publications/esr/esr_jul1999.shtml (829 words)

	Darfur Peace Agreement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		She develops cooperation theory to argue that mechanisms within these agreements can help maintain peace by altering the incentives for war darfur peace agreement and peace, reducing uncertainty, darfur peace agreement and helping to prevent or manage accidents that could lead to war.
		Darfur Peace and Accountability Act - The Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (H.R. Esquipulas Peace Agreement - The Esquipulas Peace Agreement was an initiative in the mid-1980s to settle the military conflicts which had plagued Central America for many years, and in some cases (notably Guatemala) for decades.
		Peace treaty - A peace treaty is an agreement (a peace treaty) between two hostile parties, usually countries or governments, that formally ends a war or armed conflict.
	su14.globalforum2001.com /darfurpeaceagreement.html (932 words)

	July 27 2000
		Any discussion of what is called a "peace process" -- whether the one underway at Camp David or any other -- should keep in mind the operative meaning of the phrase: by definition, the "peace process" is whatever the US government happens to be pursuing.
		In brief, the "peace mission" was a "last-ditch effort" to block peace and mobilize Congress to support the "unlawful use of force" for which the US had recently been condemned by the World Court.
		With these measures, the "peace process" has advanced towards the Bantustan-style arrangements that the US and Israel intended, as should have been obvious to anyone with eyes open, and is entirely clear in the documentary record and, more important, the record on the ground.
	www.zmag.org /chompeacepro.htm (1844 words)

	Kosovo Peace Accord, by Noam Chomsky
		On June 5, after the peace agreement of June 3, the New York Times reported that under the annex to the Rambouillet Agreement "a purely NATO force was to be given full permission to go anywhere it wanted in Yugoslavia, immune from any legal process," citing also the wording.
		The second peace plan was presented in resolutions of the Serbian National Assembly on March 23.
		The two peace plans of March 23 thus remain unknown to the general public, even the fact that there were two, not one.
	www.chomsky.info /articles/199907--.htm (2206 words)

	Esquipulas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Every year, thousands of pilgrims from Guatemala, the United States, Europe and other Central American countries flock to pay homage to the dark wooden image of the crucified Christ, the most revered Catholic shrine in the region.
		Although the 1987 treaty was signed in Guatemala City, it bears the name Esquipulas.
		The city of Esquipulas was founded by the Spaniards between 1560 and 1570 with the name of Santiago de Esquipulas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Esquipulas (250 words)

	The Bay Islands
		The Central American Tariff Equalization Convention was a complementary agreement to the multilateral treaty, establishing a CET on 270 products, including all those listed under the treaty, and proposing a harmonization of tariffs on an additional 200 products within five years.
		Esquipulas II laid the political groundwork for concerted action to renew the integration system following restoration of peace and democracy in the region.
		In August 1992, a Framework Free Trade Agreement was signed among the five Central American republics and Mexico, establishing the procedures for the formation of a free-trade area projected to enter into force in December 1996.
	www.geocities.com /diver_drew/historyroatan.html (7061 words)

	Untitled Document
		The agreement provides for the gradual creation of a free-trade area covering at least 80% of the trade between the parties over a 10-year period.
		Chile's 1996 free trade agreement with Canada was modeled largely on NAFTA in anticipation of an eventual trade pact with the United States; similarly, Chile broadened its bilateral free trade agreement with Mexico in March 1998.
		Although the parity system established by the Sitges agreement was terminated in 1978, the 1886 Colombian constitution (in effect until 1991) required that the losing political party be given adequate and equitable participation in the government.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/labn.html (20887 words)

	Revista Envío - Peace Stalls in Managua—Goes Backward in Region
		The Esquipulas peace initiative is now threatened by the breakdown in the Duarte Administration's ability to govern in El Salvador and the internal schisms in his Christian Democratic Party there, and by threats to Cerezo's government in Guatemala.
		According to articles one and six of the agreements already signed in Sapoá, the rest of the contras' political proposals could be discussed within the National Dialogue once their troops had moved to the mutually-agreed zones.
		Moreover, at Esquipulas III, the Central American Presidents, with the exception of Daniel Ortega, were not at all pleased with the CIVS' impartial findings regarding all the governments, so they dissolved the CIVS, which they themselves had created at Esquipulas II only five months before.
	www.envio.org.ni /articulo/3147 (8648 words)

	[No title]
		On January 16, UN mediated Peace Accords were signed in México by the Government of El Salvador and the insurgent leftist FMLN.
		The theme of human rights was a top priority in the agenda for the consolidation of peace Guatemala was undergoing another UN mediated peace process that was almost uninterrupted by a coup d’etat in May 1993.
		Evidently, as result of peace building processes, there is progress in political openness in Central America, and the “first generation” of human rights are more respected than one or two decades ago.
	www.upeace.org /documents/resources/int_course_peace02.doc (1503 words)

	George Bush Presidential Library and Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Under Esquipulas II and the El Salvador Accord, insurgent forces are supposed to voluntarily reintegrate into their homeland under safe, democratic conditions.
		Such voluntary reintegration or voluntary regional relocation assistance shall be provided in a manner supportive of the goals of the Central American nations, as expressed in the Esquipulas II agreement and the El Salvador Accord, including the goal of democratization within Nicaragua, and the reintegration plan to be developed pursuant to those accords.
		While the Soviet Union and Cuba both publicly endorsed the Esquipulas Agreement, their continued aid and support of violence and subversion in Central America is in direct violation of that regional agreement.
	bushlibrary.tamu.edu /research/papers/1989/89032401.html (620 words)

	Costa Rica (04/01)
		Costa Rica is negotiating or seeking ratification of trade agreements with Chile, the Dominican Republic, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago.
		Then-President Oscar Arias authored a regional peace plan in 1987 that served as the basis for the Esquipulas Peace Agreement.
		During the crisis in Central America in the 1980s, Costa Rica and the United States worked for the restoration of peace and the establishment of democracy on the isthmus.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/c/9508.htm (3141 words)

	(ridgeway / ng) culture
		Negotiations led to the 1987 Esquipulas Peace Agreement, which set the stage for further dialogue.
		Today, Esquipulas is synonymous with the spirit of reconciliation; many indigenous Indians believe the site of the basilica was sacred long before the arrival of the Spanish.
		A decade after the signing of the 1996 Peace Accord that put an end to the country’s 36-year-old Civil War, the number of Guatemalans in the U.S. continues to grow.
	www.ridgewayng.com /08culvideo.htm (443 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Western Hemisphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Peace Corps has some 100 volunteers, who provide technical assistance in the areas of environmental education, natural resources, management, small business development, basic business education, urban youth and community education.
		The United States and Costa Rica are negotiating a bilateral investment agreement to increase protection for foreign investment.
		Its record on human rights and advocacy of peaceful settlement of disputes give it a weight in world affairs far beyond its size.
	gopher.state.gov /ERC/bgnotes/wha/costarica9611.html (2566 words)

	americas.org - Twenty Years in El Salvador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		1987: With the participation of the governments of Central America, the Esquipulas Accords are signed, providing for a continuation of dialogue, a halt to bombing civilian areas and a pledge to follow the Geneva Accords for treatment of prisoners.
		April 27, 1991: The FMLN guerrillas and the Cristiani government sign a preliminary peace agreement in Chapultepec, Mexico.
		Even before these agreements have been ratified, they are already a disaster for El Salvador.
	www.americas.org /item_24 (1561 words)

	Costa Rica: Background Notes
		An era of peaceful democracy in Costa Rica began in 1889 with elections considered the first truly free and honest ones in the country's history.
		The country lobbied strenuously for the establishment of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and was the first nation to recognize the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Human Rights Court, which is based in San Jose.
		With the establishment of democratically elected governments in all Central American nations by the early 1990s, Costa Rica turned its focus from regional conflicts to the pursuit of democratic and economic development on the isthmus.
	learning.turner.com /efts/rforest/backgrd.htm (2444 words)

	Costa Rica (08/04)
		Costa Rica has signed trade agreements with Canada, Chile, the Dominican Republic, and is negotiating trade agreements with Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago.
		CAFTA is expected to bring about the partial opening of the state telecommunications monopoly beginning in 2006 and a substantial opening of the state-run insurance sector beginning in 2008.
		For decades, Peace Corps Volunteers have provided technical assistance in the areas of environmental education, natural resources, management, small business development, basic business education, urban youth, and community education.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/c/47436.htm (3364 words)

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