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Topic: Estonian alphabet

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	Estonian
		Estonian is spoken by 1.1 million people, mostly in the Republic of Estonia with small pockets of speakers in Australia, Canada, Finland, Latvia, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, and USA (Ethnologue).
		Estonian has two major dialects, North Estonian, based on the dialect of Tallin, the capital of Estonia, and South Estonian, based on the dialect of Tartu, the second-largest city in Estonia.
		Estonian is considered to be a Category II language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/Estonian.html (820 words)

	Estonian Information Center - estonian names
		Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of estonian the Finno-Ugric languages.
		Estonian is thus related to Finnish, spoken on the other side estonian legends of the Gulf of Finland, and more distantly to the Hungarian language of the Ugric branch.
		Exceptions to this derive from historical estonian babes agreements - for example the initial letter 'h' in words, preservation of the morpheme in declination of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_D_-_G/Estonian.html (1465 words)

	Estonian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Estonian alphabet is used for writing the Estonian language and is based on the Latin alphabet, with German influence.
		The most distinguishing letter in the Estonian alphabet, however, is O-tilde or Õ, which was added to the alphabet in the 19th century by Otto Wilhelm Masing and stands for the vowel [ɤ].
		In addition, the alphabet also differs from the Latin alphabet by the addition of the letters S-caron (Š) and Z-caron (Ž), and by the position of Z in the alphabet: it has been moved from the end to between S and T (or Š and Ž).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estonian_alphabet (321 words)

	BBC Education - Languages
		Estonian, along with Finnish, is part of the Baltic-Finnic sub group of the Finno-Ugrian languages, and is not an Indo-European language.
		Estonian uses the Latin alphabet, plus Germanic additions of ä, ö and ü; as well as õ, , and .
		As the national movement in Estonia strengthened, Estonian grew in strength, from a domestic language to a literary language to an official one.
	www.bbc.co.uk /languages/european_languages/languages/estonian.shtml (117 words)

	Estonia (04/05)
		Religions: Lutheran; the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox, subordinated to Constantinople; the Estonian Orthodox, subordinated to the Moscow Patriarchate; Baptist.
		Estonians are one of the longest-settled European peoples, whose forebears, known as the "comb pottery" people, lived on the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea over 5,000 years ago.
		Estonian GDP grew by 6.5% in 2001 and by 6.0% in 2002.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/e/47452.htm (4964 words)

	Learning Estonian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Latvian (Latvia is the southern neighbour of Estonia) and Lithuanian (Lithuania is the southern neighbour of Latvia) are Baltic languages*, Russian is a Slavic language and Sweden is a Germanic language.
		The similarities between Russian and Estonian are due to the fact that Estonia has been occupied by Russia for a long time, and Russian words have found their way into the language (just as English words are appearing in the language today).
		This is because Estonian doesn't have an adjective form of "singularity" (that is, "singular") - the nearest to it is "in the singularity" - ainsuses.
	linux.ee /~peep/texts/estonian.html (1606 words)

	Estonian
		Estonian is not, as is sometimes thought, in any way related to its nearest geographic neighbors, Latvian and Lithuanian, which are Baltic languages, but is related to Finnish, spoken on the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and Hungarian.
		One of the distinctive features of Estonian is that it has three degrees of phoneme length: short, long, and "overlong", such that SAMPA /toto/, /to:to/ and /to::to/ are distinct, as are /toto/, /tot:o/, and /tot::o/.
		Estonian does not have grammatical gender, but each noun is declined in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/Estonian (1922 words)

	Estonian language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Estonian is an Finno-Ugric language closely related to Finnish spoken by about 1.1 million people in Estonia.
		The oldest examples of written Estonian are names, words, and phrases found in early 13th century chronicles.
		Estonian has a system of vowel harmony, which means all the vowels in a word have to be of the same type.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/estonian.htm (330 words)

	Edge Translation
		Estonian is the official language of Estonia with 953,032 speakers in Estonia and 1,075,497 worldwide.
		The Estonian literary language is based on the Latin alphabet.
		The First Estonian grammars and dictionaries were compiled in the 17th century then, during the 19th century the Estonian language advanced to becoming a national language and began to be used in literature and science.
	www.edgetranslation.net /estonian1.htm (249 words)

	Learn Estonian Language - Free Conversational Estonian Lessons Online - Common Estonian Words and Phrases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The key is to immerse yourself in the language and use it as often as possible in order to build up your skills of speaking it and listening to it, understanding and comprehending it...
		The Phrasebase website is the ultimate environment allowing you to read an Estonian Alphabet based phonetic spelling of common and useful everyday phrases in effort to memorize it and it's meaning.
		Estonian Language Exchange Pen-Pals - Community of people from around the world interested in teaching you their language and sharing their culture with you.
	www.phrasebase.com /learn/estonian.php (1866 words)

	Estonian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Estonian is thus closely related to Finnish, spoken on the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and is one of the few languages of Europe that is not Indo-European.
		Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is an agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost the vowel harmony of Proto-Finno-Ugric, although in older texts the vowel harmony is still to be recognized.
		This is primarily due to the fact that the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estonian_language (2034 words)

	Toponymic Guidelines - Estonia
		Estonian is a Finno-Ugrian language using the Roman alphabet.
		Swedish substratum is found, apart from the main Swedish-populated territories, in the coastal area of North Estonia, in the western county of Läänemaa, the islands of Hiiumaa and Saaremaa.
		The Estonian dialects are usually divided into 3 groups: the northern dialects, the southern dialects and the north-east coastal dialect.
	www.eki.ee /knn/ungegn/un7_gdl.htm (3154 words)

	Navajo
		There are about 1.5 million speakers of Estonian, the vast majority living in the highly industrialized Estonia, a former republic of the Soviet Union.
		Estonian is one of the Finno-Ugric languages, which constitute a branch of the Uralic language family.
		Estonian is not, as sometimes thought, in any way related to its nearest geographic neighbors, Latvian and Lithuanian.
	thor.prohosting.com /~linguist/estonian.htm (147 words)

	alphabet, orthography, pronunciation
		Another reason for the decline of the South Estonian language was the burning down of Tartu, the centre of Southern Estonia, and the deportation of people to Russia, in 1708, during the course of the Northern War waged between the Russians and Swedes.
		Until the end of the 17th century, the written Estonian language was greatly influenced by German.
		At the same time the spelling does not usually distinguish between the 2nd and 3rd quantity (see Characteristic features of the estonian language), nor is a palatalisation marked.
	www.einst.ee /publications/language/alphabet.html (758 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Uralic
		updated 3-25-2002 Estonian (Ural-Altaic) belongs to the Balto-Finnic sub-branch of the Finnic sub-branch of the Finno-Ugric sub-branch of the Uralic branch of the Ural-Altaic family of languages.
		Estonian is spoken in the country of Estonia.
		Hungarian is the language of the country of Hungary, and is written in the Latin alphabet.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/uraliclh.htm (2447 words)

	Estonian/Eesti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Estonian is spoken only in Estonia, and only by about 60 percent of the population.
		Estonian also is nothing like Lithuanian and Latvian, which are Indo- European languages.
		Estonian also uses the Roman alphabet (as opposed to Cyrillic, which is what a lot of people think).
	www.angelfire.com /ca5/ethaslanguages/Estonian.html (123 words)

	Estonian Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Estonian lacks any true diphtongs (or combination of letters to form a new sound.) Instead all letters are prounced normally and seperately.
		The same is true for consonant pairs such as "sh", "th", etc. For these sounds Estonian has different characters not in the standard alphabet.
		The stress on all words that are genuine to Estonian have the stress fall on the first syllable.
	www.cusd.claremont.edu /~tkroll/basics.html (386 words)

	umlaut Information Center - punctuation marks explained umlaut
		For example, Estonian alphabet has borrowed <ä>, <ö> and <ü> from German, Finnish has <ä> and <ö>, Slovak has <ä> and Turkish has <ü> and <ö>.
		In collation, this means they have their own positions in the alphabet, for example at the end ("A–Ö", not "A–Z") as in Swedish and Finnish, which means that the dictionary order is different from German.
		The Estonian, Finnish and umlauts Sami languages use <ä> and <ö> to denote [ æ ] and [ ø ].
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_U_-_Z/umlaut.html (1946 words)

	EVS8:1993 - INTRODUCTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In different countries, different alphabets and rules for coding currency units, date, time, numbers, etc. are in use.
		In most cases, it is possible to lean on international standards, yet they have to be somewhat extended and specified according to the peculiarities of the Estonian language and culture.
		For this reason, the code tables presented in the standard do not include the letter c with caron and cyrillic letters, which have some practical importance for the Estonian cultural environment, yet are not included in the official Estonian alphabet.
	www.ciesin.ee /ITR/ERS8_1993_1.html (437 words)

	People of Estonia
		The Roman historian Tacitus in 98 A.D. was the first to mention the "Aestii" people, and early Scandinavians called the land south of the Gulf of Finland "Eistland," and the people "eistr." Estonians belong to the Balto-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric peoples, as do the Finns and Hungarians.
		From 1945-1989 the percentage of ethnic Estonians in Estonia dropped from 94% to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet program promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Soviet premier Josif Stalin's mass deportations and executions.
		Written with the Latin alphabet, Estonian is the language of the Estonian people and the official language of the country.
	infotut.com /geography/Estonia/People (661 words)

	Estonian Language
		Estonian Language Enriched by: Estonian is influenced by Low and High German, Swedish, and Russian.
		Estonian language was the most powerful tie to keep Estonian identity during Soviet regime.
		Estonian language is included in the Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) which is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
	www.online-languagetranslators.com /estonian_language.htm (221 words)

	Ethnic Estonian Family Histories
		It is softbound, has Table of Contents, an introduction, maps, family charts, photographs of people (some identified, others sadly not) and objects related to the history of this family, copies of documents, published articles, obituaries, pages of archival records, of old postcards and filled in family group forms.
		The sponsors are all surviving children of a young Estonian couple that came to USA in 1914 with 3 of their children.
		A note of caution: when looking at an Estonian alphabetical listing remember that the vowels with "Umlaut" or with tilde are at the end of the list.
	home.att.net /~sigam/eesti_family_histories_charts.htm (1722 words)

	India, Indian States, India States, Indian hotels, Indian News and Indian Tourism, India Travel
		In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing phonemes not found in languages that were already written with the Roman characters.
		Although these three letters are no longer part of the English alphabet, eth and thorn are still used in the modern Icelandic alphabet.
		The Finnish alphabet and collating rules are the same as in Swedish, except for the addition of the letters Å and Å½, which are considered variants of S and Z. In French and English, characters with diaeresis (Ã¤, Ã«, Ã¯, Ã¶, Ã¼, Ã¿) are usually treated just like their un-accented versions.
	www.hyderabadin.org /wiki-Latin_alphabet (4317 words)

	How to find relatives
		Director of Estonian Biographical Center is a professional genealogist Fred Puss who has BA degree in archival studies from the University of Tartu.
		If these possibilities are too expensive for you, then theoretically there is also a cheaper way - if you know which region of Estonia your relatives are from, you can write a letter or e-mail, or call to the corresponding regional Family registry office and ask for their help.
		Most of the records before 1918 are in a mixture of German and Estonian, with a short period from 1890 to 1918 also in Russian.
	www.aai.ee /~urmas/urm/vast.html (807 words)

	Baltic Knowledge Pages: Estonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Estonian Historical Archives Here you can find rare documents, seals and original letters of governors, vellums, engravings and photographs and the largest collection of historical maps in Estonia.
		The Alphabet of Estonian By Jaak Vilo at the Institute of Baltic Studies
		The Estonian Literary Museum The ELM is the central archive of Estonian literature and folklore.
	499angels.net /baltic/ee.html (313 words)

	Ancient and modern Latin alphabet
		The earliest known inscriptions in the Latin alphabet date from the 6th century BC.
		It was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC.
		The letters Y and Z were taken from the Greek alphabet to write Greek loan words.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/latin.htm (477 words)

	Estonian Language 003 - the alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The reason for this is that Estonian has two characters outside of the Latin 1 repertoire: S with caron and Z with caron (caron is a diacritical mark that looks like small "v" above the character).
		There is a new ISO character set released that suits Estonian perfectly - ISO 8859-15 but since the correct display depends on the capabilities of your browser, I cannot use it yet.
		Since by convention all personal and placenames of latin origin are written preserving their original shape, full Latin character repertoire is commonly used in Estonian newspapers and books.
	www.eki.ee /keel/et003.html (226 words)

	Estonian Alphabet
		All vowels in Estonian are short, long or overlong.
		The short vowel is written with one letter, the long and overlong with two letters.
		Tuldava, Juhan Estonian Textbook Bloomington: Indiana University, 1994, pp.
	www.magma.ca /~raksim/estonian/alphabet.html (833 words)

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