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Topic: Essentialist

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	Essentialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Plato was an essentialist since he believed in ideal forms of which every object is just a poor copy.
		Essentialist positions on gender, race, and characteristics, consider these to be fixed traits while not allowing for variation in the group or individual.
		Prejudices such as racism, sexism and anti-gay bias may be based on an essentialist view, such as the view that all people of a particular race inherently possess a particular negative characteristic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Essentialism (789 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Essentialists urge that the most essential or basic academic skills and knowledge be taught to all students.
		In an essentialist classroom, students are taught to be "culturally literate," that is, to possess a working knowledge about the people, events, ideas, and institutions that have shaped American society.
		Essentialists hope that when students leave school, they will possess not only basic skills and an extensive body of knowledge, but also disciplined, practical minds, capable of applying schoolhouse lessons in the real world.
	edweb.sdsu.edu /LShaw/f95syll/philos/phessent.html (611 words)

	What is the difference between essentialist and social constructionist techniques for fighting homophobia?
		Essentialists believe that the concept of people being "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" accurately reflects an unchangeable reality which holds true for all cultures in all of history, and thus that a person's homosexuality or heterosexuality constitutes an unchangeable "essence" rather than a socially constructed characteristic.
		In their efforts to fight homophobia, essentialists tend to start with the assumption that queers will always be in the 10% minority and that heterosexuals will always be in the 90% majority.
		Essentialists typically try to promote queer rights through arguing that gay people "can't help" being queer and saying that giving queer people equal rights to marry and not be discriminated against will not cause anyone else to become queer.
	www.queerbychoice.com /essentialism.html (431 words)

	www
		Essentialist understandings of identity construction have their genesis in the modernist discourses of humanism.
		To these ends the essentialist and hierarchical values of the boys' peer group which supported a range of gendered and sexual dualisms were exposed as one narrative among many other possible narratives.
		In this sense, Harris' essentialist reading of peer culture, namely her unified understandings of groupness, attention structure, leadership, 'group contrast effects' and 'intergroup hostility' within her theory of group socialisation were deployed in organising the study's data and providing a useful framework from which to begin analysis and interpretation.
	www.aare.edu.au /02pap/ked02055.htm (5438 words)

	Homosexuality: The Essentialist Argument Continues to Erode
		The essentialist argument that homosexuality is biologically determined, and is therefore not amenable to change, continues to find little support in science.
		Friedman and Downey, the psychiatric researchers at Columbia University, offered a strongly worded conclusion opposing the essentialist argument: "At clinical conferences one often hears...that homosexual orientation is fixed and unmodifiable.
		Yet the national organizations continue to offer the essentialist argument as a guide for law and public policy.
	www.narth.com /docs/essentialist.html (680 words)

	Paula M. L. Moya: "Introduction: Reclaiming Identity"
		Activists and academics alike have responded to essentialist tendencies in the cultural nationalist and feminist movements of the 60 and 70s,2 and to the violent ethnic conflicts of the 80s and 90s, by concluding that (social or cultural) identity, as a basis for political action, is theoretically incoherent and politically pernicious.
		The first problem with essentialist conceptions of identity that critics point to is the tendency to posit one aspect of identity (say, gender) as the sole cause or determinant constituting the social meanings of an individual's experience.
		Essentialist conceptions, which tend to see the meanings generated by experience as "self-evident" and existing identities as "natural," are unable to account for some of the most salient features of actual identities.
	eserver.org /clogic/3-1&2/moya.html (8769 words)

	Talk:Race - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		What exactly the "essentialists" meant by race is not 100% clear to me, but Platonic essentialism seems to be a good example of what they might have thought; although I agree with you that it may be too narrow.
		Creationists and Linneaus are good examples of essentialists, because their notion of "species" is that they are unchanging.
		Anyway, I admit that the essentialist article is not great but I don't see the damage that is done in leaving it as is, and hoping that in time people will improve that article.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Race (13637 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		From an essentialist view, emotion is a "non-cognitive, involuntary phenomenon which, though capable of influencing intelligence, language and culture, [is] not itself essentially dependent upon these complex and historically conditioned factors" (Harre, 1986, pp.
		Essentialists offer evidence against the cultural relativity of basic emotions by citing data in which citizens of different cultures can be shown to label photos of certain facial expressions in the same way (Ekman, 1982).
		Essentialist authors also give clear indications that this marriage should entail a subjugation of the emotions to reason.
	www.msu.edu /user/govermar/emotion.htm (6592 words)

	[No title]
		On the Essentialist Analysis, a counterfactual of the form "if the cause had not had that property, then the effect would not have occurred" is true, when the property is causally relevant.
		We can existentially generalize on the Essentialist Analysis to get analyses of (i) the notion of a property that is causally relevant to an event (a two-place relation between properties and events); and (ii) the notion of a causally relevant property tout court (a one-place property of properties).
		Suppose that c's being F is causally relevant to e and that the Essentialist Analysis agrees: that is, c is essentially F, and c causes e.
	www.ling.rochester.edu /~braun/Papers/causrel.htm (13200 words)

	ThothWeb - Your Portal to the Unknown \| Content\| Buddhists and Feminists on Subjectivity
		Much of contemporary feminist theory falls somewhere between the essentialist and postmodern positions suggested by these statements.<1> I suggest that the apparently irresolvable antipathy between these positions rests in part on the incorporation of Western philosophical assumptions on subjectivity, that is, on categories associated with awareness.
		Essentialists tend to privilege such a place, thereby extolling the rootedness in self that many find crucial to a sense of well-being, but essentialists also tend to overlook social, political, or psychological particularities.
		The problem with words such as "instinct" is also part of the problem with essentialist vocabularies; they imply the demise of the kind of individual personhood valued in North American and European cultures, and they seem to identify the self with an "acultural" body.
	www.thothweb.com /content-203.html (3155 words)

	jeroenscriptie
		Essentialists on the other hand argue that objects don't acquire meaning through the context; the essence or meaning precedes contextualisation (precontextual).
		Although objects may be described differently by different describers, the object as such does not vary; although observers may have a different relation with an object, the term of the relation does not change.
		Relativism emphasises that each culture has its own reality, truth or essence; societies, methodologies and individuals have their own criteria of truth and it is their 'duty' to find out their own moral beliefs and practices and to live accordingly.
	www.vub.ac.be /boerplato/archief/jeroenscriptie.html (4475 words)


		Essentialist discourse in Romanticism is the most obvious heir, and challenger, to Enlightenment foundationalist discussions of justified knowledge, belief, and the like.
		The origins of Fichte's ethico-metaphysical project are essentialist: the core, and the ultimate, aspect of humanity -- and, for Fichte, of the universe itself -- is the moral will, necessitated by the essential vocation of man, action in the world.
		If an essentialist argues, for example, that religion is the consummation of what is most truly human, the only immediate rebuttal appears to be 'No, this is what is most truly human,' which has a somewhat unconvincing ring.
	www.metatronics.net /lit/roman.html (5436 words)

	Pantheism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Furthermore, in an essentialist conception of happiness (one which presupposes that there is such a thing as an essential human nature), "happiness" is largely a function of how well one fulfils one's essential nature.
		Taylor (1975) claims that according to the essentialist conception of human nature, the value achieved in human life by fulfilling the standard of intrinsic value is independent its consequences in the lives of others.
		Although both theism and pantheism have essentialist conceptions of human nature, well-being on either of those accounts cannot be achieved apart from one's relation to others, or the consequences of one's actions for others.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/pantheism (13401 words)

	Species
		In all but a few cases, speciation is a long and gradual process such that there is no principled way to draw a precise boundary between one species and the next.
		Essentialists explain variation within a species as the result of interference in the ontogenetic development of a species" organisms.
		Boyd's approach to natural kinds is distinct from the traditional essentialist approach to kinds in several ways.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/species (5741 words)

	[No title]
		However, Eliade is much more widely recognised for his essentialist views of religion and is often seen as more of an essentialist than a phenomenologist.
		Eliade’s essentialist theory of religion carries on from St Augustine’s belief from the 4th and 5th centuries that humans have a God-seeking aspect to their nature.
		Eliade’ s type of essentialist definition provides a clear theory of religion; it is a structural part of a total human being, thus showing that religious beliefs are unique to a particular person and these beliefs help make a person who they are.
	dialogueaustralasia.org /OralPresentationEliade.doc (1299 words)

	New Page 12
		Essentialists believe that children should learn traditional basic subjects.
		Essentialists believe that these should be learned thoroughly and rigorously.
		An essentialist program normally teaches children progressively, from less complex skills to more complex.
	www.coreyosvog.com /411ism2.htm (256 words)

	Introduction to Educational Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		They would not be as interested as the essentialists, for example, in teaching students how to use current forms of computer technology.
		They also deny the essentialist belief that the study of traditional subject matter is appropriate for all students, regardless of interest and personal experience.
		Just as its namesake sprang from a strong rejection of traditional philosophy, educational existentialism sprang from a strong rejection of the traditional, essentialist approach to education.
	www.msubillings.edu /shobbs/educational_Philosophy.htm (4073 words)

	An Essentialist Theory of Modalities
		In order for me to know that some properties are essential to an object, I must be able to identify that object if it had different properties than it in fact has.
		In an essentialist theory, the problem of identity in modal contexts either disappears, or, at worst, it is no greater than the problem of trans-temporal identities.
		Since the essences of artifacts are relative to a description, the essentialist can explain why our intuitions are also relative.
	www.ou.edu /ouphil/students/randy/abstract.htm (1544 words)

	glbtq >> literature >> Identity
		The former (usually labeled "essentialist" by their detractors rather than embracing the term themselves) believe that the lesbian and gay sense of "self" is natural, fundamental, and historically constant.
		In many ways, an essentialist paradigm mandates a clear designation of orientation, thus encouraging the reader or critic to fix the sexuality of a given writer through evidence from texts and biographical material.
		If Whitman is approached from an essentialist perspective and labeled "homosexual," as he is by Robert K. Martin, then much of his poetry appears immediately to engage in oppositional work, reflecting a sense of oppression and difference that may be historically specific, but that is nevertheless accessible to the modern reader.
	www.glbtq.com /literature/identity.html (785 words)

	philos.htm
		I say I am an essentialist because I believe there is basic knowledge to which all people should and need to be exposed, if we are to call our selves human beings.
		However, essentialists also know that a physical world exists, for they have seen and experienced it’s wonders.
		The idealist and essentialist believe that what is termed truth is obtained through the use of their intellect.
	www.sosu.edu /faculty/mdesiderio/philos.htm (1486 words)

	Occupational Ghettos
		This essentialist form of segregation is revealed, for example, in the overrepresentation of women in service-oriented nonmanual occupations and of men in physically-demanding manual occupations.
		Likewise, when the patterning of segregation within the nonmanual sector is examined, the same essentialist premise is again revealed in the overrepresentation of men in technical pursuits (e.g., engineering, computer programming) and of women in nurturant pursuits (e.g., teaching, nursing).
		This line of argument is carefully prosecuted with a new statistical model of occupational segregation, a new theory of the sources of segregation, and a new archive of cross-nationally harmonized segregation data.
	www.womensmedia.com /new/Occupational-Ghettos.shtml (951 words)

	WOMEN AND SOCIETY: An Encyclopaedic Internet Dictionary of Ideas, Concepts, Theories and Praxis
		Essentialist thinking is reductive in that it assumes that the infinite diversity of things can be reduced to a set of neatly divided, self-contained categories, defined by sets of core characteristics.
		On the terms of essentialist thinking, the specific nature of any thing can be called its “essence,” its particular being — a set of characteristics which serve to define that thing, marking it off from everything else.
		Fuss claims that anti-essentialism itself relies on essentialist generalizations: “To insist that essentialism is always and everywhere reactionary is, for the constructionist, to buy into essentialism in the very act of making the charge; it is to act as if essentialism has an essence.
	www.womenandsociety.buffalo.edu /dictionary/essentialism.htm (4621 words)

	eminism.org - Interchange 05/06/2004 QSTUDY-L
		Under this logic, it is not essentialist to reject transsexual people's self-reported gender identity; rather, they feel that transsexual people's claim to be one gender or another to be a false and essentialist claim that need to be dismantled.
		I just feel that mislabeling Raymond as "essentialist" is not helpful in challenging faulty methodologies and assumptions in her research.
		Her criticisms of sex reassignment surgeries and other transsexual medicine need to be understood in the context of her other criticisms toward modern medical technologies--some of which I happen to agree with, although I disagree with her 95% of the time.
	eminism.org /interchange/2004/20040506-qstudy.html (649 words)

	Sex Roles: A Journal of Research: Essentialism, culture, and beliefs about gender among the Aravanis of Tamil Nadu, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Folk theories of social groups are driven by an essentialist bias to assign social groups a distinct ontological status.
		Although many feminist psychologists have questioned essentialist representations, some feminist theorists have also favored the strategic use of essentialism, the need to have a corporal entity, in order to construct a discourse for the empowerment of women (Spivak, 1989).
		In the case of gender, Fiske (1993) argued that the power of gender stereotypes is that they prescribe what men or women ought to be, and any deviant behavior is punished or judged especially negatively.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2294/is_9-10_49/ai_110813270 (1286 words)

	Mixing Memory: Essentialist Intuitions
		Psychological essentialism is a theory of concepts in cognitive psychology that involves the idea that people are basically essentialists in their reasoning.
		This is possible because people, as essentialists, believe that certain diagnostic perceptual properties (e.g., a giraffe's long neck) are causally related to certain underlying properties (genetics, transmission from parents, etc.).
		There is a wide variety of evidence for essentialist intuitions, both in adults and in young children.
	mixingmemory.blogspot.com /2004/10/essentialist-intuitions.html (2853 words)

	Body
		He argues that the dominant essentialist model(s) of technology imprisons us in a world made by experts who use claims of expertise to exclude the voices and vital human interests of those lay groups most affected by it.
		On the dominant essentialist image, technology and the built environment are perceived as determined, or dictated, by necessary imperatives of efficiency and special bodies of expert professionals who enjoy a monopoly over knowledge of these imperatives.
		On the essentialist paradigm, the technology of the clinical trial is necessarily dictated by the requirements of reliable scientific inquiry and the medical knowledge already possessed by expert researchers.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/feenberg/symp5.HTM (15652 words)

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