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Topic: Ethanol as a fuel

	Ethanol Fuel Company, LLC
		Since our very beginning, our focus has been on offering ethanol fuel plants, smaller scale manufacturers and distributors everything that they need to assist in filling global demand for this new and exciting renewable fuel source.
		We also believe that it is better for a countries economy to support their local farmers, land owners and motivated entrepreneurs instead of importing expensive fossil fuels from other countries.
		Flex Fuel Hybrid vehicles will dramatically help reduce the demand on the ethanol industry.
	www.ethanolfuelcompany.com (220 words)

	Ethanol Fuel
		Ethanol is commonly used as a fuel source additive and not as a fuel substitute.
		Ethanol is praised for its lower carbon monoxide emissions.
		Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound with a distinctive perfume-like odor, and is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
	www.alternative-energy-news.info /technology/biofuels/ethanol-fuel (549 words)

	Using Ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ethanol is a clean-burning fuel that reduces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions.
		Ethanol is made from corn and other crops, renewable resources that derive their energy from the sun, rain, and soil.
		Ethanol has a lower BTU value than gasoline, meaning that ethanol burns cooler and is gentler on the vehicle's engine - less wear and tear leads to longer engine life.
	www.ethanol.org /usingethanol.html (189 words)

	Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel
		Most ethanol used for fuel is being blended intog asoline at concentrations of five to 10 percent.
		Ethanol is also being used to formulate a blend with diesel fuel, known as "E-Diesel", and as a replacement for leaded aviation gasoline in small aircraft.
		Ethanol's lower volumetric energy content means that about one-third more ethanol is required to travel the same distance as on gasoline.
	www.energy.ca.gov /afvs/vehicle_fact_sheets/ethanol.html (747 words)

	Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel
		Most ethanol used for fuel is being blended into gasoline at concentrations of 5 to 10 percent.
		Ethanol is also being used to formulate a blend with diesel fuel, known as "E-Diesel", and as a replacement for leaded aviation gasoline in small aircraft.
		California's replacement of MTBE with ethanol was based on a determination that ethanol presents less of a pollution risk to drinking water sources.
	www.consumerenergycenter.org /transportation/afvs/ethanol.html (802 words)

	EIA Energy Kid's Page- Ethanol a Biofuel
		Ethanol is a clear, colorless alcohol fuel made from the sugars found in grains, such as corn, sorghum, and wheat, as well as potato skins, rice, and yard clippings.
		Ethanol is a renewable fuel because it is made from plants.
		E85 is an alternative fuel that is 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, used mainly in the Midwest and South.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ethanol.html (839 words)

	Ethanol Molecule -- Ethanol as a Fuel
		The term "E85 ethanol" is used for a mixture of 15% gasoline and 85% ethanol.
		Other critics contend that it is economically absurd to consider ethanol from grain as a replacement for petroleum, when industrial ethanol is made from petroleum feedstocks because it is far cheaper than fermented ethanol.
		However, there is a controversy over whether requiring ethanol in automotive fuel is wise since it has been argued that the beneficial effects of ethanol can be achieved with other cheaper additives made from petroleum.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /fuels/ethanol.htm (1626 words)

	Ethanol fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ethanol is increasingly used as an oxygenate additive for standard gasoline, as a replacement for methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), the latter chemical being responsible for considerable groundwater and soil contamination
		Ethanol can also be produced from sweet sorghum, a dryland crop that does not require a tropical climate and produces food, and fodder in addition to fuel.
		Ethanol is however considered to be a carbon neutral fuel meaning that if the sugar cane were left to rot it would produce the same amount of CO2 emissions as burning the ethanol used from it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethanol_fuel (5126 words)

	Ethanol Fuel Cell technology
		A fuel cell is a device that can obtain 40 to 50% efficiency in conversion of a fuel into useable power (as opposed to approximately 18% efficiency for the average internal combustion engine).
		Ethanol is the ideal fuel for advanced fuel cell vehicles since it reduces oil imports and has fewer negative consequences for the environment than any other practical fuel alternative.
		Ethanol used in fuel cells is superior to methanol and hydrogen on an economic and technical basis.
	running_on_alcohol.tripod.com /id30.html (2517 words)

	Fuel Ethanol India : ethanol as fuel...GASOHOL..
		Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, ETOH) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor.
		Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon atom.
		Ethanol is used as an automotive fuel by itself and can be mixed with gasoline to form what has been called "gasohol" FUEL ETHANOL- the most common blends contain 10% ethanol and 85% ethanol mixed with gasoline.
	www.ethanolindia.net /ethanol.html (500 words)

	Ethanol's stock as a fuel source is rising
		Some analysts said the trend demonstrated ethanol's potential as a fuel source, though others said it was simply a matter of supply and demand and timing.
		Ethanol pricing is somewhat complicated; it depends in part on the price of corn, from which it is made.
		The ethanol producers, Murphy said, built plants in anticipation of a national law that would require the use of ethanol, but that law has not materialized.
	www.azcentral.com /arizonarepublic/news/articles/0612ethanol12.html (642 words)

	Ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ethanol which is intended for industrial use is made by the first method, while ethanol intended for food use tends to be made by the second method.
		Ethanol is a colourless liquid with a pleasant smell.
		When ethanol is mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid with the alcohol in excess and heated to 140 degC, diethyl ether distils over (two moles of ethanol loses one mole of water).
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/chem/dolchem/html/comp/ethanol.html (905 words)

	Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops that have been converted into simple sugars.
		Ethanol is most commonly used to increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline.
		Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
	www.eere.energy.gov /afdc/altfuel/ethanol.html (197 words)

	Fuel Blends: Ethanol
		Most of this ethanol is purchased as blends of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, known as gasohol or E10, and is used as an octane enhancer to improve air quality.
		Ethanol is a colorless liquid that is distilled from agricultural crops — usually corn.
		Fuel ethanol blends are sold in every state, and ethanol blends make up nearly 100% of the gasoline sold in carbon monoxide and ozone nonattainment areas during certain months of the year.
	www.eere.energy.gov /cleancities/blends/ethanol.html (500 words)

	Ethanol and Methanol as Bio-fuels, Information on
		Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and Methanol (methyl alcohol aka wood alcohol) can be used to fuel internal combustion motor vehicles, either as sole fuels or, more usually, when mixed with petrol (gasoline).
		Ethanol has some properties which are different from petrol; for example, in car engines, it has a higher octane rating, is more corrosive and abrasive, cleans the old deposits away (hence fuel filters, in converted vehicles, may need changing after a short time, initially), may create minor flow problems and can make starting more difficult.
		As a final note we should add that in concentrating on fuels we should not forget that there is a need for consumers world-wide to move towards more efficient vehicles and more efficient use of these vehicles.
	www.envocare.co.uk /ethanol.htm (2285 words)

	EIA Kids Page Ethanol Energy Timelines - milestone in ethanol energy history
		Ethanol production for fuel use increased, due to a massive wartime increase in demand for fuel, but most of the increased demand for ethanol was for non-fuel wartime uses.
		EPACT also defined ethanol blends with at least 85% ethanol as “alternative transportation fuels.” It also required specified car fleets to begin purchasing alternative fuel vehicles, such as vehicles capable of operating on E-85 (a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline).
		The ethanol from the cellulose process is complex and costly and is still currently in the research and development stage.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/history/timelines/ethanol.html (1838 words)

	Ethanol as Fuel
		VW, Shell and Iogen to study feasibility of producing cellulose ethanol in Germany - Iogen's cellulose ethanol is a fully renewable, advanced biofuel made from the non-food portion of agriculture residue such as cereal straws and corn stover, and is one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in road transport.
		Ethanol Starting to Trade Like a World Commodity - Ethanol export contracts from Brazil are looking more like contracts for other goods, such as sugar, soy and oil -- a sign that the renewable fuel may be on its way to becoming a world commodity.
		Fuel ethanol cannot alleviate US dependence on petroleum - Researchers assessed carbon dioxide emissions, cropland requirements, and other environmental impacts of the use of fuel ethanol made from corn or sugarcane in the United States and Brazil.
	www.freeenergynews.com /Directory/Ethanol (1526 words)

	ALTERNATIVE ENERGY BLOG - Solar-Energy-Wind-Power.com: Ethanol Fuel in South Africa
		Ethanol gel is a renewable form of energy made by mixing ethanol with a thickening agent and water.
		The ethanol is extracted through the fermentation and distillation of sugars from sources such as molasses, sugar cane and sweet sorghum or starch crops, like cassava or maize.
		Ethanol is lower in energy density than paraffin - the claim that you can use 5 Litres of paraffin in three days but the same amount of enthanol will last for weeeks is laughable.
	alt-e.blogspot.com /2006/05/ethanol-fuel-in-south-africa.html (1320 words)

	Ethanol and Flex fuel cars
		They can fill their tanks up with ethanol or petrol or a combination of the two and with the convenience of filling either one at a regular gas station.
		With the emergence of "flex fuel" cars Brazilians are giving their ethanol driven cars a second chance.
		Brazil may benefit more by selling the fuel (ethanol) than anything else since cost of producing ethanol can compete with petrol even with oil prices at $35 a barrel which is half of today's price.
	home.earthlink.net /~arkansasbiofuels/id21.html (586 words)

	Ford Motor Company - Ethanol Vehicles
		Ethanol is an alcohol fuel made from corn or other starch feed stocks, like sugar, wheat, or switch grass.
		Ford planned to use ethanol as the primary fuel for his Model T. However, the less expensive gasoline emerged as the dominant fuel.
		Because ethanol is produced from crops, it is renewable and reduces the United States' dependence on imported oil.
	www.ford.com /en/vehicles/specialtyVehicles/environmental/ethanol.htm (266 words)

	LUNGIA - Ethanol as a Fuel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ethanol can be made from virtually any starch feedstock, such as sugar cane, wheat or milo and other cereal grains; foods and other beverage wastes; and forestry by-products.
		Iowa corn is used to produce 40% of the ethanol consumed in the U.S. A bushel of field corn will yield 1.6 lbs of corn oil, 10.9 lbs of high protein feed, 2.6 lbs of corn meal, and 31.5 lbs of starch-which can be converted to beverages, sweeteners or 2.7 gallons of fuel ethanol.
		Currently, a small amount of ethanol (10% by volume; E10) is added to much of the gasoline we currently use in order to fulfill federal oxygenate requirements for octane, and greatly extend the petroleum fuel supply.
	www.alamn.org /ia/environment/programs_ethanol.asp (382 words)

	LiveScience.com - Ethanol Fuel More Advantageous Than Thought
		Producing a gallon of ethanol gas from corn requires 95 percent less petroleum than producing a gallon from fossil fuels, a new study finds.
		Ethanol could be even more energy efficient and 95 percent free of greenhouse gas emissions, Kammen said, if produced from woody plants instead of corn.
		Ethanol is produced by bacteria that ferment and break down carbohydrate sugars, such as the starch from corn.
	www.livescience.com /environment/060126_ethanol_better.html (778 words)

	Ford Promoting Ethanol as Alternative Fuel
		What's more ethanol can be made from virtually limitless feedstocks, such as corn -- the most common source in the U.S. -- sugar cane, sugar beets or any edible biomass.
		Unlike the pure ethanol Henry Ford burned in his quadricycle, today it is combined with various percentages of gasoline to power flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) that have been modified to burn the mixture.
		Together, the companies are developing a "Midwest Ethanol Corridor", which will expand E85 availability by approximately one-third in Illinois and Missouri, allowing owners to travel the lengths of those states using E85.
	www.theautochannel.com /news/2006/06/05/009813.html (656 words)

	Ethanol :: Energy Justice Network (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ethanol production using wood biomass required 57% more fossil energy than the ethanol fuel produced.
		Ethanol fuel from corn faulted as 'unsustainable subsidized food burning' in analysis by Cornell scientist
		Report mentions that ethanol burning releases increased amounts of cancer-causing adelahydes (formaldehyde and acrolein), and particularly acetaldehyde.
	www.energyjustice.net /ethanol (563 words)

	Environmental Consequences of Increased Use of Ethanol and Alkylates in California Fuels (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The primary alternatives to the use of MTBE in gasoline, which was used to meet mandated oxygen levels in reformulated gasoline, include the addition of ethanol or removal of the oxygen requirement altogether.
		In December, 1999, a report entitled "The Health and Environmental Assessment of the Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Oxygenate" summarized the results of a screening analysis performed in fulfillment of the requirements of the Executive Order.
		The results of this ongoing research was reported on October, 2001, in " Environmental Assessment of the Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Oxygenate: Subsurface Fate and Transport of Gasoline Containing Ethanol".
	www-erd.llnl.gov /ethanol (482 words)

	Ethanol For Fuel Fundamentally Uneconomic, Study Says
		Neither increases in government subsidies to corn-based ethanol fuel nor hikes in the price of petroleum can overcome what one Cornell University agricultural scientist calls a fundamental input-yield problem: It takes more energy to make ethanol from grain than the combustion of ethanol produces.
		As many as three distillation steps are needed to separate the 8 percent ethanol from the 92 percent water.
		Additional treatment and energy are required to produce the 99.8 percent pure ethanol for mixing with gasoline.
	unisci.com /stories/20013/0813012.htm (752 words)

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