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Topic: Estuarine

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	U.S. Estuarine Bathymetric Data Sets
		The 70 estuarine bathymetry data sets are available in both 30 meter and 3 arc second resolutions.
		Estuarine Bathymetry was developed by the Special Projects Office of the National Ocean Service (NOS) as part of a project to produce readily available bathymetry.
		The estuarine bathymetry was derived using a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) interpolation process.
	estuarinebathymetry.noaa.gov (1195 words)

	Environmental Water Requirements to Maintain Estuarine Processes: Chapter 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The prominence of salinity changes in the processes is not surprising given that complex patterns of salinity in estuaries are considered to have a profound influence on the distribution of estuarine organisms (Deeling and Paling, 1999).
		Estuarine habitats are highly valued by some sectors of society for their scenic qualities and their high productivity, and the dependent commercial and recreational fisheries.
		An example of this is the estuarine biotas' response (tolerance) to changes in salinity, an important water-quality variable directly involved in five major inflow-reduction processes.
	www.deh.gov.au /water/rivers/nrhp/estuarine/chapter4.html (5333 words)

	Estuarine Wetlands
		A vegetated estuarine or tidal fringe wetland is often referred to as a marsh, whereas an unvegetated area is referred to as a mud or sand flat.
		Estuarine wetlands are threatened by land subsidence and relative sea level rise that causes marshes to drown and be converted to open water.
		A more permanent threat to estuarine wetlands is development in the intertidal zone for resorts, marinas, beach houses and boat docks, roads and causeways, canals and ship channels.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~scilinks/estuarine.htm (1047 words)

	Estuarine or Tidal Wetlands
		Estuarine or tidal fringe wetlands can be vegetated (marshes) or unvegetated (mud and sand flats), and are found between the open saltwater of the bays or Gulf and the uplands of the coastal plain and barrier islands.
		Estuarine wetlands perform other functions such as protecting shorelines from erosion and dampening storm surges.
		Wetlands in the low areas between the beach ridges are estuarine salt and brackish marshes connected by tidal channels to Sabine Pass.
	www.texaswetlands.org /estuarine.htm (1905 words)

	Estuarine fish
		Estuarine fish that sppend most or all of their lives in euryhaline conditions.
		Mass mortalities of estuarine fish, especially juveniles, are not uncommon - abrupt changes in temperature have been reported to cause larval and juvenile mortalities in many species and may result in the loss of a complete year-class.
		Demersal eggs of the estuarine polychaete Marphysa gravelyi are protected by a jelly coat and will develop even in distilled water.
	www.sos.bangor.ac.uk /marine/mb/O2b08/Estuarine_fish.html (1874 words)

	Estuarine Circulation
		Estuarine exchange with the ocean is maximized under these conditions (Klinck, O'Brien and Svensen, 1983).
		Transport of salt and suspended sediments in a curving channel of a coastal plain estuary: Satilla River, GA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 57: 993-1006.
		Effect of a broad shallow sill on tidal circulation and salt transport in the entrance to a coastal plain estuary (Mira B. Vila Nova de Milfontes, Portugal).
	www.skio.peachnet.edu /research/coastalphysics/estuarine.php (1633 words)

	Bac Bo Delta Estuarine Area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Estuarine land is formed from land of different origins: riverine, marine and riverine-marine.
		Estuarine land is also divided into three main groups: (a) alusulphate (alusulphate and salt-alusulphate), (b) sand and (c) salt.
		Recently, estuarine mangroves have become concentrated in scanty groves on tidal mudflats, straddling river mouths and near estuarine islands.
	coombs.anu.edu.au /~vern/bac-bo/estuary.html (2924 words)

	Intertidal Estuarine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Definition: Those estuarine ecosystems within the substrate between high and low tides, exposed to and flooded by tides.
		1.2.3.1.1.1 Emergent Estuarine Wetlands: Those estuarine wetland ecosystems characterized by erect, rooted, herbaceous hydrophytes, excluding mosses and lichens that are present for most growing season in most years.
		1.2.3.1.1.4 Intertidal Estuarine Reef: Those intertidal estuarine ecosystems dominated by ridge-like or mound-like structures formed by the colonization and growth of extensive exoskeleton building sessile invertebrates.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /iwgsdi/Intertidal_Estuarine.html (365 words)

	South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve System-Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP)
		Samples are analyzed for Tier 1 estuarine nutrient parameters (ammonium,nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, chlorophyll a, and phaeophytin) and Tier 2 parameters (total dissolved nutrients, particulate nutrients, silica, total suspended solids, and particulate carbon).
		The station is located near the mouth of the South Slough estuary and records wind direction, velocity, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, precipitation, and photosynthetically active radiation.
		This project will examine the use of different sensors at sites which vary in estuarine geomorphology and adjacent land uses, and the scale and resolution needed for assessment of uplands and tidal wetlands in a Pacific Northwest coastal watershed.
	egov.oregon.gov /DSL/SSNERR/researchswmp.shtml (604 words)

	National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment
		The potential for rapid changes in eutrophication status and a requirement for key questions to be answered has been the impetus for updating and enhancing the report by the end of 2005.
		This report is the culmination of almost seven years of effort to assess comprehensively the scale, scope, and characteristics of nutrient enrichment and eutrophic conditions in the nation’s estuaries.
		This paper describes an integrated methodology for the Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS), which may be applied comparatively to rank the eutrophication status of estuaries and coastal areas, and to address management options.
	ian.umces.edu /neea/resources.php (443 words)

	National Estuarine Research Reserves in the Northeast - Research, Education, and Management
		National Estuarine Research Reserves are protected areas that include coastal lands and waters.
		The research and educational activities at the local level of the estuarine reserves have helped to increase public knowledge and awareness of the value of these resources.
		NERRs in the northeast have been active in environmental education at the local level and in fostering estuarine research that is relevant to managing and protecting coastal resources.
	www.prenhall.com /divisions/esm/app/nebel/html/updates/update22.html (866 words)

	Estuarine Erosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Estuarine shorelines in NE NC are generally eroding in response to the ongoing rise in global sea level.
		The current status of our knowledge concerning the rates of estuarine shoreline erosion in NC is based on studies conducted in the 1970’s and 1980’s (Riggs, in press).
		NC estuarine shoreline types fall into three broad catecories and include organic-dominated types (marsh, floodplain swampforest, and pocosin swampforest), sediment dominated types (low to high banks and bluffs), and human-modified.
	core.ecu.edu /geology/RIGGS/ECU_USGS/erosion.html (451 words)

	South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Research Priorities
		Extensive areas of estuarine tidelands in the Pacific Northwest are currently used for commercial cultivation of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas).
		Hydrodynamics within the Coos estuary and South Slough are complex and affected by large-scale perturbations of the shoreline and bathymetry of the tidal basin, tidal forcing from the adjacent nearshore ocean, changes in local wind conditions, and inputs from the watershed.
		With datasets available from the long-term monitoring of estuarine water conditions, the opportunity exists for South Slough NERR to investigate the hydrology and circulation patterns of tidal waters in the South Slough and greater Coos estuary.
	www.oregon.gov /DSL/SSNERR/researchpriorities.shtml (1410 words)

	SOFIA - Impacts of hydrological restoration on three estuarine communities - Proposal 2001
		Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is a common ecosystem component in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments where light penetrates the water column, bottom sediments are adequate for plant growth and water velocity is not excessive.
		In the estuarine portions of Everglades National Park, SAV and mangroves constitute the two most frequently used nursery areas for estuarine transient fish and decapod crustacean species, i.e., those that reproduce offshore and whose juvenile stages rear in estuarine waters (e.g.
		The estuarine zone of Taylor Slough is best considered nontidal or seasonally tidal, the sediments are nutrient-poor carbonate marls, and the mangroves are small in stature (1.5-2 m) and are characterized as dwarf type (Lugo and Snedaker 1974).
	sflwww.er.usgs.gov /proposals/2001/impactsestp01.html (7012 words)

	Keeping an estuarine aquarium, brackish water aquarium, Chesapeake Bay aquarium
		This information was created as an introduction to estuarine, or brackish water, aquarium keeping for the beginner using simple aquarium gear.
		Estuarine aquarium set up and maintenance is easy as long as you have access to brackish water to collect water and animals and you have time to devote to the tanks.
		You can learn a tremendous amount about marine biology and estuarine species by keeping an estuarine aquarium so don't be scared to try one even if you have had bad luck keeping fish in the past.
	www.vims.edu /cbnerr/education/aquarium.htm (270 words)

	Morgan State University Estuarine Research Center (ERC)
		Morgan State University Estuarine Research Center (ERC) is located on Patuxent River (part of Chesapeake Bay watershed) in St. Leonard, MD. Research conducted at the state-of-the art facility is designed to increase the understanding of coastal ecosystems so that they may be properly managed and protected.
		The Estuarine Research Center maintains excellent facilities that include: a 22,000 square foot laboratory and office building, a fleet of vehicles for field work; a private dock providing access to the Patuxent River.
		Aquatic microbial ecology and biogeochemistry in marine and estuarine environments with the focus on nutrients, eutrophication and Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB).
	www.morgan.edu /academics/erc (485 words)

	National Estuarine Research Reserves
		Under the System, healthy estuarine ecosystems which typify different regions of the U.S. can be designated and managed as sites for long-term research, and used as a base for estuarine education and interpretation programs.
		Prior to establishment of the NERR system, the management of estuarine resources was inadequate, and scientific understanding of estuarine processes necessary for improving management was increasing slowly and without national coordination.
		There were no ready mechanisms to detect trends in estuarine conditions, or to provide information on these trends, the overall significance of estuaries, and possible solutions to the growing problems.
	www.dep.state.fl.us /coastal/programs/nerrs.htm (446 words)

	Job Opportunities - Estuarine Ecologist, San Francisco Bay
		The mission of Audubon California is to conserve and restore California's natural ecosystems, focusing on birds, other wildlife, and their habitats for the benefit of humanity and the earth's biological diversity.
		The Estuarine Ecologist will be responsible for working with public and private partners to develop and implement a subtidal and intertidal restoration plan for Richardson Bay (70%).
		The Estuarine Ecologist will report to the Audubon California’s San Francisco Bay Program Director, work closely with the Richardson Bay Audubon Center and Sanctuary Director and staff, and be located at the Richardson Bay Audubon Center in Tiburon, California.
	www.ca.audubon.org /jobs_Estuarine_Ecologist.html (811 words)

	US CODE: Title 16,1461. National Estuarine Research Reserve System
		Each estuarine sanctuary referred to in paragraph (1) is hereby designated as a national estuarine reserve.
		(5) the consideration of additional sources of funds for estuarine research than the funds authorized under this chapter, and strategies for encouraging the use of such funds within the System, with particular emphasis on mechanisms established under subsection (d) of this section.
		(A) The amount of the financial assistance provided under paragraph (1)(A)(i) with respect to the acquisition of lands and waters, or interests therein, for any one national estuarine reserve may not exceed an amount equal to 50 percent of the costs of the lands, waters, and interests therein or $5,000,000, whichever amount is less.
	www.law.cornell.edu /uscode/16/1461.html (859 words)

	NOAA's National Ocean Service: Estuarine Research Reserves
		The National Estuarine Research Reserve System is a network of 27 protected areas established for long-term research, education and coastal stewardship.
		The National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) is a network of 27 estuarine areas — places where freshwater from land mixes with saltwater from the sea —; established across the nation for long-term stewardship, research and education.
		Fellows conduct their research within a national estuarine research reserve and gain hands-on experience by participating in the host reserve's research and monitoring programs.
	oceanservice.noaa.gov /topics/coasts/reserves/welcome.html (625 words)

	SOFIA - Impacts of hydrological restoration on three estuarine communities - Abstract
		This study focuses on how hydrological changes upstream affect: (1) the distribution, abundance and composition of submerged aquatic vegetation and selected animal inhabitants; and (2) the distribution and abundance of fish and decapod crustaceans associated with mangroves and brackish marshes.
		Very little is known of the submerged aquatic vegetation of the southwest coast of Florida and the associated rivers draining the Ten Thousand Islands where riverine water flows are projected to change as a result of Everglades Restoration.
		A range of estuarine fishes has been captured including schooling silversides and anchovies, two species of killifishes, and gerrids of the genus Eucinostomus.
	sflwww.er.usgs.gov /projects/impacts_est/hydroimpactabgeer00.html (1047 words)

	Estuarine Biology
		08:30 Estuarine Organism Quiz (on mudflat and salt marsh organisms)
		(1994) Abundance of estuarine crab larvae is associated with tidal hydrologic variables.
		Diel biogeochemical cycling in a hyperventilating shallow estuarine environment.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~remlet/estuary.html (746 words)

	Estuarine - NSW DPI - Fisheries
		Estuarine fish habitats are located in well-protected bays where fresh water from rivers and streams mix with the salty ocean water.
		Seagrasses are particularly valuable as nursery, feeding and shelter areas for many aquatic animals, including commercially and recreationally important fish, mollusc and crustacean species.
		Like other estuarine vegetation, seagrasses contribute organic matter to the food chain, and remove nutrients from the water.
	www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au /aquatic_habitats/estuarine (651 words)

	USAID Environment: Water - Estuarine Ecosystems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Despite playing a critical role in the functioning of the planet, estuarine ecosystems are threatened by the growing intensity of human activity in the world’s coastal regions.
		There is an urgent need for estuarine management that effectively addresses threats to the health of estuarine ecosystems.
		Effective estuarine management begins by recognizing the need to allocate sufficient freshwater to sustain rivers and estuaries as healthy ecosystems and then making allocations for additional human needs.
	www.usaid.gov /our_work/environment/water/estuarine.html (625 words)

	EnviroNetBase: Environmental Handbooks Online
		Acknowledging the present inability to determine objectively the status and trends among estuarine ecosystems, the environmental research community has recently stepped up efforts to develop and evaluate meaningful estuarine indicators.
		Derived from this conference of leading estuarine scientists, Estuarine Indicators presents the principles, concepts, practical use, and application of indicators in estuarine research and management practices.
		Topics include: the theory behind environmental indicators and their presumed attributes; the methods and protocols of indicator development and evaluation; a presentation of effective and ineffective indicator examples; and discussions of the future directions in research and management practices.
	www.environetbase.com /ejournals/books/book_summary/summary.asp?id=4690 (223 words)

	Guana - Tolomato - Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve
		The Reserve encompasses approximately 60,000 acres of salt marsh and mangrove tidal wetlands, oyster bars, estuarine lagoons, upland habitat and offshore seas in St. Johns and Flagler Counties.
		This estuarine ecological system produces a rich abundance of marine life including numerous commercially and recreationally valuable species.
		The reserve is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Augustine Inlet and the Matanzas Inlet.
	www.dep.state.fl.us /coastal/sites/gtm (419 words)

	Museum Victoria: Estuarine Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The diversity and abundance of the benthos indicates the overall health of the estuarine ecosystem.
		Problems with defining the estuarine habitat were highlighted during the early 1990s in the United Kingdom when, due to there being different regulations for the discharge of efluent into estuarine and coastal waters, courts were required to assess whether discharges were estuarine or not.
		For the purposes of this study, we assumed estuaries were the coastal plain regions of streams whether they openly discharged into the sea or formed a coastal saline lake that was intermittently open to the ocean.
	www.museum.vic.gov.au /ehealth/estuaries.html (469 words)

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