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	Ethiopian calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ethiopian calendar (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር ye'Ītyōṗṗyā zemen āḳoṭaṭer) or Ethiopic calendar is the principal calendar used in Ethiopia, as well as in Eritrea before it became independent.
		It is based on the older Alexandrian or Coptic calendar, which is based on the even older Egyptian calendar, but like the Julian calendar, it adds a leap day every four years without exception, and begins the year on August 29 or August 30 in the Julian calendar.
		"The Ethiopian Calendar", Appendix IV, C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, The Prester John of the Indies (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1961).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethiopian_calendar (915 words)

	The Ethiopic Calendar
		The Ethiopic and Coptic calendars have 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days depending whether the year is a leap year or not.
		This calendar that replaced the Roman calendar (and re-established January 1 as the beginning of new years) became the Julian calendar.
		One of the reasons behind the controversy between the Ethiopian and the Gregorian calendars is because Pope Gregory abandoned the rules for calculating Easter and introduced new rules in 1582 without consulting the Alexandrian Church.
	www.ethiopic.com /calendar/ethiopic.htm (2664 words)

	Ethiopian Calendar - Christian, Islamic, Jewish & Public Holidays
		The Ethiopian calendar is much more similar to the Egyptian Coptic calendar having a year of 13 months, 365 days and 366 days in a leap year (every fourth year) and it is much influenced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which follows its ancient calendar rules and beliefs.
		The Ethiopian calendar is always seven years and eight months behind the Gregorian (Western) and Eastern Orthodox Church calendars during September and December and eight years and four months behind during January and August.
		The Ethiopian New Year falls on September 11 (September 12 in the leap year) in the Gregorian calendar but it is September 1 in the Ethiopian calendar.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/calendar.htm (530 words)

	History & info - various calendars used by smaller groups
		The Ethiopian calendar is based on the Coptic calendar, although it differs with regard to the saint's days and the time of observing them.
		However, basing the Persian calendar purely on an astronomical observation of the vernal equinox is rejected by many, and a few mathematical rules for determining the length of the year have been suggested.
		The names of the months in the Bahá'í (Badí) calendar were given by the Báb, who drew them from the nineteen names of God invoked in a prayer said during the month of fasting in Islam.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/calendar-other.html (1435 words)

	Ethiopian Millennium - Calendar Explained
		The calendars of the entire world are based on the work of the old Egyptian astronomers who discovered - as early as three to four thousand years BC - that the solar or sidereal year lasted slightly less than 365 ¼ days.
		So much so that the Ethiopian calendar retains the old Egyptian system whereby the year was divided into twelve months of thirty days each plus one additional month of five days (six days in leap years).
		Each Ethiopian year is dedicated to one of the four Evangelists according to the cycle: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
	www.ethiopianmillennium.com /julian_calendar.html (294 words)

	Tadias: Letters
		The Julian calendar is identical to the Gregorian calendar except for the 10 day adjustment to correct the date of vernal equinox.
		The 7 or 8 years difference between Ethiopian and Western calendars is because Ethiopians “started to count time from the date they considered as the beginning of creation, which was 7496 years ago (5500=1996).” The difference is uniquely Ethiopian and it is not based on the Julian calendar.
		As such, the Ethiopian calendar is not adopted from the Julian calendar.
	www.tadias.com /v1n6/LS_2_2003-1.html (409 words)

	Welcome to Ethiopian Wide Tours
		And far earlier than that lived "Lucy" or Dinkenesh, meaning 'thou art wonderful', as she is known to the Ethiopians, whose remains were found in a corner of this country of mystery and contrastsscovery – Ethiopia is brilliant and beautiful, secretive, mysterious and extraordinary.
		Ethiopian wide tour is private owned tour operator.We are flexible to meet your interest throughout the beautiful and interesting country of Ethiopia.
		And, indeed, the ceremonies and rituals of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, open a window on the authentic world of the Old Testament.
	www.ethiopianwidetours.com /index.html (308 words)

	Ethiopian Treasures - Ethiopian Religious Festivals
		Enkutatash (Ethiopian New Year) falls on September 1 Ethiopian calendar (September 11 Gregorian Calendar) at the end of the Ethiopian rain season and is called Enkutatash.
		Timket (Epiphany) is one of the greatest festival in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church calendar.
		Timket is celebrated in Ethiopia on January 11 Ethiopian calendar (January 19 Gregorian calendar), two weeks after Ledet (Ethiopian Christmas), beginning on the Eve of Timket with colourful processions and ceremonies ending on the January 12 (January 20 Gregorian calendar).
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/festival.htm (993 words)

	UNDP-ET: About Ethiopia
		On final departure from the country, the balance of Ethiopian currency held in the staff member's bank account may be converted into foreign currency upon presentation of evidence to the National Bank as to how the remaining funds were acquired.
		The Ethiopians follow the Julian instead of the Gregorian calendar and are therefore 7 years and 8 months behind; for instance, September 1992 in the Gregorian calendar corresponds to the Ethiopian month of Meskrem in the year 1985.
		Ethiopians usually count the hours of the day from sunrise, that is from 6 a.m.
	www.et.undp.org /ethiopia/currency.htm (582 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Ethiopia / Glossary
		The Ethiopian year consists of 365 days, divided into twelve months of thirty days each plus one additional month of five days (six in leap years).
		Ethiopian New Year's falls on September 11 and ends the following September 10, according to the Gregorian (Western) calendar.
		Hence, the Ethiopian year 1983 began on September 11, 1990, according to the Gregorian calendar, and ended on September 10, 1991.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/ethiopia/et_glos.html (1869 words)

	Ethiopian Airlines - Land of Timeless Appeal - Cultural Ethiopia & More (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ethiopia still retains the Julian calendar, in which the year is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, and a 13th month of five days, or six days during the leap year.
		The Ethiopian calendar is almost eight years behind the Gregorian calendar now used in the west.
		Ethiopian languages belong to one of four main language groups: Semitic (Such as Amharic and Tigrigna), Cushitic (such as Afan Oromo), Omotic and Nilo-Saharan.
	www.flyethiopian.com /ethiopia/culture.aspx (935 words)

	Ethiopian Calendar
		The Julian Calendar was modified to the Gregorian calendar in 1582 A.D..
		After the massive killing that was so severe and traumatic the Egyptians began a new calendar called "The Martyr's Calendar" in A.D. In spite of this, the Ethiopic Calendar is closely associated with the rules and the different calculations influenced by the Coptic Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church.
		Ethiopian calendar tables are usually annual, though one spans five centuries.
	exodus2006.worldonline.co.uk /cal.htm (1985 words)

	Ethiopians Enter 1993 New Year’s Day Monday
		The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which is also the custodian of the country’s unique alphabet based on the ancient Ge’ez Script, still uses Ge’ez liturgy during church services such as the New Year’s Eve night mass.
		From 11 September (12 during leap year) until the end of December, the Ethiopian year is 7 years behind the European calendar year, and 8 years thereafter until the 10th or 11th September.
		In their New Year’s messages, the patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Abuma Paulos, Cardinal Berhane Yesus of the Ethiopian Catholic Church, and Reverend Yadessa Daba, head of the Ethiopian evangelical church, Mekane Yesus, called on the people to remember the poor and the disadvantaged during the celebrations.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/33/088.html (580 words)

	Ethiopian Prayer Shawls
		The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is unique in the world in its liturgical emphasis on Judaic practices from its Jewish heritage deriving from the time of the Queen of Sheba or Saint Makeda as she is named in the Ethiopian calendar.
		Ethiopian tradition holds that the Ark of the Covenant was later taken by Menelik to Ethiopia where it rests today at Axum, the ancient Imperial capital of the Ethiopian Empire which, at one time, numbered 99 Kings headed by the Emperor!
		The Ethiopians follow the Alexandrian tradition of seven prayers each day, the "Agpeya" and often have a separate room in their homes for their prayer where the shawl is worn.
	www.unicorne.org /orthodoxy/avrilmai/ethiopian.htm (555 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Explosion destroys Ethiopian hotel
		Ethiopian authorities say an explosion at a small hotel in the capital, Addis Ababa, has killed a woman and injured at least 38 other people.
		Witnesses said the blast, during Ethiopian new year celebrations on Wednesday night, completely destroyed the two-storey Tigray Hotel in the north of the city.
		Celebrations this year - on the first day of 1995 in the Ethiopian calendar - were more muted because of the anniversary of the attacks in the US.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/2253207.stm (342 words)

	“THE FATHER OF ETHIOPIAN JOURNALISM” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In 1917 Ethiopian Calendar he was employed to translate books from Geez to Amharic, and for the next two years (1917-1919 Ethiopian Calendar) he translated the book of Qerlos (Cyril) on orders from Teferi Mekonnin, together with five other scholars.
		In 1927 Ethiopian Calendar, Ato Mekonnin Habte-Weld and the Addis Ababa administrator established the Patriotic Association (Ye-hager fiqir mahiber), and Welde-Giyorgis was one of the authors invited to contribute a piece of writing at the opening.
		In 1945 Ethiopian Calendar came Addisitu Ityopiya, "The new Ethiopia," on the unification of Eritrea (Ertra) and Ethiopia.
	www.magma.ca /~pushkin/BlackLions.htm (6020 words)

	Calendopaedia - The Ethiopian Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Ethiopian calendar has a year of 365 days and leap years of 366 days.
		The leap years are in the same year as the Gregorian calendar so the two calendars always keep the same relationship.
		By the Ethiopian way of reckoning time this is 00:00 (or 12:00), midday is 6:00 and sunset is 12:00.
	www.geocities.com /calendopaedia/ethiopian.htm (232 words)

	Ethiopian FAQ \| What's up with the Ethiopian calendar and clock? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ethiopia uses a variety of the Julian calendar, rather than the Gregorian calendar which is used in the west and has become the standard for international dates.
		The use of this calendar is related to Ethiopia's main religions, the Coptic Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church.
		In this calendar, the year is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus a thirteenth month of 5 days.
	www.triotours.com /faq/et/calendar-and-clock.htm (340 words)

	The Ethiopian World Federation, Incorporated - Observation of National Holidays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ceremonies are unique and impressive; especially Timket and Meskel festivals which provide colourful ceremonies and celebrations.
		Tej and tella (Ethiopian mead and beer) are brewed, special bread is baked, and the fat-tailed African sheep are fattened for slaughter.
		Ethiopian children--clad in brand-new clothes--dance through the villages giving bouquets of flowers and painted pictures to each household.
	www.ethiopianworldfederation.org /ewf_national_holydays.html (2881 words)

	Religion
		The Ethiopian Orthodox Union church, an autonomous Christian Church headed by a patriarch and closely related to the Coptic Church of Egypt, was the state church of Ethiopia until 1974.
		The meaning and the significance of "Hijra" is embodied in the Islamic calendar.
		Since its inception, the Islamic calendar represents a history of perpetual struggle between truth and falsehood, faith and blasphemy, freedom and oppression, light and darkness, and between peace and war.
	www.ethiopian-online.com /religion.htm (537 words)

	Coptic calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of the intercalation of a sixth epagomenal day every fourth year.
		The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days, depending whether the year is a leap year or not.
		Shortly before Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, the vernal equinox was occurring on the "nominal" date of March 25.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coptic_calendar (1161 words)

	Ethiopia Adoption Blog - The Ethiopian Calendar
		The Ethiopian calendar is based on the Coptic calendar.
		The first month of the Ethiopian year, called Meskerem, begins in what we call September, on the 11th, except on the year after leap year, when it begins on the 12th of September.
		From September 11 to December 31, the Ethiopian Calendar is 7 years behind the Gregorian (Western) Calendar.
	ethiopia.adoptionblogs.com /weblogs/the-ethiopian-calendar (318 words)

	Assault on the Ethiopian Calendar: A Clarification
		Your new argument against the Ethiopian calendar is that it is not “astronomically accurate”.
		In my original letter, I asserted that your vicious attack on the Ethiopian calendar is only the tip of the iceberg, and that you are after each and every value and tradition of Ethiopia.
		“The genius of Ethiopians was that they succeeded finally in developing a rectangular form of fighting …while the fitawrari breaks into the enemy's defence system, the kegnazmach and grazmach could attack on the right and left side of the enemy with view to encircling it.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2004/10/15-10-04/Assault.htm (3901 words)

	Calendars
		This means that from the 11th of September to the 31st of December, the Ethiopian year is seven years behind the Gregorian year; thereafter, the difference is eight years.
		This calendar is based on detailed astronomical observations and combines cycles of different lengths that together mark the movement of the Sun, Moon and Venus.
		These three parts of the calendar are known as the Long Count, the Tzolkin (divine calendar) and the Haab (civil calendar).
	www.dur.ac.uk /malcolm.murray/nonsense/calendar.html (594 words)

	Ethiopian calendar
		It thus resembles the French Republican and Mayan calendars.
		The era of the Ethiopian calendar begins 7 years and 8 months after the beginning of the Christian era.
		The Ethiopian year begins on September 11 of the Gregorian calendar.
	www.sizes.com /time/cal_ethiopian.htm (79 words)

	Cultural Calendars -- The Calendar Zone
		The lunar calendar was used to determine feasting or fasting days, and the solar calendar to mark the passing of days, months, and years.
		Genealogy in France: Republican Calendar -- Also known as " French Revolutionaly Calendar ", this calendar was in used in France from 1793 to 1805, and 1871 (only in Paris).
		Maya Calendar -- The Maya Calendar was the center of Maya life and their greatest achievement.
	www.calendarzone.com /Cultural (1601 words)

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