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Topic: Ethiopian Highlands

	Christianity and Islam in Ethiopia
		The Ethiopian Orthodox Church was established at the beginning of the fourth century, making it one of the oldest established churches in the world.
		The Ethiopian highlands at that time were primarily Christian in the North-East, Judaic in the North-West and mostly animist in the South.
		Ethiopians who are joining these festivals contribute to their Church by giving several religious items, the amount to be spent on these contributions depends of course on the income of the individual.
	www.ethiopiatravel.com /religion_in_ethiopia.htm (1391 words)

	WWF - Ethiopian Highlands - A Global Ecoregion
		The Ethiopian Highlands are made up of these terrestrial ecoregions: Ethiopian montane moorlands; Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands.
		This diverse environment houses an impressive array of plant and animal species that are specially adapted to life in a very sunny, relatively dry climate.
		Ethiopia's highlands are among the most densely populated agricultural areas in Africa.
	www.panda.org /about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/ethiopian_highlands.cfm (267 words)

	Animal Info - Ethiopian Wolf
		Hybridization of the Ethiopian wolf with domestic dogs could threaten the genetic integrity of the Ethiopian wolf population, but hybridization is currently confined to one valley in western Bale.
		The Ethiopian wolf currently is confined to seven isolated subpopulations in different mountain ranges of the Ethiopian highlands, at altitudes of 3,000 — 4,500 m (10,000 - 15,000').
		Ethiopian wolves are diurnal; peaks of foraging activity suggest that they synchronize their activity with that of rodents above the ground.
	www.animalinfo.org /species/carnivor/canisime.htm (2358 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for ethiopian
		Ethiopian faunal region Often called the Afrotropical faunal region, an area that corresponds with sub-Saharan Africa, although it is not completely separated from the neighbouring faunal regions ; generally it is taken to include the southwest corner of the Arabian peninsula.
		Achievement motivation and level of aspiration: adolescent Ethiopian immigrants in the Israeli education system.
		Ethiopian and Israeli students' adjustment to college: the effect of the family, social support and individual coping styles.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=ethiopian (730 words)

	Addax
		The Ethiopian wolf is a localized endemic species and is confined to isolated pockets of grasslands and heathlands, where it preys on rodents.
		Ethiopian wolves are most active during the day; peaks of foraging activity suggest that they synchronize their activity with that of rodents above the ground.
		Although Ethiopian wolves live in packs that share and defend an exclusive territory, for the most part they forage and feed alone on small rodent prey, in contrast to the general association in larger carnivores between grouping and cooperative hunting.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0124109/ingles/info/animal/ethiopian_wolf.html (828 words)

	Ethiopian highlands
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	www.ethiopia-glance.com /Ethiopia-Travel-Activities/ethiopian-highlands.html (150 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Ethiopian
		The decisive Ethiopian victory produced independence for Ethiopia and checked Italy's attempt to build an empire in Africa comparable to that of...
		The chief ports are Aseb and Massawa.LandMuch of Eritrea is a continuation of the high Ethiopian plateau, sloping down to plains to the e and w.
		It rises in the Ethiopian Highlands and flows southeast through the arid Ogaden Plateau.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Ethiopian&StartAt=11 (689 words)

	Culture of Ethiopia - History and ethnic relations, Urbanism, architecture, and the use of space
		The bulk of the rain in the highlands falls in the major rainy season from mid-June to mid-September, with an average of forty inches of rain during that season.
		The Ethiopian Orthodox Church lays claim to the original Ark of the Covenant, and replicas (called tabotat) are housed in a central sanctuary in all churches; it is the tabot that consecrates a church.
		Ethiopian Jews often were persecuted during the last few hundred years; that resulted in massive secret airlifts in 1984 and 1991 by the Israeli military.
	www.everyculture.com /Cr-Ga/Ethiopia.html (8463 words)

	N.Afr.Archaeobot.Proc
		Ethiopian crops such as tef and finger millet, and other African species, such as sorghum and pearl millet could have moved along this route either overland or by sea traffic.
		It is further suggested that pastoralists or mixed farmers followed a pattern of transhumance between cultivation in fertile highlands and livestock grazing in lowland areas.
		Finally, the possible association of highland griddle cooking with a reduction in fuel availability, and adjustments in social relations are tentative observations awaiting further study.
	www.sfu.ca /archaeology/museum/peb/paper1.html (9479 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Articles - Ethiopian wolves on high
		The high plateaus of the Ethiopian highlands, home to the Ethiopian wolf, can be bitingly cold - in the dry season the temperature drops to -15°C. The alpha male of the Kotera pack lives in the Web Valley of the Bale Mountains.
		Ethiopian wolves are found only in the country of their name and, with fewer than 450 individuals remaining, they are the rarest canids in the world.
		Ethiopian wolves are suspicious of people, and if they spot someone in their territory they go on full alert, letting out high-pitched yelps - alarm calls that tell the rest of the pack of the intruder.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/animals/features/351feature1.shtml (633 words)

	Hotspots Revisited
		The Ethiopian Highlands have a lower altitudinal limit of around 1 100 m, but in many areas the biogeographical boundary between the Highlands and the neighboring arid zone of the Horn of Africa is higher, and averages around 1 500 m (Yalden et al.
		While within the highlands this has obvious implications for the ecosystems, humans—numbering in the tens of millions— are dependent on the water that originates from the Ethiopian Highlands.
		The Ethiopian Flora Project was initiated in 1980 (Hedberg 1984; Friis and Ryding 2001; and see references in the Horn of Africa chapter) and has documented the majority of plant taxa in the greater Horn of Africa region (the Solanaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Pedaliaceae, and ferns and fern allies have yet to be included).
	www.biodiversityscience.org /publications/hotspots/EthiopianHighlands.html (5227 words)

	Ethiopian Culture - Abay Ethiopian Cuisine, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
		It is thought that coffee was transplanted from the Ethiopian highlands to the Yemeni mountains during the spice trade between East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
		Ethiopians speak 83 different languages and 200 dialects, with Amharic being the official language.
		Ethiopian flatbread (injera) is the main staple of the Ethiopian diet.
	www.abayrestaurant.com /aboutethiopia.shtm (393 words)

	Ethiopia
		Also, by then the Ethiopian church had demonstrated that it was not a proselytizing religion but rather one that by and large restricted its attention to already converted areas of the highlands.
		Ethiopian rulers continually moved around the kingdom, an important technique for assertion of royal authority and for collection--and consumption--of taxes levied in kind.
		From the mid-fifteenth through the mid-seventeenth century, Christian Ethiopians were confronted by the aggressiveness of the Muslim states, the far-reaching migrations of the Oromo, and the efforts of the Portuguese--who had been summoned to aid in the fight against the forces of Islam--to convert them from Monophysite Christianity to Roman Catholicism.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Ethiopia.html (4742 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Interview \| Interwoven destinies
		Indeed the highlands of Yemen and Ethiopia have a strong physical and environmental resemblance, both exhibiting lofty peaks and rugged terrain.
		Ethiopians harboured strong suspicions that certain senior Sudanese officials were involved in the 1995 incident.
		On the question of religion, the Ethiopian prime minister stressed that Ethiopians were free to practice their religion as long as it did not interfere with politics.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/644/intrvw.htm (3745 words)

	Ethiopian Rift Valley Safaris - Special Focuses in Ethiopia
		The Ethiopian Orthodox Church comes in the forefront of this aspect with its priceless treasures and relics: old parchments, manuscripts, paintings, chalices, crosses and icons.
		Isolated for millennia, the Ethiopian highlands have evolved and sheltered some of the rarest animals in the world including many endemic species: 31 of 277 mammals; 24 of 63 amphibians; 9 of 210 reptile; and 4 of 150 fish.
		Inhabiting the Simien Mountains of the northern highlands are endemic species: Ethiopian wolf, rarest canid in the world, walia ibex and gelada baboon.
	www.ethiopianriftvalleysafaris.com /special.htm (853 words)

	Ethiopian History
		In 1557 Jesuit missionaries arrived, but their ongoing attempts to convert the Ethiopian emperors from Coptic Christianity to Roman Catholicism were largely unsuccessful, and provoked social and political unrest in those who felt the Coptic Church was the backbone of an independent Ethiopian culture.
		During the 17th century the country experienced an artistic renaissance for Ethiopian culture, as it was exposed to styles of expression from Western Europe and the Muslim world.
		The Ethiopian national assembly called for unconditional peace talks with the EPLF in June 1989, and later agreed to similar talks with the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), an umbrella organization headed by the TPLF.
	www.selamta.net /history.htm (3754 words)

	Ethiopian wolf conservation, Abyssinian wolf, Simien fox, Ethiopia
		The Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Program has evolved from the hard work and dedication of a handful of conservationists and the local Ethiopian communities.
		The Ethiopian wolf - the most endangered canid in the world - faces a variety of threats due to conflict with Ethiopia's ever-expanding human population.
		With only an estimated 400-500 Ethiopian wolves left in a few isolated populations throughout the country, research and community involvement are crucial to the survival of this unique wolf.
	www.wildnet.org /wolf.htm (361 words)

	Ethiopian Culture - Traditional Costume, Food and Drink
		One of the most significant areas of Ethiopian culture is its literature, which is represented predominantly by translations from ancient Greek and Hebrew religious texts into the ancient language Ge'ez, modern Amharic and Tigrigna languages.
		Teff is unique to the country and is grown on the Ethiopian highlands.
		According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church belief, the faithful must abstain from eating meat and diary products to attain forgiveness of sins committed during the year, and undergo a rigorous schedule of prayers and atonement.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/culture.htm (777 words)

	The Beauty of Ethiopian Culture - Associated Content
		The festival is celebrated throughout the Ethiopian highlands in Orthodox Christian strongholds; however, the most incredible festivities are located in Lalibela, which is an isolated mountain town in northern Ethiopia.
		Ethiopians finish their meal with kitfo that is freshly grounded raw beef.
		There are many things about the Ethiopian culture that I was unaware of, for instance, the eating of the raw beef for the last meal.
	www.associatedcontent.com /article/14904/the_beauty_of_ethiopian_culture.html?page=2 (670 words)

	Ethiopia Coping with Islamic fund. before and after Sept 11 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ethiopia's current population is probably about 45 percent Ethiopian Orthodox, between 40 and 45 percent Sunni Muslim, at least 5 percent Protestant, and most of the remainder animist.
		The Ethiopian Ministry of Defense announced an attack by Al Itihaad forces at Dolow in December.
		Ethiopian foreign minister Mesfin accused Eritrea, which continues to have poor relations with Ethiopia, of providing training and support to Al Itihaad and the OLF.
	www.somaliawatch.org /archivemar02/020316601.htm (5152 words)

	Land Degradation in Tigray
		According to the Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation Study (EHRS), about 80 per cent of the erosion in the Ethiopian highlands was estimated to occur on croplands, and the remainder on overgrazed grasslands, wastelands and newly deforested areas (EHRS, 1985).
		The annual loss from cultivated land in the Ethiopian highlands was estimated to be 130 tons/ha, and this was expected to result in a loss of 7.6 million ha of cropland to productive use in Ethiopia by the year 2010 (Ibid.).
		Estimates of the annual costs of erosion in the Ethiopian highlands range from EB 10 million to EB 135 million per annum (0.05% to 0.7% of agricultural GDP); while the estimated gross discounted present value of cumulative losses caused by erosion ranges from EB 3 billion to EB 7 billion (Bojo and Cassells, 1995).
	www.ilri.org /InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/WorkP25/Land.htm (1636 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Ethiopian montane forests (AT0112)
		The rugged topography of this ecoregion rings the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea, extending to outlying massifs in Sudan.
		Both the western and eastern highlands were invaded by tropical species that could penetrate the Nile floodplains in the west or the Kenyan deserts in the south.
		Because humans have intensively occupied the highlands of the Horn of Africa for thousands of years, it is difficult to gauge the extent to which the ecoregion was formerly forested, and the extent to which it has always consisted of a natural grassland, thicket, and forest mosaic.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0112_full.html (2144 words)

	Geography of the Abay
		As such its periodic rise was attibuted to Gods until the discovery of the role of the tropical regions, specifically the Ethiopian highlands"discovery" of its source.
		The annual flood of the Sobat, due to Ethiopian summer rains, is responsible for variations in the level of the White Nile.
		On the average, about 85 percent of the water in Lake Nasser comes from the Ethiopian Plateau, and the rest is contributed by the East African Lake Plateau system.
	www.ethiopians.com /abay/hydrology.html (942 words)

	Exodus 2006- The Ethiopian Calendar
		According to Ethiopian scholars such as Aleqa Kidane Wold Kiflie (aLq kdN Wld kfl), the Ethiopic Calendar A.D. differs from other Christian calendars because of the continuity to these years after completion of the 5500 years and the former is religious while the latter is based on history.
		Some Ethiopians claim that the resemblance of most Ethiopic numbers to the Greek or Coptic numerals do not necessarily mean they were copied from them.
		The Ethiopian calendar lacks the historical numerical discontinuity and inflation of the other Christian calendars and may be one of the oldest, even if it is another inaccurate calendar.
	exodus2006.com /cal.htm (2678 words)

	The Murulle Foundation - Wildlife of Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Ethiopian wolf is the rarest canid (belonging to the family of dogs, wolves, foxes, and jackals) in the world and one of the world's rarest mammals.
		The Ethiopian wolf, sometimes called the Simien jackal or Abyssinian wolf, is the rarest canid in the world and is endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia.
		The Ethiopian wolf was first described by the scientific community in the 1830s by Eduard Ruppell in the Simien Mountains.
	www.murulle.org /wildlife/wildlife.htm (4690 words)

	EthnoMed: Ethiopian Food: Teff
		The preferred staple in the Ethiopian and Eritrean diet is engera (pronounced en-jer-a, and sometimes spelled injera), a flat sour-like fermented pancake that is used with "wot", a stew made with spices, meats and pulses, such as lentils, beans and split peas.
		In achieving blood glucose control among the Ethiopian immigrant population in Seattle, understanding the content and variety of grains used locally to make engera is critical.
		Ethiopian and Eritrean immigrants living in the Seattle area have adapted their recipes for making engera by utilizing a variety of different grains.
	ethnomed.org /cultures/ethiop/teff.html (1886 words)

	African imperialisme - Ethiopia and Eritrea
		Ethiopian imperialism has outlasted direct European imperialism in Africa and, despite dramatic changes in domestic political ideology, Ethiopia is still a loosely knit empire which has not yet succumbed to the forces of disintegration that have devasted much grander empires elsewhere.
		The main victim of Ethiopian imperialism is Eritrea but other parts of the country, including Tigray in the north and the Ogaden in the east, have recently fought militarily for greater autonomy if not downright secession.
		However, in the Ethiopian revolution of 1974, Haile Selassie was overthrown and a neo-Marxist military government was installed in his place.
	home.planet.nl /~hans.mebrat/ethiopian-imperialism.htm (1403 words)

	Ethiopian Reporter - US Seabees join Ethiopian flood relief (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Heavy downpours continue in the Ethiopian highlands, sending water levels higher, and on Friday at least 15,000 people were left homeless in an area between Dire Dawa and the capital when the Awash River overflowed, officials said.
		Major Solomon Gebere Michael, commander of the Ethiopian army’s operation in the Southern Nationalities, Nations and People’s state, said his teams had to rescue another 100 people late last Friday but shared concerns the toll would rise.
		The Meteorological Agency warned last week that six areas in the north, west and south of the country would likely be affected by unusually heavy seasonal rains before the end of the month.
	www.ethiopianreporter.com /modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=7979 (655 words)

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