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Topic: Estates General

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States General

Third estate

Second Estate

First Estate

Constituent Assembly

French Revolution

French Revolution up to the storming of the Bastille

Prelude to the French Revolution

Glossary of the French Revolution

Charles Talleyrand

National Assembly (French Revolution)

Tennis Court Oath

Storming of the Bastille

Peasant

Causes of the French Revolution

	The French Revolution - France.com
		The prospect of an Estates-General highlighted the conflict of interest between the Second Estate (the nobility) and the Third Estate (in theory, all of the commoners; in practice the middle class or bourgeoisie).
		The Third Estate, theoretically representing the other 98% of the French population and, in practice, representing an increasing proportion of the country's wealth, could still be outvoted by the other two Estates, which historically had often voted with each other.
		However, with the etiquette of 1614 strictly enforced, the clergy and nobility in their full regalia, the physical locations of the deputies from the three estates dictated by the protocol of an earlier era, there was an immediate hint that less had, in fact, been achieved.
	www.france.com /docs/154.html (3432 words)

	French States-General - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The estates of Orléans in 1560, followed by those of Pontoise in 1561, and those of Blois in 1576 and 1588 were most remarkable for the wisdom, courage and efforts of the deputies, but on the whole were lacking in effect.
		In the 16th century, however, the estates again claimed that their consent was necessary for the establishment of new taxation, and, on the whole, the facts seemed to be in favour of this view at the time.
		On the assembly of the estates the cahiers of the bailliages were incorporated into a cahier for each gouvernement, and these again into a cahier general or general statement, which was presented to the king, and which he answered in his council.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_States-General (3190 words)

	First Estate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The notion of Estates of the realm also exists in Britain, where the closest analogue to the French First Estate would be the Lords Spiritual, corresponding to the highest reaches of the French higher clergy.
		The Third Estate, containing representatives of the bourgeois, asked for greater share of representation than it had possessed in earlier centuries; they were given twice as many representatives, but since voting was to be by the three Estates rather then by individual representatives, this gave them no immediately meaningful advantage.
		Estates of the realm, especially for comparison to the United Kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Estate (839 words)

	Estates-General of 1789 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Though the Third Estate had more representatives than the other two Estates combined, voting was to occur "by orders": the 578 representatives of the Third Estate, after deliberating, would have their collective vote weighted exactly as heavily as that of each of the other Estates.
		The other two estates, while having their own grievances against royal absolutism, believed—correctly, as history was to prove—that they stood to lose more power to the Third Estate than they stood to gain from the king.
		Some of the nobles and the majority of the clergy joined the Third Estate, which on June 17 arrived at the celebrated decision by which it affirmed the principle of the national sovereignty residing in the mass of the nation.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Estates-General_of_1789 (1427 words)

	Third Estate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In France of the ancien régime and the age of the French Revolution, the term Third Estate (tiers état) indicated the generality of people which were not part of the clergy (the First Estate) nor of the nobility (the Second Estate).
		The Third Estate comprised all those who were not members of the aristocracy or the clergy, including peasants, working people and the bourgeoisie.
		The Third Estate, containing representatives of the bourgeois, asked for a greater share of representation than it had possessed in earlier centuries; they were given twice as many representatives, but since voting was to be by the three Estates rather than by individual representatives, this gave them no immediately meaningful advantage.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Third_Estate (506 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		There had, of course, been certain precedents before 1302 which had, as it were, paved the way for this institution; the representatives of the principal towns had several times been convoked by the king, and under Philip III there had been assemblies of nobles and ecclesiastics in which the two orderss had deliberated separately.
		The letters of summons to the States-General of 1484 invited the ecclesiastics, nobles and third estate in general, to meet at the chief town of their bailliage or sindchaussie and elect deputies.
		The estates of Orleans in 1560, followed by those of Pontoise in 1561, and those of Blois in 1576 and 1588 were most remarkable for the wisdom, courage and efforts of the deputies, but on the whole were lacking in effect.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/f/fr/french_states_general.html (3130 words)

	The First Revolution
		The last time the Estates General had been called was in 1614; the Estates General was set up in such a way that each Estate got the same number of members.
		Since 1614, the economic power of the Third Estate had increased dramatically; in 1788, the popular call was to double the number of representatives from the Third Estate so that they'd have equal voting power in comparison with the other two estates.
		The question of "doubling the Third Estate" was preventing the solution of the deepening financial crisis; with Louis's compromise, the Estates General met in May of 1789.
	www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/REV/FIRST.HTM (2087 words)

	States-General. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		If voting was by head, the third estate (whose deputies equaled in number those of the combined clergy and nobility) was bound to win on most points, for many clerics and nobles sympathized with its aspirations.
		In June, 1789, the third estate, joined by a number of deputies from the clergy, forced the issue and declared itself the National Assembly.
		With this act of defiance the French Revolution may be said to have begun; and with Louis XVI’s recognition of the fait accompli, the States-General ceased to exist.
	www.bartleby.com /65/st/StatesGe.html (991 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Third Estate, theoretically representing the other 98% of the French population and, in practice, representing an increasing proportion of the country's wealth, could still be outvoted by the other two Estates, which historically had often voted with each other.
		Yes, they had as many representatives as the other two Estates combined, but voting would be "by orders": the 600 representatives of the Third Estate, after deliberating, were have their collective vote weighte exactly as heavily as that of each of the other Estates.
		The other two estates, while having their own grievances against royal absolutism, believed - correctly, as history was to prove - that they stood to lose more power to the Third Estate than they stood to gain from the king.
	www.online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/f/fr/french_revolution_1.html (3540 words)

	Cahier 3
		The laws prepared by the States General and sanctioned by the king shall be binding upon all classes of citizens and upon all provinces of the kingdom They shall be registered literally and accurately in all courts of law.
		The States General shall seek to bring it about that the effects of transgression shall be confined to the individual and shall not be reflected upon the relatives of the transgressor, themselves innocent of all participation.
		The constitution of the provincial estates shall be uniform throughout the kingdom, and fixed by the States General.
	history.hanover.edu /texts/cahiers3.html (3813 words)

	Estates-General of the Netherlands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historically the convocation of the Estates-General consisted of delegates from the provincial estates, and dated from about the middle of the 15th century, under the rule of the dukes of Burgundy in Brussels.
		The name was transferred, after the abjuration of the king and the separation of the northern Netherlands from the Spanish dominions, to the representatives elected by the seven sovereign provincial estates for the general government of the United Provinces.
		The States-General, in which the voting was by provinces - each of the seven provinces having one vote, as in the European Union today - was established from 1593.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Netherlands_States-General (242 words)

	AllRefer.com - French Revolution : The Estates-General and the National Assembly (French History) - Encyclopedia
		The aspirations of the bourgeoisie were expressed by AbbE SieyEs in a widely circulated pamphlet that implied that the third estate and the nation were virtually identical.
		The question soon arose whether the estates should meet separately and vote by order or meet jointly and vote by head (thus assuring a majority for the third estate, whose membership had been doubled).
		As Louis XVI wavered, the deputies of the third estate defiantly proclaimed themselves the National Assembly (June 17); on their invitation, many members of the lower clergy and a few nobles joined them.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/FrenchRe-the-estates-general-and-the-national-assembly.html (458 words)

	The Estates General, Miscellaneous, Free Essays @ ChuckIII College Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Estates General The Estates General The first phase of the French Revolution The Estates General was split up into three estates or social classes.
		First, the third estate was not at all happy with the way they were overpowered, and in combination with that, Louis XVI was not making very much money off taxes.
		Also, the third estate had already broken off from the estates general and taken the tennis court oath, which assured that everybody would fight for more rights at any cost.
	www.chuckiii.com /Reports/Miscellaneous/The_Estates_General.shtml (1148 words)

	Background Information: Nineteenth Century France History for 30 (Long) 19th C. Advocates for Woman Suffrge from ...
		Late 1788 — Louis XVI calls the Estates General, which had not met since 1614, into session to deal with the financial problems and the impending insolvency of the empire.
		Later 1788 - Elections for Estates General were held, the Paris parlement decides that votes in the Estates General would be by Estate (nobility, clergy, and commoners), not by head.
		June 1789 — Third Estate (commoners) meets on its own and declares the National Assembly to be the true representative institution of the people, then invites the nobility and the clergy to join it.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/whm2003/background_03.html (1254 words)

	Chronology of the French Revolution: 1789-1790
		General unrest produced by the desperate economic conditions and resulting political and civil turmoil led Necker to propose convening the Estates-General.
		The Estates-General were divided into three estates: the first estate was composed of nobility, the second of clergy and the third of all others.
		He asserted that taxes and loans must be instituted with the consent of the Estates-General, declared feudal rights to property inviolate, and, while he encouraged the others estates to join the third in common verification, he gave veto powers to the first and second estates in all matters with which they were concerned.
	www.otal.umd.edu /~./msites/frchron89-90.html (904 words)

	Lecture 12: The French Revolution - Moderate Stage, 1789-1792
		In July 1788, and because of its unresolved and mounting financial crisis, Louis XVI called for a meeting of the Estates General.
		As the Estates General prepared to meet, there was a general consensus of high hope amongst all concerned Frenchmen.
		The Third Estate recognized this and instead proposed to the nobility and clergy that all members of the Three Estates would meet as one body and vote by head.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/lecture12a.html (2529 words)

	LII: Law about...Estates and Trusts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Generally, a trust is a right in property (real or personal) which is held in a fiduciary relationship by one party for the benefit of another.
		Many trusts are created as an alternative to or in conjunction with a will and other elements of estate planning.
		It includes provisions dealing with affairs and estates of the deceased and laws dealing with specified nontestamentary transfers, like trusts and their administration.
	www.law.cornell.edu /topics/estates_trusts.html (379 words)

	The Order in Council, 5 July 1788
		The King having declared, in the month November last,[1] his intention to convoke the Estates General of the realm, His Majesty forthwith ordered whatever researches might be necessary to render such convocation correct and useful to his people.
		To date, the result of the investigations show His Majesty that the official records of former Estates,[2] although adequate in connection with their administration, sessions, and functions, are deficient concerning the observances that precede and accompany their convocation;.
		As soon as the aforementioned reports, information, and elucidations have reached the Keeper of the Seals, His Majesty will study them, and will endeavor to determine exactly the observances for the next convocation of the Estates General, in order that it may be as national[4] and as correct as it should be.
	sourcebook.fsc.edu /history/orderincouncil.html (749 words)

	Articles - Second Estate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Second Estate is traditionally divided into "noblesse d'epee" ("nobility of the sword") and "noblesse de robe" ("nobility of the gown"), the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government.
		The notion of Estates of the realm also exists in Britain, where a close analogue to the French Second Estate would be the Lords Temporal.
		The Third Estate, containing representatives of the bourgeois, asked for greater share of representation than it had possessed in earlier centuries; they were given twice as many representatives, but since voting was to be by the three Estates rather then by individual representatives, this gave them no immediately meanigful advantage.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Second_Estate (665 words)

	The Estates General
		In the summer of 1788, after weeks of wrangling between the notables and the crown, Louis XVI capitulated and called for the Estates General to meet.
		The last time the Estates General had been called was in 1614; the Estates General was set...
		Estates and General PLC company research hoovers c/o REIT Asset Management, 5 Wigmore St. London Estates and General United Kingdom Estates and General finds it fashionable...
	www.pafund.com /The-Estates-General.html (581 words)

	Estates General - Programme Report for April 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		MIS, Estates and Finance will meet to determine if the invoice approval process can be changed to be more automated.
		Estates will meet to discuss the state of this project.
		Estates will reassess the approach to the project and look at simplifying the work involved.
	www.projects.ed.ac.uk /areas/estates/general/Programme_reports/programme_report_2005_04.shtml (797 words)

	Appeal of the French Estates General for Secularism \| International Humanist and Ethical Union
		On the initiative of IHEU member organization Libre Pensée, a meeting of the Estates General for Secularism was convened in Paris on 9 December 2006.
		The Estates General discovered that over €10m a year is being diverted from public funds to the churches, in contravention of the 1905 French law of separation of church and state.
		9 December 2006: gathered as the Estates General in defense of secularism in the Great Hall of Paris Labour, a venue symbolizing the union of the working class with republican democracy, delegates of free thinkers and secularists from all the regions of France combined the results of their survey.
	www.iheu.org /node/2475 (1169 words)

	Estates-General of the Netherlands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Historically the convocation of the Estates-General (Staten-Generaal), consisted of delegates from the provincial estates, and dated from about the middle of the 15th century, under the rule of the dukes of Burgundy.
		The name was transferred, after the separation of the northern Netherlands from the Spanish dominions, to the representatives elected by the seven sovereign provincial estates for the general government of the United Provinces.
		The States-General, in which the voting was by provinces - each province having one vote - was established from 1593.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Netherlands_States-General (266 words)

	Mirabeau French revolution statesman Tennis Court Oath
		In efforts to achieve a resolution King Louis XVI conceded that delegates could be returned on behalf of the three Estates of French society (Aristocratic, Clerical and commoner "Third Estate") to an Estates General that would convene before the Royal Presence at the Palace of Versailles in the early summer of 1789.
		The Estates General eventually convened amidst much debate as to whether its proceedings were to be in line with the longstanding tradition where the three Estates would each meet and reach agreed positions separately before making submissions about their meetings to the King or whether the three Estates should instead convene jointly.
		Any joint meeting of the three Estates would be somewhat open to being presented as a meeting of a "Sovereign" French Nation.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /historical/biography/mirabeau.html (953 words)

	RiverBend Estates - General Lots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		iverBend Estates is a single-family, deed restricted community establishing standards for architectural design and quality.
		We are one of Fort Worth's few gated developments with privacy walls and twenty-four hour controlled access allowing homeowners security for their family and property.
		To further enhance tranquility and privacy, RiverBend Estates is surrounded by an elegant brick, stone and wrought iron fence.
	www.fwriverbendestates.com /general_lots.html (164 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Estates-General, May 1789
		The council was divided into three estates; the Aristocracy, the Clergy and the Third Estate.
		The Third Estate was made up of all those who were neither nobles nor clergymen (ie about 95% of the population) and in each region or major town, an electorate based on limited suffrage voted representatives from among the local notables.
		There had been much debate in the run-up to the opening of the estates and this question of whether the votes would be by order or by individual had been hotly debated without any resolution.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/hub/A863048 (855 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Estates General Became the National Assembly EstatesGeneral in 1789 In 1789 the EstatesGeneral met and the first and second estates had about 300 members.
		The only problem was that each estate still had only one vote each.
		Tennis Court Oath Because the estates general hall was closed the national Assembly met at an indoor tennis court and they were not going to disband until they gave France a constitution.
	www.cbhs.org /jharris/WH_CH19_Sect2.doc (1617 words)

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