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	Louis Essen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Louis Essen (September 6, 1908 – August 24, 1997) was an English physicist whose most notable achievements were in the precise measurement of time and the determination of the speed of light.
		As the wavelength of the modes was known from the geometry of the cavity and from electromagnetic theory, knowledge of the associated frequencies enabled a calculation of the speed of light.
		However, a combination of Essen's stubornness, his iconoclasm and his belief in his own skill at measurement (and a little help with calculations from Alan Turing) inspired him to refine his apparatus and to repeat his measurement in 1950, establishing a result of 299,792.5±1 km/s,.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Louis_Essen (873 words)

	Louis Essen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Louis Essen (September 6, 1908 - August 24, 1997) was an English physicist whose most notable achievements were in the precise measurement of time and the determination of the speed of light.
		However, a combination of Essen's stubornness, his iconocalsm and his belief in his own skill at measurement (and a little help with calculations from Alan Turing) inspired him to refine his apparatus and to repeat his measurement in 1950, establishing a result of 299,792.5±1 km/s,.
		Essen spent all his working life at the National Physical Laboratory but caused some embarrassment to his employers in (1971) when he published The Special Theory of Relativity: A Critical Analysis in which he questioned Einstein's theories.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /l/lo/louis_essen.html (647 words)

	Science Museum \| Atomic clocks \| Louis Essen
		Louis Essen was born in Nottingham in 1908.
		Essen realised that the ammonia molecule, which the NBS had used in a clock in 1948, was not ideally suited for this purpose and based his clocks instead on atoms such as hydrogen, rubidium and caesium.
		In 1953, Louis Essen and Jack Parry were given approval to produce an atomic clock at the NPL.
	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk /on-line/atomclocks/page1.asp?showinfo=yes (477 words)

	Louis Essen - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Their result, 299,792±3 km/s, was substantially greater than the prevailing sequence of optical measurements that had begun around the start of the 20th century and Essen had to withstand some fierce criticism and disbelief.
		However, a combination of Essen's stubornness, his iconoclasm and his belief in his own skill at measurement (and a little help with calculations from Alan Turing) inspired him to refine his apparatus and to repeat his measurement in 1950, establishing a result of 299,792.5±1 km/s,.
		Louis Essen, Early work, The speed of light, Atomic clocks, Time standards, Later life, Honours, 1908 births, 1997 deaths, English inventors, English physicists, Natives of Nottinghamshire and Timekeeping.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Louis_Essen (716 words)

	New College Nottingham \| About ncn \| News - ncn remembers atomic clock inventor
		Louis Essen, inventor of the first atomic clock and former pupil of ncn High Pavement Sixth Form College was remembered at a celebration of the 200 year old history of the College on Wednesday 2nd March 2005.
		Mr Essen's widow unveiled a clock in memory of her distinguished husband, and the Lord Mayor of Nottingham unveiled a commemorative plaque commissioned in association with ncn and the High Pavement Society.
		Louis Essen was born in Nottingham in 1909 and died in 1997, having won such awards as an OBE, the A.C. Popov Gold Medal from the Soviet Academy of Sciences, and the Tompion Gold Medal of the Clockmakers’ Company.
	www.ncn.ac.uk /aboutncn/newsdetail.asp?newsid=696 (272 words)

	Louis Essen - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Their result, 299,792±3 km/s, was substantially greater than the prevailing sequence of optical measurements that had begun around the start of the
		However, a combination of Essen's stubornness, his iconocalsm and his belief in his own skill at measurement (and a little help with calculations from Alan Turing) inspired him to refine his apparatus and to repeat his measurement in 1950, establishing a result of 299,792.5±1
		Essen spent all his working life at the National Physical Laboratory but caused some embarrassment to his employers in (1971) when he published The
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /default.asp?t=Louis_Essen (548 words)

	Famous Names at NPL
		Louis Essen re-measured the velocity of light and challenged aspects of Einstein's special theory of relativity.
		Essen was invited to join the NPL shortly after graduation from university to work with D. Dye on ‘tuning fork’ clocks, and the possibilities of using quartz oscillators to measure time.
		By the time this had been published Essen had improved the clock to an accuracy of one part in a million, million, launching the world in to an era of practical atomic clocks.
	www.npl.co.uk /about/famous_names/louis_essen.html (394 words)

	[ misinformation.be \| Louis Essen Resources ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Louis Essen (September 6, 1908 â“ August 24, 1997) was an English physicist whose mammoth spire notable achievements were in the precise measurement of time 'n the bravery of the speed of light.
		Their result, 299,792Â±3 km/s, was in fact greater than the prevailing sequence of optical analysiss that had begun close the initiate of the 20th century 'n Essen had to withstand some fierce criticism 'n disbelief.
		However, a blending of Essen's stubornness, iconoclasm 'n presumption in own,personal comprehension at measurement (and a infinitesimal corrective with calculations from Alan Turing) inspired him to refine apparatus 'n to measurement in 1950, landing a entrys of 299,792.5Â±1 km/s,.
	translation.misinformation.be /Louis_Essen (948 words)

	The Campaign for Philosophical Freedom
		Dr Louis Essen, D.Sc., F.R.S., spent his lifetime working at the NPL on the measurement of time and frequency.
		Louis Essen re-states his view that Einstein's theory of relativity contains basic and fatal flaws.
		Even though Dr. Louis Essen OBE was one of our top scientists, the inventor of the atomic clock, he was only allowed to criticise Einstein's hopelessly outdated Theory of Relativity in small-circulation papers and magazines.
	www.cfpf.org.uk /articles/scientists/essen/essen.html (1848 words)

	Time Lord - Louis Essen
		Louis Essen D.Sc., F.R.S. During the last 50 years the revolution from cuckoo clocks to caesium clocks has gone largely unnoticed yet many inventions from satellite navigation (GPS) to the Internet itself rely on clocks that measure time to an accuracy unheard of only a few decades ago.
		Essen soon realised that the definition of the second of time had now become a major block to realising the potential of his new clock.
		Essen is the only British physicist ever to have been honoured for his contribution to science by both the USA and USSR during the Cold War.
	www.btinternet.com /~time.lord/index.html (730 words)

	Hafele-Keating experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		That result was contested by Dr. Kelly who examined the raw data: he found that the final published outcome had to be averaged in a biased way in order to claim such a high precision.
		Also Louis Essen, the inventor of the atomic clock, published an article in which he discussed (in his opinion) the inadequate accuracy of the experiment.
		On the 25th anniversary of the original experiment, in what was claimed to be its repetition with using more precise atomic clocks, the results were allegedly verified to an even higher degree of accuracy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hafele-Keating_experiment (799 words)

	atomic clock, The Invention Of The Atomic Clocks>
		Louis soon moved on to newer areas of research and began to study ways to measure the speed of light.
		Louis continued to work on his atomic clock and by 1964 he had managed to increase the accuracy of the atomic clock from one second in 300 years to one second every 2000 years!
		Louis Essen died in 1997 and before his death had been honoured with, amongst others, an OBE and the Tompion Gold Medal of the Clockmakers’ Company.
	www.exchangenet.com /lifestyles/computer/atomic-clock-16115.html (640 words)

	- Chapter 3
		Those that haven't gone directly to Grantville are working in Essen for the Essen Chemical Company, or teaching or taking classes at the new applied sciences university in Bochum that the Republic of Essen has established.
		I have a precision mercury thermometer on order from the Essen Instrument Company thanks to my son, but they have a six month backlog in all of their orders, and their priority customers in Essen have first call on any emergency equipment.
		As I recall from lectures I went to in Grantville before I moved to Essen, typhus and typhoid were not distinguished by doctors prior to the mid-nineteenth century.
	www.baen.com /chapters/W200509/1011250009___3.htm (3024 words)

	Esen - Kommerts-, finants- ja tööstusharu informatsioon 1,8 miljoni firma kohta kogu maailmast - detailsed ...
		Louis Essen who built world's first atomic clock, re-defined the second and criticised Einstein's special theory Time Lord.
		Louis Essen D. The work of a controversial British physicist, Louis Essen.
		Essen was an insignificant agricultural town until the 19th.
	www.destarter.com /Essen/Esen.html (479 words)

	Washington University - News & Information
		Van Essen has taken advantage of their sheet-like nature to produce computerized maps of the cortical surfaces that are analogous to maps of the earth's surface.
		Van Essen presented his work at the 40th annual New Horizons in Science Briefing, sponsored by the Council for the Advancement of Science Writing, held Oct. 27-30 at Washington University in St. Louis.
		Such maps are essential, Van Essen says, because a growing number of technical advances have greatly accelerated the pace at which neuroscientists acquire experimental data about cerebral and cerebellar cortex.
	news-info.wustl.edu /News/CASW/vanessen.html (550 words)

	Letters - The Industrial Physicist
		I believe there also may be compensations based on special relativity consequences of the relative velocity of the satellites in relation to the receivers on the surface of the Earth.
		In his article “Global Positioning System: A High-Tech Success” (October/November 2002), Neil Ashby states that “Louis Essen and John V. Parry built the first atomic clock in 1955 at the National Physical Laborator y in Teddington, England.” That is incorrect.
		Essen visited NBS on several occasions and referenced the early NBS work in the first published paper on cesium clocks (5).
	www.aip.org /tip/INPHFA/vol-8/iss-6/p4.html (2352 words)

	Essen - Essen.de_E
		SPIEL in Essen means: Four days of fun, meeting friends, playing and testing thousands of games and novelties together with gamers from all over the world.
		Essen, Essen, Susaneck, Canet and Lipson, PA DUI attorneys in the Richard Essen firm are drunk driving defense lawyers with reputation for successfully representing clients in Miami Dade County,
		Louis Essen who built world's first atomic clock, re-defined the second and criticised Einstein's special theory.
	listidea.com /?q=essen (158 words)

	The Invention of the Atomic Clock
		Louis Essen was born in 1908 in a small city in England called Nottingham.
		At the age of 20 Louis graduated from the University of Nottingham, where he had been studying.
		This was an eponymous invention which took its name from the shape of the quartz which Louis had used in his latest clock and which was three times more accurate than the previous versions.Louis soon moved on to newer areas of research and began to study ways to measure the speed of light.
	www.howtoadvice.com /Preview/Zoaihfb (343 words)

	Computerized atlas highlights 'plethora' of changes in brain disorder
		These views of the right hemisphere show 17 regions of abnormal cortical folding in Williams Syndrome; in the left hemisphere (not shown) there are 16 additional folding abnormalities arranged in a remarkably symmetric pattern.
		Van Essen and colleagues from Washington University, Stanford University and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles used data from brain scans of 16 individuals with Williams syndrome for the study.
		According to Van Essen, the new study shows that PALS can help scientists look beyond such individual variations to quantify brain structure trends in ways that may provide important insights.
	mednews.wustl.edu /news/page/normal/7254.html (872 words)

	Essen - Express by Holiday Inn \| United Kingdom
		Louis Essen English physicist who invented the quartz crystal ring clock and the first practical atomic clock.
		Von Essen is a Senior Vice President at Giuliani Partners and is Chief Mr.
		Von Essen was appointed New York City’s 30th Fire Commissioner in 1996.
	bytevista.com /?q=essen (334 words)

	Press Release Archives #068-97 Firefighter Louis Valentino (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Throughout his years as a firefighter, Louis proved himself to be the kind of man who wouldn't hesitate to put himself in harm's way to help another.
		So last February, when Louis faced that blazing building in the Flatlands section of Brooklyn he didn't hesitate, he didn't stop to consider the risk he was taking.
		Louis went into the blaze because of his commitment to his fellow man. Louis Valentino lived as a hero, died as a hero and will always be remembered as a hero by our City."
	www.ci.nyc.ny.us /html/om/html/97/sp068-97.html (519 words)

	Optical clocks (May 2005) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		It is 50 years this month since Louis Essen demonstrated the first caesium atomic clock at the National Physical Laboratory and set in motion the shift to atomic timekeeping.
		Essen showed that atoms, which have a set of discrete energy levels, could provide a much more stable reference time interval.
		Since Essen's pioneering work, the accuracy of caesium clocks has steadily improved by a factor of 10 or so every decade, such that today's best atomic clocks are accurate to better than one part in 10
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/18/5/8/1 (3780 words)

	St. Louis Post-Dispatch: DAVID R. ESSEN CO-OWNER OF BALLWIN BUSINESS@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		David R. Essen, a business co-owner in Ballwin, died Saturday (Oct. 20, 2001), apparently of a heart attack, at his home in Ballwin.
		Essen earned a bachelor's degree in 1950 in electrical engineering from Washington University, where he lettered in track and field and participated in the Sigma Chi fraternity and the ROTC program.
		Essen later helped his brother, Donald Essen of Ballwin, operate the former Ballwin Motor Co.,...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:47730221&refid=holomed_1 (169 words)

	Free Information on Atomic Clocks
		Louis Essen was born in 1908 in a small city in England called
		Louis soon moved on to newer areas of research and began to
		Louis Essen died in 1997 and before his death had been honoured
	choosetoprosper.com /atomic-clocks.html (488 words)

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	Essen: Rechtsanwaltskanzlei Clemens Louis, 45138 Essen, Mietrecht, Strafrecht, Clemens, Louis
		Als Rechtsanwalt in Essen berate ich Sie in sämtlichen Fragen des Zivilrechts, des Strafrechts und des öffentlichen Rechts.
		Zur Zeit liegen keine News von Rechtsanwaltskanzlei Clemens Louis vor.
		Zur Zeit hat Rechtsanwaltskanzlei Clemens Louis keine Referenzen angegeben.
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	ipedia.com: Louis Essen Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Louis Essen was an English physicist whose most notable achievements were in the precise measurement of time and the determination of the speed of light.
		Early work Born in Nottingham, Essen earned hi...
		A.S. Popov Gold Medal from the USSR Academy of Sciences - (1959)
	www.ipedia.com /louis_essen.html (703 words)

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