Estates-General of 1789

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	Estates-General of 1789 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With Necker once again in charge of the nation's finances, the King, on August 8, 1788, agreed to convene the Estates-General in May of 1789.
		On June 13, 1789 the Third Estate had arrived at a resolution to examine and settle in common the powers of the three orders, and invited to this common work those of the clergy and nobles.
		Though the Third Estate had more representatives than the other two Estates combined, voting was to occur "by orders": the 578 representatives of the Third Estate, after deliberating, would have their collective vote weighted exactly as heavily as that of each of the other Estates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estates-General_of_1789 (1415 words)

	French States-General - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On the assembly of the estates the cahiers of the bailliages were incorporated into a cahier for each gouvernement, and these again into a cahier general or general statement, which was presented to the king, and which he answered in his council.
		The Estates General in France was both similar and different than the legislative Parliament of England.
		The estates of Orléans in 1560, followed by those of Pontoise in 1561, and those of Blois in 1576 and 1588 were most remarkable for the wisdom, courage and efforts of the deputies, but on the whole were lacking in effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_States-General (3476 words)

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - The Estates-General, 1789
		First established in 1302, the Estates-General was a French legislative body comprising members of the three groups, or estates, of French society: nobility, clergy, and commoners.
		In that year, called by King Louis XVI in a desperate attempt to stave off civil unrest, the Estates-General voted to make itself a permanent National Assembly.
		Powerful in the 14th and 15th centuries, the body’s importance declined, and it did not meet at all between 1614 and 1789.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461550976/The_Estates-General_1789.html (99 words)

	Chapter 3 Page 3
		When King Louis XVI called the Estates-General to meet in 1789, he inadvertently released a torrent of complaints about the future of the country in the form of pamphlets.
		Once the King convoked the Estates-General in 1789, however, women took the opportunity to submit their own petitions, thereby helping place their own concerns on the revolutionary agenda.
		In one long session (throughout the night of 4 August 1789), the deputies to the new National Assembly voluntarily renounced the privileges of their towns, provinces, and various social groups.
	chnm.gmu.edu /revolution/chap3c.html (710 words)

	French Revolution Terms
		Oath of the Tennis Court: July 20, 1789, the Third Eatate, locked out of the meeting of the Estates-General, met at a nearby indoor tennis court and pledged to reamin together until they had drated and passes a new constitution guaranteeing a limited monarchy.
		National Assembly: The name given to the Third Estate after it seperated from the Estates-General in 1789 and agredd, by the Oath of the Tennis Court to stay together to make a constitution.
		On July 17, 1789 the Third Estate broke from the Estates-General and declared itself the National Assembly.
	www.angelfire.com /blog2/french_revolution/terms.html (584 words)

	Cahier 3
		The constitution of the provincial estates shall be uniform throughout the kingdom, and fixed by the States General.
		Their powers shall be limited to the interior administration of the provinces, under the supervision of His Majesty, who shall communicate to them the national laws which have received the consent of the States General and the royal sanction: to which laws all the provincial estates shall be obliged to submit without reservation.
		The States General shall seek to bring it about that the effects of transgression shall be confined to the individual and shall not be reflected upon the relatives of the transgressor, themselves innocent of all participation.
	history.hanover.edu /texts/cahiers3.html (3813 words)

	Rev Glossary
		Estates General: traditional legislative body of French monarchy which hadn't been called since 1614 and consisted of three estates with equal voting power.
		It was in charge of the war and general affairs of state in the Terror.
		Committee of General Security:lower governing committee of 1793-1794 responsible for overseeing executions and police affairs.
	www.angelfire.com /ca6/frenchrevolution89/revglossary.html (1608 words)

	His122Guide3
		Oath of the Tennis Court - 20 July 1789; the Third Estate, locked out of the meeting of the Estates-General, met at a nearby indoor tennis court and pledged to remain together until they had drafted and passed a new constitution guaranteeing a limited monarchy.
		The Estates- General consisted of the First Estate--the clergy; the Second Estate--the nobility; and the Third Estate--the commoners, ranging from the poorest peasant to the wealthiest businessman.
		It was seized by the Paris crowd on 14 July 1789; this event marked the end of the absolute monarchy and the beginning of a new era.
	cfcc.net /dutch/122Guide3.html (3045 words)

	Background Information: Nineteenth Century France History for 30 (Long) 19th C. Advocates for Woman Suffrge from Outside of the US, a Women's History Month 2003 presentation by Sunshine for Women
		May 1789 - Estates General meets and takes up the issue of how voting in the Estates General would occur, not the issue of the finances of the realm.
		Late 1788 — Louis XVI calls the Estates General, which had not met since 1614, into session to deal with the financial problems and the impending insolvency of the empire.
		August 1789 — National Assembly declares the end of the old feudal regime, voids the feudal dues that peasants had traditionally owed to the nobility, enacts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, and begins drafting a new constitution that was not finished until 1791.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/whm2003/background_03.html (1254 words)

	SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): The Estates-General: 1789
		SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): The Estates-General: 1789
		As the impasse in the Estates-General continued, the Third Estate became more convinced of its entitlement to liberty.
		Beyond the chasm that existed between it and the other estates, the Third Estate itself varied greatly in socioeconomic status: some members were peasants and laborers, whereas others had the occupations, wealth, and lifestyles of nobility.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/frenchrev/section2.rhtml (930 words)

	H-France Reviews
		Assessing the levels of the greatest disagreement between the third estate and the nobility, the authors cite the issues of the organization of the Estates General, the seigneurial regime, miscellaneous economic issues, and criteria for mobility.
		The nobility were extraordinarily concerned with constitutional issues such as the organization and authority of the Estates General, the establishment of personal liberty, the maintenance of private property, and the financial accountability of the government.
		The authors created four categories of codes ranging from the most general to the highly specific plus a fifth category to identify the action demanded.
	www.wzip.uakron.edu /hfrance/reviews/margerison.html (2160 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Estates-General, May 1789
		BBC - h2g2 - The Estates-General, May 1789
		There had been much debate in the run-up to the opening of the estates and this question of whether the votes would be by order or by individual had been hotly debated without any resolution.
		When the Estates-General met there was an immediate problem because the estates were supposed to debate issues seperately and vote by estate.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/hub/A863048 (855 words)

	Wills Estates
		''See main article Estates-General of 1789.'' In May 1789, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General in order to address the financial crisis of the kingdom, which was effectively bankrupt.
		''Main article Estates-General of 1789'' In May 1789, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General in order to address the financial crisis of the kingdom, which was effectively bankrupt.
		In France of the ancien régime and the age of the French Revolution, the term Third Estate (tiers état) indicated the generality of people which were not part of the clergy (the First Estate) nor of the nobility (the Second Estate).
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/229/wills-estates.html (1564 words)

	Estates General -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		The last meeting of the Estates General was at the start of the French Revolution in 1789, when the deputies of the Third Estate led in founding the National Assembly.
		The Estates-General, an assembly of the three estates of the realm—the clergy, the nobility, and the commons—was summoned to meet in Paris in May 1789 in an attempt to implement the necessary reforms.
		E-text of the historical document related to the French Estates-General convened in 1789 by Louis XVI.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9363925 (873 words)

	French Revolution chronology
		Thomas Jefferson, Ambassador to France, who had witnessed meetings of the Estates- General, was present also on this day.
		The Committee of General Surveillance is given responsibility for the police and the administration of justice.
		The Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro-Prussian Army, in an inflammatory declaration, warns Parisians to obey Louis XVI.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/gbrown/hist462/resources/chrono.htm (5200 words)

	States-General on Encyclopedia.com
		In June, 1789, the third estate, joined by a number of deputies from the clergy, forced the issue and declared itself the National Assembly.
		With this act of defiance the French Revolution may be said to have begun; and with Louis XVI's recognition of the fait accompli, the States-General ceased to exist.
		Evans Getty Images 07-18-2002 American soldier and the first President of the United States General Washington (1732 - 1799) and members of Congress consulting with Betsy Ross at 239 Arch Street in Philadelphia where the first
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/StatesG1e.asp (1516 words)

	New Page 2
		Little is known about women's grievances or feelings in the months leading up to the meeting of the Estates-General in November 1789.
		The women of the Third Estate are almost all born without wealth; their education is very neglected or very defective: it consists in their being sent to school with a teacher who himself does not know the first word of the language [Latin] he teaches.
		They continue to go there until they can read the service of the Mass in French and Vespers in Latin.
	www.historyteacher.net /APEuroCourse/Readings-Open/Reading-FrREvol-PetitionOfWomenToKing-1789.htm (1084 words)

	History
		Estates General was the assembly of the estates of all France before the Revolution in 1789.
		At the same time, as in the case of the 1789 Estates General in France, National Conferences suddenly opened the political space to many actors and sometimes aroused negative energies...
		For him the Western concept is that of “imposed law”: in the image of the transcendent God who created man and gave him his commandments, the state imposes its law, its general rules on society.
	www.african-geopolitics.org /show.aspx?articleid=3588 (2541 words)

	Section 7: The French Revolution: Liberalism and Radicalism /Shaping of the Modern World/Brooklyn College
		The calling of the Estates General in 1789 was the catalyst for the Revolution.
		Finances the immediate cause of calling of Estates General But not the whole story - social conditions - bad, but not so bad the people could not act + for first time in modern Europe an ideology which gave a place to the people.
		Estates General met May 5 1789 at Versailles
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /history/virtual/core4-7.htm (7175 words)

	Maximilien Robespierre, 1758-1794
		He was admitted avocat in 1781, and was elected to the Estates General in 1789 by Artois.
		Meanwhile, the pace of the guillotine grew faster; public finance and government generally drifted to ruin, and Saint-Just demanded the creation of a dictatorship in the person of Robespierre.
		On May 7 Robespierre, who had previously condemned the Cult of Reason, advocated a new state religion and recommended the Convention to acknowledge the existence of God; on June 8 the inaugural Festival of the Supreme being took place.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/robespierre.html (547 words)

	The Political Compass - Why Libertarianism is not Right Wing
		The original political meanings of ‘left’ and ‘right’ have changed since their origin in the French estates general in 1789.
		They have been thought up both to clarify the general idea of the Political Compass and to elucidate the nature of the libertarian (choice or state-free) north-wing.
		There are some generally positive connotations to ‘conservative’ and ‘socialist’ that it would be equally trivial to complain about.
	www.la-articles.org.uk /pc.htm (3695 words)

	The Estates General: History Wiz French Revolution
		The meeting of the Estates General May 5, 1789
		The delegates of the third estate insisted that the three orders meet together and that the vote be taken by head, rather than by order.
		The third estate, dressed all in black, the nobility dressed in all their finery and finally the clergy dressed in full regalia.
	www.historywiz.com /estatesgeneral.htm (165 words)

	The French Revolution and Napoleon
		Which of the following was responsible for the convening of the Estates General in 1789?
		The cahiers de doleances of 1789 generally demanded
		The men elected to represent the third estate in the Estates General were primarily
	apeuro.20m.com /FrRevc.htm (294 words)

	Primary Sources for the French Revolution
		Yet Sieyes was elected deputy to the Estates General for the Third Estate on the basis of his attacks on aristocratic privilege.
		The due exacted from commoners holding fiefs should be abolished, and also the general or particular regulations which exclude members of the third estate from certain positions, of fices, and ranks which have hitherto been bestowed on nobles either for life or hereditarily.
		Aware that women were being denied the new rights of liberty and property extended to all men by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, Gouges composed her own Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen, modeled on the 1789 document.
	www.thecaveonline.com /APEH/frrevdocuments.html (3913 words)

	RG6 Frech Revolution
		The Estates General (which had not met for over 150 years) was composed of three separate chambers ("orders"): The First Estate was the clergy; the Second Estate was the nobility; and the Third Estate was all the rest, the commoners.
		The National Assembly, formed from the Estates General, called itself a Constituent Assembly because one of its main goals was to write a constitution for France.)
		Why did King Louis XVI in 1788 decide to call a meeting for the next year of the Estates General?
	www.loyno.edu /~anderson/124016rg6.htm (627 words)

	LO3_French_Rev1
		First draft: "The law is the expression of the general will.
		Original: “The law is the expression of the general will.
		Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 1789
	www.history.ucsb.edu /faculty/hasegawa/classes/hist4c/L03_French_Rev1.htm (374 words)

	French Revolution: The Estates-General and the National Assembly
		Each of the three estates—clergy, nobility, and the third estate, or commons—presented its particular grievances to the crown.
		The chief purpose of the king and of Necker, who had been recalled, was to obtain the assembly's consent to a general fiscal reform.
		Innumerable cahiers (lists of grievances) came pouring in from the provinces, and it became clear that sweeping political and social reforms, far exceeding the object of its meeting, were expected from the States-General.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0858282.html (385 words)

	Modern Western Civ. 10: The French Revolution: Origins
		The calling of the Estates General in 1789 was the catalyst for the Revolution.
		Finances the immediate cause of calling of Estates General But not the whole story - social conditions - bad, but not so bad the people could not act + for first time in modern Europe an ideology which gave a place to the people.
		It was the need for King to raise taxes that led to the calling of the Estates General.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/lect/mod10.html (2124 words)

	Politopia: The Land of Custom-Made Government
		The origins of the terms “left” and “right” can be traced back to the meetings of the French Estates-General in 1789 when the nobility took the place of honor on the King’s right, while the ordinary (and more revolutionary) members sat on his left.
		Brought to you by The Institute for Humane Studies.
	www.politopia.com /introduction1.htm (53 words)

	SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): Key People & Terms
		A June 20, 1789, oath sworn by members of the Third Estate who had just formed the National Assembly and were locked out of the meeting of the Estates-General.
		One of the three estates in the Estates-General, consisting of the commoners of France, whether rich merchants or poor peasants.
		Frustrated with its political impotence, the Third Estate broke from the Estates-General on June 17, 1789, and declared itself the National Assembly.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/frenchrev/terms.html (2055 words)

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