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Topic: Ethanol

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Ethyl alcohol

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Propanol

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Isopropanol

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	Ethanol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ethanol is produced both as a petrochemical, through the hydration of ethylene, and biologically, by fermenting sugars with yeast.
		Ethanol for use in alcoholic beverages, and the vast majority of ethanol for use as fuel, is produced by fermentation: when certain species of yeast (most importantly, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) metabolize sugar in the absence of oxygen, they produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
		The ethanol content of a beverage is usually measured in terms of the volume fraction of ethanol in the beverage, expressed either as a percentage or in alcoholic proof units.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethanol (4352 words)

	Ethanol fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ethanol as a substitute for gasoline is often created by harvesting a crop such as switchgrass and processing it for less money than it costs to pump oil and refine it into gasoline.
		Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks, such as sugar cane, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, whey or skim milk, corn, corn cobs, grain, wheat, wood, paper, straw, cotton, grain sorghum, barley, other biomass, well as many types of cellulose waste.
		Ethanol is however considered to be a carbon neutral fuel meaning that if the sugar cane were left to rot it would produce the same amount of CO2 emissions as burning the ethanol used from it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethanol_fuel (4949 words)

	Chemical of the Week -- Ethanol
		Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, –OH, bonded to a carbon atom.
		Ethanol is normally concentrated by distillation of aqueous solutions, but the composition of the vapor from aqueous ethanol is 96 percent ethanol and 4 percent water.
		The ethanol disposal rate in a 150-pound human is about 0.5 ounce of ethanol per hour, which corresponds to 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of wine, or 1 ounce of hard liquor.
	scifun.chem.wisc.edu /chemweek/ethanol/ethanol.html (1155 words)

	Drugs and the Brain: Ethanol
		Ethanol is the type of alcohol present in beer, wine and hard liquor.
		Ethanol is a depressant drug that disturbs the normal chemical actions of nerve cells resulting in reduced efficiency of neural impulse conductance.
		The inhibitory effects of ethanol may result from an enhancement of GABA-A receptor function, increasing the effects of this inhibitory receptor, and a blockade of NMDA receptor function, interfering with the effects of this excitatory receptor.
	www.csusm.edu /DandB/Ethanol.html (1114 words)

	Ethanol fuel: Journey to Forever
		Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol), according to the US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, is a "clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odour" -- and taste, some would add.
		Ethanol is also a high-performance motor fuel that cuts poisonous exhaust emissions and is better for the environment.
		Ethanol blends are increasingly used in South Africa, while Brazil, the world leader, produces four billion gallons of ethanol a year: all Brazilian fuel contains at least 24% ethanol, and much of it is 100% ethanol (engines can be designed to run on 100% ethanol).
	journeytoforever.org /ethanol.html (1090 words)

	Ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ethanol which is intended for industrial use is made by the first method, while ethanol intended for food use tends to be made by the second method.
		Ethanol is a colourless liquid with a pleasant smell.
		When ethanol is mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid with the alcohol in excess and heated to 140 degC, diethyl ether distils over (two moles of ethanol loses one mole of water).
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/chem/dolchem/html/comp/ethanol.html (905 words)

	Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops that have been converted into simple sugars.
		Ethanol is most commonly used to increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline.
		Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
	www.eere.energy.gov /afdc/altfuel/ethanol.html (197 words)

	Fuel Blends: Ethanol
		Most of this ethanol is purchased as blends of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, known as gasohol or E10, and is used as an octane enhancer to improve air quality.
		Ethanol is a colorless liquid that is distilled from agricultural crops — usually corn.
		Fuel ethanol blends are sold in every state, and ethanol blends make up nearly 100% of the gasoline sold in carbon monoxide and ozone nonattainment areas during certain months of the year.
	www.eere.energy.gov /cleancities/blends/ethanol.html (500 words)

	What is Ethanol? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ethanol is a clean-burning, high-octane fuel that is produced from renewable sources.
		Pure, 100% ethanol is not generally used as a motor fuel; instead, a percentage of ethanol is combined with unleaded gasoline.
		E85 is for use in a flexible fuel vehicle, so some people confuse "ethanol" with the blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
	www.ethanol.org /whatisethanol.html (263 words)

	Nebraska Ethanol Board - Ethanol Facts
		Ethanol is a high octane liquid fuel produced by the fermentation of plant sugars.
		Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable oxygenated fuel.
		Ethanol is typically blended with gasoline at volume levels of 5.7%, 7.7% or 10%.
	www.ne-ethanol.org /facts/whatis.htm (298 words)

	Ethanol
		Ethanol blends are increasingly used in South Africa, while Brazil, the world leader, produces four billion gallons of ethanol a year: all Brazilian fuel contains ethanol, much of it 100% ethanol (engines can be designed to run on 100% ethanol).
		Ethanol is made by fermenting and then distilling starch and sugar crops -- maize, sorghum, potatoes, wheat, sugar-cane, cornstalks, fruit and vegetable waste.
		Ethanol (grain alcohol) was popularized during the OPEC oil embargo, around 1979-1981, because US-produced ethanol could displace from 5% to 10% of the fuel needed in the US, while imports were being shorted.
	running_on_alcohol.tripod.com /id7.html (3611 words)

	Ethanol as Fuel
		VW, Shell and Iogen to study feasibility of producing cellulose ethanol in Germany - Iogen's cellulose ethanol is a fully renewable, advanced biofuel made from the non-food portion of agriculture residue such as cereal straws and corn stover, and is one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in road transport.
		Ethanol produces more energy than it takes to produce - Ethanol generates 35% more energy than it takes to produce, due to the use of solar energy to grow the corn, according to a study by Argonne National Laboratory.
		Ethanol Starting to Trade Like a World Commodity - Ethanol export contracts from Brazil are looking more like contracts for other goods, such as sugar, soy and oil -- a sign that the renewable fuel may be on its way to becoming a world commodity.
	www.freeenergynews.com /Directory/Ethanol (1443 words)

	How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever! - February 06, 2006
		Chemically, ethanol is identical to the grain alcohol you may have spiked the punch with in college.
		The next five years could see ethanol go from a mere sliver of the fuel pie to a major energy solution in a world where the cost of relying on a finite supply of oil is way too high.
		Ethanol has already transformed one major economy: In Brazil nearly three-quarters of new cars can burn either ethanol or gasoline, whichever happens to be cheaper at the pump, and the nation has weaned itself off imported oil.
	money.cnn.com /magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/02/06/8367959 (3624 words)

	Ethanol & Biodiesel India : Useful information for Fuel Ethanol Plants in india
		The content of ethanol blending would be increased to 10 per cent in the third phase of the programme scheduled for 2005.
		Ethanol is used as an automotive fuel by itself and can be mixed with gasoline to form what has been called "gasohol" Fuel Ethanol- the most common blends contain 10% ethanol and 85% ethanol mixed with gasoline.
		Since ethanol is produced from plants that harness the power of the sun, ethanol is also considered a renewable fuel.
	www.ethanolindia.net (598 words)

	Ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ethanol is one of the best tools we have to fight air pollution from vehicles.
		The ethanol industry's total economic impact to the state is in excess of $580 million every year.
		Ethanol is warranted by every automobile manufacturer in the world, and is safe for all engines.
	www.mncorn.org /servlet/mcga/Ethanol.iml (829 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Energy
		Ethanol is produced when organic material — like wheat, barley and hops — ferments.
		Ethanol enjoyed a resurgence as a fuel during the Second World War when gasoline and diesel fuel were in short supply.
		Within months, ethanol producers were lobbying the federal government for $400 million in subsidies to develop their industry.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/energy/ethanol.html (1198 words)

	Ethanol
		As many as three distillation steps are needed to separate the 8 percent ethanol from the 92 percent water.
		Ethanol from corn costs about $1.74 per gallon to produce, compared with about 95 cents to produce a gallon of gasoline.
		Increasing ethanol production would further inflate corn prices, Pimentel says, noting: "In addition to paying tax dollars for ethanol subsidies, consumers would be paying significantly higher food prices in the marketplace".
	healthandenergy.com /ethanol.htm (1002 words)

	Missouri Corn: Ethanol
		Ethanol is a clean-burning, renewable, domestically produced product made from fermented agricultural products such as corn.
		Although burning ethanol still releases carbon dioxide during production and combustion, it is recycled by the crops that produce ethanol.
		The fuel is a liquid blend of low-sulfur No.2 diesel fuel, 7-15% ethanol and a small amount of an additive designed to stabilize the fuel and improve performance.
	www.mocorn.org /ethanol.htm (297 words)

	Ethanol
		Although ethanol has been around for hundreds of years and used in automobiles dating back to Henry Ford’s Model A, it has never generated as much attention as it has during the past decade.
		Ethanol Across America - Uses a wide range of methods to educate the public, including educational publications, conferences and workshops, consumer brochures and an already-released curriculum guide for a high school course on ethanol.
		The report evaluates recent developments in the Iowa ethanol industry and reports on the economic effects it is having on state and regional economics.
	www.agmrc.org /agmrc/commodity/energy/ethanol/ethanol.htm (1094 words)

	Ethanol Nation
		Professor Pimentel has published a report that says producing ethanol is more trouble than it’s worth: 129,600 British thermal units of energy are required to produce one gallon of ethanol, but a gallon will only give you 76,000 Btus of fuel energy.
		Assuming we could convert 10 billion bushels of corn to ethanol at the standard rate of 2.5 gallons per bushel, that would be 25 billion gallons of ethanol annually.
		If all this acreage were in corn, we would have 90 billion bushels of corn, which could be converted to 225 billion gallons of alcohol fuel, as compared with the 125 billion gallons of gasoline we use now.
	www.mikebrownsolutions.com /ethanol.htm (1562 words)

	Minnesota Ethanol
		The Ethanol Industry of Minnesota has changed the shape and structure of the corn industry in recent years.
		The Minnesota Ethanol Program was formed to build a new market for the state’s largest crop, develop processing facilities in the state, as well as help meet EPA standards set for the Twin Cities Area.
		In addition to the creation of ethanol fuel, corn produces over 1.5 million tons of high protein livestock feed and other products including; industrial ethanol, starch, sweeteners, and carbon dioxide and even fine vodka.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /ethanol (396 words)

	Ethanol :: Energy Justice Network
		Abstract: Energy outputs from ethanol produced using corn, switchgrass, and wood biomass were each less than the respective fossil energy inputs.
		Ethanol fuel from corn faulted as 'unsustainable subsidized food burning' in analysis by Cornell scientist
		Report mentions that ethanol burning releases increased amounts of cancer-causing adelahydes (formaldehyde and acrolein), and particularly acetaldehyde.
	www.energyjustice.net /ethanol (563 words)

	Ethanol resources on the Web: Journey to Forever
		One type of denatured anhydrous ethanol that is almost always fermented is "fuel-grade", which is 199-proof denatured with gasoline.
		The purest ethanol that can be produced by ordinary distillation is only 95.6% pure, the rest being water, which interferes with the transesterification reaction in making ethyl esters.
		An alternative is to run the ethanol vapours through 3A molecular sieve in a column during the distillation process.
	journeytoforever.org /ethanol_link.html (4450 words)

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