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Topic: Estado Novo (Brazil)

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	Brazil. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Brazil’s vast territory covers a great variety of land and climate, for although Brazil is mainly in the tropics (it is crossed by the equator in the north and by the Tropic of Capricorn in the south), the southern part of the great central upland is cool and yields the produce of temperate lands.
		To the northeast lie the islands of Fernando de Noronha, and to the south is the port of Natal.
		Brazil drew little benefit from either; far more important were the rise of postwar discontent in the military and beginnings of the large-scale European immigration that was to make SE Brazil the economic heart of the nation.
	www.bartleby.com /65/br/Brazil.html (3550 words)

	Brazil - MSN Encarta
		Brazil avoided most of the bloodshed and huge military buildup that plagued the early years of the Spanish American nations.
		Brazil’s inability to defeat tiny Paraguay highlighted the weaknesses of the Brazilian military.
		In Brazil the depression caused a dramatic decline in coffee exports and a corresponding increase in the nation’s foreign debts.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554342_12/Brazil.html (1651 words)

	History of Brazil
		The discovery of Brazil was preceded by a series of treaties between the kings of Spain and Portugal, the last of them is the Treaty of Tordesilhas, signed in 1494, creating the Tordesilhas Meridian, that divided the world between that two kingdoms.
		Brazil was elevated to the condition of a Reino Unido de Portugal e Algarve (1815).
		From 1822 to the Declaration of the Republic in 1889, Brazil was an empire.
	www.fastload.org /hi/History_of_Brazil.html (8921 words)

	Estado Novo (Brazil) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Estado Novo (Portuguese for "New State") was the name of the authoritarian government installed in Brazil by President Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, which lasted from 1937 to 1945.
		It was modeled on the Estado Novo regime in Brazil's mother country of Portugal.
		Between 1937 and 1945, the duration of the Estado Novo, Getúlio Vargas gave continuity to the formation of structure and professionalism in the State.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil) (724 words)

	Guggenheim Museum - Brazil Body & Soul
		Brazil: Body and Soul is a major exhibition showcasing the arts of Brazil from two key phases of their development, the Baroque (17th to early-19th centuries) and the Modern (1920s to the present).
		Brazil is a nation characterized by its diversity, and the exhibition presents a broad definition of the country's artistic culture, with emphasis on traditional religious and secular arts, arts of indigenous peoples, Afro-Brazilian contributions, as well as many Modern and contemporary visual forms of expression.
		Brazil: Body and Soul begins with a "view from the outside"—depictions of Brazil by foreign artists in the 17th century.
	www.guggenheim.org /exhibitions/past_exhibitions/brazil/overview.html (1241 words)

	Caudilhos
		Brazil's 1934 constitution, passed on July 16, contained provisions that resembled Italian corporatism, which had the enthusiastic support of the pro-fascist wing of the disparate tenente movement and industrialists, who were attracted to Mussolini's co-optation of unions through state-run, sham syndicates.
		The fascist “Estado Nôvo” dictatorship, modeled after Salazar fascist “Estado Novo” in Brazil's mother country, finally materialized in 1937, when Vargas was forced to step down as president by January 1938 because his own 1934 constitution prohibited the president from succeeding himself.
		Under the Estado Novo, Vargas abolished opposition political parties, imposed rigid censorship, established a centralized police force, and filled prisons with political dissidents, while evoking a sense of nationalism that transcended class and bound the masses to the state.
	www.brazilbrazil.com /caudilho.html (2620 words)

	Brazil - The Economy - A Period of Sweeping Change, 1930-45 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During the first half of the decade, it was forced to interfere swiftly in an attempt to control the external crisis and to avoid the collapse of the coffee economy; government leaders hoped that the crisis would pass soon and that another export boom would occur.
		During the Estado Novo, the government made initial attempts at economic planning, and in the late 1930s began to establish the first large government enterprise, an integrated steel mill.
		Thus, at the end of the war Brazil's industrial capacity was obsolete and the transportation infrastructure was inadequate and badly deteriorated.
	countrystudies.us /brazil/61.htm (541 words)

	Brazil - The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54
		Under the Estado Novo, state autonomy ended, appointed federal officials replaced governors, and patronage flowed from the president downward.
		Brazil's first steel mill at Volta Redonda (1944) was the start of the great industrial output of the second half of the century.
		It was indeed ironic that the man who led Brazil through the first steps of its "experiment with democracy" was a general who, in the early years of World War II, was so antiliberal that he had opposed aligning Brazil with the democratic countries against Nazi Germany.
	countrystudies.us /brazil/16.htm (1746 words)

	Brazil
		Brazil is a constitutional federal republic composed of twenty-three states (each of which has a directly elected governor and legislature), three territories and a federal district (Brasília).
		Brazil remained a colony of Portugal into the early nineteenth century and thus was encompassed by the Inquisitorial tradition.
		Despite the continuing presence of skinheads in Brazil and their bigoted ideological roots, the nature of skinhead activity seems to indicate that its nature is closer to thuggery than to antisemitism or racism.
	www.axt.org.uk /antisem/archive/archive1/brazil/brazil.htm (2397 words)

	Brazil - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ambitions directed toward the south were responsible for involving the country in the war (1851-52) against the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, and again in the War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70) against Paraguay.
		Brazil's fertility decline, 1965-95: a fresh look at key factors.
		European Health Regulations and Brazil Nuts: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods in the Amazon.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-brazil.html (3946 words)

	News - Brazilian American Chamber of Commerce of Florida
		In 1889 the young emperor was dethroned by the army and the new republic came under the guardianship of the military under the twin ideals of ordem e progresso.
		The Estado Novo over which Vargas presided marked the end of the hegemony of the São Paulo coffee interests and the redirection of the economy from export-led to state-directed import-substitution industrialization.
		Brazil's democracy may be young and fledging, but it is demonstrating to the non-democratic nations that it can indeed be attained and with enormously successful results.
	www.brazilchamber.org /news/archive/archive_500y.htm (1253 words)

	Fascism
		Portugal (1932-1968) - Although less restrictive than the first three, the Estado Novo Party[?] of António de Olivera Salazar[?] was quasi-Fascist.
		Poland (1926-1939) - Marshal Józef Pilsudski's dictature is maybe more accurately characterized as authoritarian and militarist Nationalism, partially in response to the security threats from Bolshevist Russia, blocking more hard-line Nationalists from influence, curbing the powers of the Sejm, harassing the opposition parties, arresting the opposition leaders, and putting them on trial in 1931.
		Brazil (1937-1945) - Many historians have argued that Brazil's Estado Novo under Getulio Vargas was a Brazilian variant of the continental fascist regimes.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fa/Fascist.html (2346 words)

	History of Brazil. Brazil Hotels : Discount Up to 75% On Hotels in Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Brazil's recorded history begins with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, although it had been discovered and settled by Indians many centuries before.
		The Portuguese discovery of Brazil, when Pedro Alvares Cabral landed in southern Bahia on April 23, 1500, was an accident, an episode in Portugal's thrust to found a seaborne empire in the East Indies during the sixteenth century.
		Despite everything, Brazil still managed to begin the next decade on a hopeful note, with the inauguration in 1990 of Fernando Collor de Melo, the first properly elected president for thirty years, after a heated but peaceful campaign had...
	www.brazilhotelbooking.com /history_brazil.html (1016 words)

	Brasil
		The indigenous Indians of Brazil had not urbanized nor developed religious cultures, which made it easier for the Portuguese to be accepted.
		The end of slavery in Brazil came by the way of the British influence, because of the British colony of the West Indies, where slavery had been abolished.
		The British interest in abolishing slavery in Brazil was to insure that Brazil did not gain a financial advantage, by using slave labor, in selling sugar to world markets at a lower price than the British colony could compete with.
	www.vandine.com /brazil.htm (928 words)

	About Brazil - The Era of Getúlio Vargas
		On misguided instructions from Moscow based on misinformation from Brazil, the Brazilian communists, led by a former tenente, staged a revolt in 1935, but it was rapidly suppressed.
		This process was not always a willing one, as the Paulista revolt of 1932 showed, but federal monopoly of military force escalated the power of the central government to levels previously unknown.
		Even as it channeled investment into industry, the Estado Novo classified strikes as crimes and grouped the government-controlled unions into separate sector federations that were not allowed to form across-the-board national organizations.
	www.floridabrasil.com /brazil/about-brazil-era-getulio-vargas.htm (1758 words)

	Eight o?clock novela (novela das oito), Estado Novo - Brazil Now - Glossary
		The Estado Novo was an authoritarian state in which its enemies were ruthlessly repressed.
		The Estado Novo invested in infrastructure and energy as part of the policy to ensure cheap means of production for the emerging industry.
		The Estado Novo justified its lack of civil liberties by its project of national development.
	www.brazilnow.info /glossary01.php?read_more=48&s_string=LETTER;X;E&page=1 (229 words)

	Revolution
		It was the end of the Estado Novo, the longest authoritarian regime in Western Europe (but not the last to fall; Francisco Franco ruled Spain until 1975).
		Under the Estado Novo, Portugal was not considered a democracy, whether by the opposition, by foreign observers, or even by the regime leaders themselves.
		The Estado Novo chose to occupy Portugal's colonies beyond the 1960s essentially because the maintenance of a colonial empire was, according to the government's rhetoric, part of the historical vision of the regime's ideologues.
	www.algarvecarbooking.com /EN/revolution.html (1458 words)

	GETULIO VARGAS AND THE ESTADO NOVO IN BRAZIL
		GETULIO VARGAS AND THE ESTADO NOVO IN BRAZIL
		Getulio Vargas was born in 1882 in the southern-most state of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, a state of cattle ranching and gauchos.
		Brazil has chosen to remember the social welfare programs he initiated and to forget his dictatorial rule.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/vargas.htm (2362 words)

	Travel to Brazil Services \| Brazil Vacation Packages and Tours
		Brazil is shaped by its aborigines, who were not as advanced as the Aztecs in Mexico and Quechuas in Peru, but sufficiently leave their mark on the Brazilian culture of today.
		In the state of Minas Gerais a goldmine was found and rapidly the economics in Brazil moved to the rhythm of the gold rush.
		Brazil became a constitutional monarchy by crowning Dom Pedro as its emperor.
	www.discoverbrazil.com /brazilhistory.cfm (2054 words)

	Hispanic American Center for Economic Research - Brazil: President Vargas´s most enduring legacy is xenophobic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Estado Novo regime represented a total eclipse of civil liberties in Brazil.
		The Estado Novo could be properly described as a paternalistic dictatorship, where people recognised in the populist Vargas all the attributes of a charismatic leadership.
		In reality, such 'intellectuals' and populist leaders honour Vargas because he much contributed in Brazil for the advance of their xenophobic nationalism, as an ideology whereby the ruling groups can more easily manipulate the popular masses, so as to make them eternally hoping for a saviour to inaugurate the tropical paradise on earth.
	www.hacer.org /current/Brazil092.php (1742 words)

	lec304
		The independence of Brazil in 1822 can be regarded as part of the so-called democratic revolution of the Atlantic world in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in the sense that liberal democratic ideas were widely proclaimed in the struggle against Portuguese colonialism and absolutism.
		Brazil is sixtieth or worse in international league tables of human development and is a strong contender for the title of world champion in social inequality.
		Brazil was not only the last independent state in the Americas to abolish slavery; it was also the last to declare a republicone year later in 1889.
	www.mty.itesm.mx /dhcs/deptos/ri/ri95-801/lecturas/lec304.html (8755 words)

	Getuilo Vargas: 1930-1954
		Getúlio Dornelles Vargas rose to become dictator in Brazil during the 1930's, and remained a figure in Brazilian politics until his death in 1954.
		Upon becoming president of Brazil, Vargas “eliminated constitutional checks on the executive power, deprived the once-dominant state parties of any legitimate public function, and gained control over political activities at all levels in the nation.” [2] State power was diminished, while central government power grew.
		While President of Brazil, Vargas was concerned “with the urban middle class, with industrialists, white-collar workers, the military, and the growing working class.” [4] Large industrial projects were started, including electric and steel manufacturing.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Americas/VargasBrazil.html (696 words)

	Fascism www.wikipedia.org
		A sort of quasi-fascism emerged as a reaction to Brazil's own socio-economic problems and nationalistic consciousness of its peripheral status in the global economy.
		Portugal (1932-1968) - Although less restrictive than the Italian, German and Spanish regimes, the Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar was quasi-fascist.
		Greece - Joannis Metaxas' 1936 to 1941 dictatorship was not particularly ideological in nature, and might hence be characterized as authoritarian rather than fascist.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Fascism/Fascism_Wikipedia.html (6595 words)

	VARGAS AND THE ESTADO NOVO, Brazil Tourist Information and Travel Guide at InfoHub.com
		He called his regime the "New State", the Estado Novo, and certainly its reforming energy was something new.
		At first Brazil stayed neutral, reaping the benefits of increased exports, but when the United States offered massive aid in return for bases and Brazilian entry into the war, Vargas joined the Allies.
		Outraged by German submarine attacks on Brazilian shipping, Brazil was the only country in South America to play an active part in the war.
	www.infohub.com /Destinations/South-America/Brazil/64294.htm (405 words)

	Olivia Gomes da Cunha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The research was based on the analysis of documents that describe the identification practices as well as of studies produced by agencies directed to the formulation of a modern methodology for the investigation and classification of criminals.
		In my analysis I discuss how certain criminal profiles were outlined and which theoretical and methodological references were used in the characterization of criminality in Brazil.
		One of my aims was to map one of the various forms of police activities -- the persecution and imprisonment of people without regular and formalized occupation and confirmed residence, thus accused of vagrancy.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~drclas/regions/brazil/dacunha.html (552 words)

	Brazil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the meantime, Brazil initiated a process of economic growth based on coffee.
		Class Structure and Income Distribution: Levels of income inequality and mass poverty in Brazil are among the worst in the world.
		In this climate of crisis, Cardoso was reelected with 53 percent of the vote, defeating Lula
	www.udel.edu /poscir/jcarrion/p426/brazil.htm (1103 words)

	Brazil: "Real Dungeons": III. The Juvenile Justice System in Rio de Janeiro
		Brazil’s national juvenile justice law is found in the Statute of the Child and the Adolescent.
		A study by the Universidade Candido Mendes and the Rio de Janeiro State University (Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) found that the forty-five day limitation on pretrial detention was often not observed by state authorities.
		During a surprise inspection in July 2003, prosecutors discovered thirteen youths in this dimly lit, poorly ventilated Padre Severino punishment cell, viewed here from the outside. Locked inside for days in close quarters, the youths slept on the concrete floor with no mattresses or bedding.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2004/brazil1204/3.htm (1842 words)

	THE ABERTURA, Brazil Tourist Information and Travel Guide at InfoHub.com
		Growing popular resentment of the military could not be contained indefinitely, especially when the economy turned sour.
		Geisel was the first military president to plan for a return to civilian rule, in a slow relaxing of the military grip called abertura, the "opening-up".
		Slow though the process was, the return to democracy would have been delayed even longer had it not been for two events along the way: the metalworkers' strikes in São Paulo in 1977 and the mass campaign for direct elections in 1983-84.
	www.infohub.com /destinations/South-America/Brazil/64301.htm (477 words)

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